Monday, 11 August 2014

Vitamin A, Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and Vitamin E Rejuvenated Aging Forearms of Subjects Age of 57 - 62

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, The Alan Hopkinson Daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299. 
All right reserved

Who doesn't want to have  5, 10,15 or 20 years younger skins in comparison to people with the same age group.

The dream of finding the ingredients in maintaining and getting rid of aging skin has been ongoing since human civilization. Unfortunately, many ingredients with no commercial values have been discarded due to their effects in dampening the profits of all cosmetic companies.

In the 12 weeks of the study of 120 healthy subjects, the combinations of DHA and vitamin A, and E showed to rejuvenated forearms skin up to 90% if compared to the base line.

Mom and Pop, including people who like to dress with their arms exposed may delight to find out that scientists have discovered ingredients which have the potential in reduced visibility of the arteries in the back of the hand and getting rid of chapping skin, wrinkly, crinkly crepe-like skin texture due to the result of  little fat on the backs of the hands when even a small amount of collagen or elastin fibers begins to break down, of the forearms and the aging forehead and nosy find lines.

 Chapping of skin may be only simply the formation of fissures or cracks in the skin due to a combination of particularly dry and scaly skin and exposure to cold or wind but the loss of collagen due to progression of aging on the elder, may intensify over all appearance of the back of hand. moister cream may be helpful and can not delay the aging process.

Fine line is a result of effect of gravity in aging, and causes of slower process in cell rejuvenation and longer in elastic fibers replacement. Some researchers insisted that adding to the aging skin, free radicals and inflammatory molecules may degrade facial skin even quicker.

Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.

1. Retinols
Activation of both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid in nuclear retinoic acid receptors reduction of skin aging(1)and  significantly increased type I procollagen and reduced collagenase (matrix metalloproteinases-1, MMP-1)and suppressed recombinant human CCN1(3).
P-Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, in the skin of hairless mice study, exhibited the increased cytokeratin 16 expression which is essential in skin healing and maintenance, without causing the desquamation and erythema(4). Topical application of a ROL-containing product not only improved all major aging signs including wrinkles under the eyes, fine lines and tone evenness, but also promoted keratinocyte proliferation, induced epidermal thickening and alleviated skin aging signs, without any significant adverse reaction(5). Some researchers suggested that topical retinol improves fine wrinkles associated with natural aging, through its effects in induction of glycosaminoglycan, increased collagen production are most likely responsible for wrinkle effacement. Retinol-treated aged skin is more likely to withstand skin injury and ulcer formation along with improved appearance(7), including improving lines and wrinkles, pigmentation, elasticity, firmness and overall photodamage(8), disappearance of the wrinkles caused by UVB irradiation probably via RAR transactivation activity, but the synthetic agonist showed no adverse effect in causing skin irritation(9).

2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) and Retinal
 Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, though to play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Nutrition rich in carotenoids is best known to prevent cell damage, premature skin aging, and skin cancer(10) and widely used in the skin care industry either as topically applied agents or oral supplements in an attempt to prolong youthful skin appearance(11)(12). Administration of carotenoids may interact with free radicals to enhance the protection system against that destructive(13).
The testing of high doses of sun-emitted UV-radiation induce reactive oxygen species (ROS),  Carotenoid-tablets combined with placebo-cream in induced less carotenoid accumulation than carotenoid-tablets alone(15). In fact, deficiency of vitamin A may result of induced premature aging. In skin of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic rats, showed over expression of matrix metalloproteinase -2 (MMP-2) and hyaluronidase (HAase) but not on vitamin A treated mice, through promoting the production of collagen in dermis and inducing cell growth and inhibition of epidermal differentiation in skin tissues(17).

Dehydroascorbic Acid (DHA) (vitamin C supplement oxidized form)
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavenging activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune system support. In skin aging, the vitamin may improve solar radiation protection and epidermal aging (1) through production of collagen due to its antioxidant activity (2)(3).
Epidemiological studies linking vitamin C in prevention of skin damage and aging have produced some certain results (3a)(3b)(3c). Vitamin C oxidized form or dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) processed antiviral and virucidal effects (23), prevented H2O2-induced cell death by increasing the GSH levels mediated by the GPx and GR activities and PPP (17), and regulated neuronal energy metabolism, through facilitating the utilization of glucose via the PPP for antioxidant purposes (18) by increasing antioxidant potential in the central nervous system (19). Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) may be a potential anti-cancer agent to treat aggressive cancers (20)(21). Dr. Toohey at the Cytoregulation Research said "rapidly-dividing tumour cells make unusually large amounts of homocysteine thiolactone and that administered dehydroascorbic acid enters the cells and converts the thiolactone to mercaptopropionaldehyde which kills the cancer cells" (22).

According to the Minghsin University of Science and Technology, in doses of a dependent manner, the concentration of L-ascorbic acid induced absorption of the collagen solution in exhibition of smoothing wrinkles and clear up spots(8). Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential in stimulating collagen gene expression. In type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2, the vitamin was found to enhance the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA in cultured human skin fibroblasts at 100 μM AA placed every 24h for 5 days to prevent depletion(9). The Chiang Mai University study also supported the effects of ascorbic acid in the anti-aging process through exhibition pro and active MMP-2 inhibitory(10). Combined vitamins, including vitamin C in a single formulation had a slightly lower degradation rate and more stable formulations as compared to different preparations containing only one of the vitamins(11)(12). Application of vitamin C showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress in the skin, an improvement of the epidermal-dermal microstructure and a reduction of fine lines and wrinkles in aged skin within a relatively short period of time of product application(13). The Bruce and Associates study also insisted the effectiveness of vitamin C application over a 12 week period as the vitamin enhanced the overall intensity of pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, tactile roughness, and laxity with a 100% satisfaction of overall appearance of the tested subjects’ skin(14).
In fact, many studies have showed that vitamin C, the un oxidized form improved skin roughness and scaliness(26)(27), wrinkles(28)(29), skin elasticity and firming(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), lightened Liver and aging spots(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41), Pigmentation(42)(43)(44), reduced Acne and Acne scars(45)(46).

 Vitamin E
 Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin consisting of eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrieno with varying levels of biological activity, found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower, safflower oils, etc.) which plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc.

Epidemiological studies linking vitamin E in reduced progression of aging have been inconclusive (47)(48)(49)(50), but some studies showed that vitamin delays cellular senescence of human diploid fibroblasts through the inhibition of intrinsic mitochondria-mediated pathway which involved the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes and proteins (51) and prevents cellular aging in human diploid fibroblasts (52), protects against oxidative stress-induced cellular ageing by modulating the telomere length possibly via telomerase(54), protects against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress (55). and induced DNA damage and telomere shortening of normal human skin fibroblast cells derived from young and old individual donors(56), UVA(57).  In a study of Indian women with signs of facial aging, the composition of niacinamide, panthenol, and tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced the appearance of hyperpigmentation, improved skin tone evenness, and lightened the appearance of the skin in comparison to the control through 6 weeks(60).

Conducting a study is a very complicated business. Once ingredients were found, our researchers had to go through a lengthy searching for related studies, which had been published on PubMed data bases. Hundreds if not thousands of previous studies had been read with only hundreds selected to be used as references to out study, as you can see below.
The next step was to recruit some of our permanent-tested subjects. Only a few were chosen to ensure the efficacy of the ingredients or combination of ingredients (Save money). Only ingredients with efficacy up to our standard will be retested with large example size.  In this case, 12 healthy subjects were tested for 4 weeks as follow
Group 1 (2 subject, 1 mild, 1 severe)  to test for efficacy of Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)
Group 2 (2 subject, 1 mild, 1 severe)   to test for efficacy of  Vitamin A
Group 3 (2 subject, 1 mild, 1 severe)  to test for efficacy of  Vitamin E
Group 4 (2 subject, 1 mild, 1 severe)   to test for efficacy of Combination of Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and vitamin A
Group 5 (2 subject, 1 mild, 1 severe)   to test for efficacy of combination Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)  and vitamin E
Group 6 (2 subject, 1 mild, 1 severe)  to test for efficacy of Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and vitamin A and E.

Only group 4 - 6 had showed some good progresses, according to our standard. The combination of ingredients therefore were used for 12 weeks study with a sample of 120 healthy subjects. The recruiting of subjects between ages of 57 - 62 had been difficult due to 60% of general population are either over weight or obese.
Kyle J. Norton, the leader of the research team said " Anti aging products can not bring back the youthful skin at age of 20 or 30, its can only rejuvenate your skin to induced 5, 10, 15 or 20 years younger than people with the same age group who do not use any anti aging products"

The study had produced some astonished results as the combination of DHA, Vitamin A and E had showed to rejuvenate the forearms of tested subject as follow
1. Palm: 95%
2. Finger: 80%
3, Knuckles: 75%
4. Wrist: 75%
5. Back of the hand: 75%
6 From elbow to wrist: 85%
7. Reduced visibility of arterial vein: 70%
8. Improved 90% of firming, smoothness, elasticity

We believe,  this is the first time that the combination has been showed effectively in rejuvenation of forearms of aging subject between ages of 57 - 62.
The study also showed you
1. How to apply the combination of DHA, vitamin A and E for optimal result,
2. Why and how only the combination works but not individual ingredient,
3. How you can make DHA and types of vitamin A and E which you can purchase.
4. The Quantity and quality of amount usage.
5. What you can expect in 4, 8 and 12 weeks.

The pictures below were the forearms of a 58+ years tested subject after 12 weeks of applied Vitamin A, Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and Vitamin E. We would like to publish more of the results of tested subject pictures. Unfortunately, due to confidential agreement, we can not use the pictures for commercial profits without written permission of the pictured owners.
1. Against the wall




2. On the table



The efficacy of the combined solutions of in Group B and C showed comparable effectively in improvement of the forearms of aging subjects from ages of 57 - 62 probably through DHA detoxified, vitamin A improved skin texture and vitamin E moisturized activity via antioxidants and  cell cycle division pathways. Logically, long term applications of the  combined solutions in group B and C may continue in rejuvenated forearms skin but further study with a large group is necessary to rule out any adverse effects and validate the claims.
For limit time only, you can get this study with one time payment of only $3. We want everyone in the twitter world to have it, before putting the study on sale on GRIN with a normal price of $39.99. We guarantee, if you do not satisfy for what ever reason, we will gladly return your payment with NO question ask. The password to the download page is z5lp
Logically, It can be assumed that application of ingredients should produce more superior in the younger and lesser results in older age group in comparison to the tested subject age between 57 - 62.




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Obesity Complication of Rheumatoid Arthritis

By Kyle J. Norton

Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

How do calculate your BMI index
BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

Rheumatoid Arthritis is defined as a conditon of inflammation of the joints of which may also affects other tissues and organs, according to the statistic of article of Rheumatoid Arthritis of the arthritis society, about one out of every 100 Canadians has rheumatoid arthritis (RA). That’s about 300,000 Canadians and a leading cause of disability.

How Obesity associates with Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. According to the study of "Associations between body mass, radiographic joint damage, adipokines and risk factors for bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis" by Baker JF, George M, Baker DG, Toedter G, Von Feldt JM, Leonard MB.,posted in PubMed, researchers found that in the evaluating the association between BMI and radiographic joint damage (RJD) in RA.Methods,...Higher BMI was independently associated with less RJD and was greatest in participants with risk factors for bone loss. Future studies are needed to examine the associations between RJD, obesity, weight loss and osteoporosis.
2. In the abstract of study of "Radiographic joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis is highly dependent on body mass index" by Westhoff G, Rau R, Zink A., posted in PubMed, researchers found that BMI provides a risk estimate of joint damage in RA patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the association between BMI, RF, and joint damage in RA and the possible role of adipose tissue.

3. In the study of "Obesity, adipose tissue and rheumatoid arthritis: coincidence or more complex relationship?" by Derdemezis CS, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA, Kiortsis DN., posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that it is also implicated in obesity, a low-grade inflammatory state, as well as inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease where anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokine balance is critical is critical.

4. According to the study of "Abnormal body composition phenotypes in Vietnamese women with early rheumatoid arthritis" by Dao HH, Do QT, Sakamoto J., posted in PubMed, researchers found that women with early RA had a significantly higher proportion of unhealthy body composition phenotypes, higher total and truncal FM and lower appendicular LM than controls. Disease activity and disability scores were associated with unhealthy body composition. These findings suggest that clinicians should encourage muscle strengthening and fat loss in RA patients to reduce their disability.

5. According to the abstract of the study of "Obesity in rheumatoid arthritis" by Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Koutedakis Y, Kitas GD, posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that Obesity is a major threat for public health and its study has attracted significant attention in the general population, predominantly due to its association with significant metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In RA research, BMI is frequently reported as a demographical variable, but obesity, as such, has received little interest. This is surprising, in view of the clear associations of obesity with other arthritides, particularly OA, but also in view of the now-clear association of RA with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

6. Etc.

Treatments of Obesity and Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. In a study of "Body composition phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: a comparative study of Caucasian female patients" by Santos MJ, Vinagre F, Canas da Silva J, Gil V, Fonseca JE., posted in PubMed, researchers found that women with SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus ) or RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) diagnosis are more likely to have abnormal body composition phenotype, with some differences existing between these two conditions. Changes in body composition are partly explained by the inflammatory burden of disease and its treatment.

2. According to the study of "Role of diet in rheumatic disease" by Li S, Micheletti R., posted in PubMed, researchers wrote that Millions of people suffer from rheumatic diseases such as gout, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. These can be incapacitating and detrimental to quality of life. Diet, nutrition, and weight loss have shown promise in alleviating some of this disease burden. These lifestyle changes may give patients a feeling of control and ownership over their disease as well as a nonpharmacologic means of treatment.

3. In a study of "What predicts obesity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? An investigation of the interactions between lifestyle and inflammation" by Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Smith JP, Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Jamurtas AZ, Koutedakis Y, Kitas GD., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that inflammation does not seem to influence BMI and BF in RA. As in the general population, high levels of habitual physical activity associate with low BMI and BF in RA. Energy intake is a major determinant of being underweight in those who consume fewer calories. Further research is needed to investigate the suitability of exercise and diet modalities, and their effects on the body composition of RA patients.

4. Etc.
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The best and healthy Fruit Salsa with Cinnamon Chips

Recipe attributed to Quick and easy family favorites by Vickie and JoAnn
Ashley Connelly, Louisa, VA

Kiwis, apple, raspberries, and strawberry make up this colorful salsa. It 'll be a treat that guests will not want to miss.....especially when served with homemade cinnamon chips.
2 kiwis, peeled and diced
2 Golden delicious apples. cored, peeled and diced
1/2 Lb. raspberries
16 Oz. pkg. strawberry, bulled and diced
1 c. plus 2 T. sugar and divided
1 T. brown sugar, packed
3 T. strawberry preserves
1 to 2 T. cinnamon
10 (10-inch) flour tortillas, sliced into wedges
butter flavored non-stick vegetable spray

Combined all fruits into a large bowl, mix in 2 tsp. sugar, brown sugar and strawberry preserves. Cover and chill for 15 minutes.
Mix together remaining 1 cup of sugar and cinnamon. Arrange tortilla wedges in a single layer on an ungreased baking sheet; coat chips with butter flavored vegetable spray. Sprinkle with desired amount of cinnamon-sugar.
Bake at 350 degrees for 8 to 10 minutes. Repeat with remaining tortilla wedges, cool 15 minutes. Serve chips with chilled fruit mixture.
Makes 10 to 15 servings

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The best snack with Family and Friends: Italian eggplant Sticks

Recipe attributed to Quick and easy family favorites by Vickie and JoAnn

 Karen Pitcher
Burleson, TX

Served with marinara sauce or even salsa, this Italian-season veggies will get a big thumbs up from family and friends

3 eggplant peeled
1. cup Italian favored dry bread crumbs
1 tsp. salt
1 tsp. pepper
3 eggs
1/4 cup milk
oil for deep frying
Cue eggplant into3''x1/2' stick; place in ice water for 30 minutes. drain and set aside.
Combined bread crumbs, salt and pepper; set a side. Blend together eggs and milk in a shallow bowl, dip eggplant sticks into egg mixture and dredge in bread crumbs mixture. Arrange eggplant on an ungreased baking sheet. Cover and chill for 20 minutes.
Pour oil to a depth of one inch in a deep skillet; heat oil to 275 degrees. Add eggplant and cook 2 minutes on each side or until golden. Drain on paper towels. Serve 6

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Sunday, 10 August 2014

To Make the best of beef soup recipe: The Beef stock

Recipe contributed by 125 Best Chinese Recipe1 By Bill Jones and Stephen Wong (Robert Rose)

5 lb. beef bone a(shine or neck)
3 large onion, peeled and roughly chopped
3 carrots, roughly chopped
3 stalks of celery, roughly chopped
1/2 garlic head
1/2 cup tomato paste
3 bay leaves
1 small handful thyme
1 small handful rosemary
1 small handful marjoram
1 bunch parsley stalks
5 whole pepper corns
20 cups water
1, Pace bone in a pan and roast until lightly golden, about 2 hours. Add vegetables and garlic; roast 1 hour. Add tomato paste, stirring to coat. roast 30 minutes.
1. Place roast bones and vegetables in a large stockpot, add remain ingredients. Add more water, if necessary to cover. Bring mixture to a broil; reduce heat and simmer gently for 8 hours, skimming occasionally to remove any foam or impurities that rise to the top. Try not to let the mixture boil or broth will be cloudy.
2. Strain in to container and cool to room temperature before refrigerating. (If hot stock is placed directly in the fridge, it will sometime sour). for a more intensely flavored stock, let liquid cool; return stock to pot and over low heat, simmer until volume is reduced by half.

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4 someone who loves Walnuts: Hot and spicy Walnuts

Recipe attributed to Fresh and Easy Meals by Better Homes and Gardens

Nut hits the spot as snack, and this snack is loaded with them. walnuts have more heart-healthy Omega-3 fat than other nuts. Use canola oil in the recipe to boost it Omega 3 content even more.

Prep. 10 minutes
Bake 20 minutes
Cool 15 minutes
Oven 300 degree F
Make 8 (1/4 cup) servings

1 tsp. ground coriander
1 tsp. ground cumin
!/2 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
1/2 tsp. cayenne pepper
2 cups walnuts halves
1 tsp. cooking oil

In a small bowl stir together coriander, cumin, salt, black pepper, and cayenne pepper; set aside. Place nuts in a 13x9x2 inch baking pan. Drizzle with the oil, stir to coat. Sprinkle with choice mixture; toss lightly.
Baking in a 300 degrees oven for 20 munities or until nuts are slightly toasted, stirring once or twice. Cool in pan for 15 minutes. Turn out onto paper towels; cool completely. Store, covered in a cool place.
Nutrition facts per serving: 214 Cal. 21 g total fat(2g sat. fat), O mg cholesterol, 147 mg sodium, 4g carbo, 2 g fiber, 5 g pro.
Daily value: 1% vitamin C, 3% calcium, 5% iron.

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Obesity Complication of Pancreatitis

By Kyle J. Norton

Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

B. How to calculate your BMI index
BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

C. Pancreatitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the pancreas as its no longer function normally in secreting digestive juices, or enzymes. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic.

D. How Obesity associates with Pancreatitis
1. According to the abstract of the study of "Influence of obesity on the severity and clinical outcome of acute pancreatitis" by Shin KY, Lee WS, Chung DW, Heo J, Jung MK, Tak WY, Kweon YO, Cho CM, posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that When compared with normal patients (BMI 18.5 to 22.9), all categories with a BMI ≥23 had an increased risk of developing a severe form of acute pancreatitis (p=0.003) and all categories with a BMI ≥25 significantly predicted severity (p<0.001). Patients with class 1 obesity (BMI 25 to 29.9) developed significantly more systemic and metabolic complications and concluded that Overweightedness and obesity were found to be associated with a higher risk of developing severe pancreatitis. Further studies are needed to establish the precise prognostic value of obesity in members of the population with low BMIs.

2. In a study of "The impact of obesity on the course and outcome of acute pancreatitis" by Abu Hilal M, Armstrong T., posted in PubMed, researchers filed the conclusion that This has led to proposed modifications of acute pancreatitis scoring systems to include obesity as an independent primary predictive factor of severe disease. Obesity is associated with a low-grade inflammatory state, which may predispose obese patients to such complications. Furthermore, visceral obesity and visceral adipose tissue may be particularly important in underlying the pathophysiology of these observations.

3. In another study of "Obesity: a risk factor for severe acute biliary and alcoholic pancreatitis" by Suazo-Baráhona J, Carmona-Sánchez R, Robles-Díaz G, Milke-García P, Vargas-Vorácková F, Uscanga-Domínguez L, Peláez-Luna M., posted in PubMed, researchers filed the result that Prevalence of obesity was 57%. Thirty-eight percent of the obese patients developed complications as compared with 21% of the nonobese (RR=1.74; 95% CI, 1-2.9). The risk for severe AP increased according to the degree of obesity. Pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis was more common in obese patients (17.6% vs 6%), as was the incidence of infectious complications. The risk for severe AP was highest in obese patients with either alcoholic (RR=5.3; 95% CI, 1.2-23) or biliary etiology (RR=5.2, 95% CI, 1-26).

4. According to the abstract of the study of "Obesity: an important prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis" by Funnell IC, Bornman PC, Weakley SP, Terblanche J, Marks IN., posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that obesity had a sensitivity of 63 per cent and a specificity of 95 per cent for predicting disease severity. When five obese women with gallstone pancreatitis were excluded, the sensitivity of obesity increased to 86 per cent. Severe pancreatitis occurred in all eight obese patients with disease of an alcoholic aetiology. These data suggest that increased fat deposits in the peripancreatic and retroperitoneal spaces in obese patients may increase the risk of peripancreatic fat necrosis, abscess and death. Consideration should be given to including obesity as a prognostic factor in acute pancreatitis.

5. In the study of "Experimental evidence of obesity as a risk factor for severe acute pancreatitis" by Frossard JL, Lescuyer P, Pastor CM., posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that Several hypotheses have been suggested: (1) obese patients have an increased inflammation within the pancreas; (2) obese patients have an increased accumulation of fat within and around the pancreas where necrosis is often located; (3) increase in both peri- and intra-pancreatic fat and inflammatory cells explain the high incidence of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in obese patients; (4) hepatic dysfunction associated with obesity might enhance the systemic inflammatory response by altering the detoxification of inflammatory mediators; and (5) ventilation/perfusion mismatch leading to hypoxia associated with a low pancreatic flow might reduce the pancreatic oxygenation and further enhance pancreatic injury. Recent experimental investigations also show an increased mortality and morbidity in obese rodents with acute pancreatitis and the implication of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Such models are important to investigate whether the inflammatory response of the disease is enhanced by obesity. It is exciting to speculate that manipulation of the adipokine milieu has the potential to influence the severity of acute pancreatitis.

6. Etc.

E. Treatments of Obesity and Pancreatitis
1, In the abstract of the study of "The influence of dietary restriction on the development of diabetes and pancreatitis in female WBN/Kob-fatty rats" by Akimoto T, Terada M, Shimizu A, Sawai N, Ozawa H., posted in PubMed, researchers stated that pathological changes of the pancreas were observed in female fatty rats. All female fatty rats showed severe interlobular, intra-lobular and intra-islet fibrosis. In female fatty rats of the restricted feeding group, pathological changes of the pancreas were milder those of the free-feeding fatty group. Although dietary restriction could not completely prevent pancreatitis in female fatty rats, the development of diabetes was inhibited by its reduction of the severity of pancreatitis.

2. According to the study of "Fat replacement of the malignant pancreatic tissue after neoadjuvant therapy" by Makay O, Kazimi M, Aydin U, Nart D, Yilmaz F, Zeytunlu M, Goker E, Coker A., posted in PubMed, researchers found that The tissue pathology revealed lipomatosis of the pancreas. He was disease-free and symptom-free at 1 year follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of pancreatic head carcinoma with total fat replacement of the pancreas after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy.

3. In the study of "Pancreatic surgery" by Hines OJ, Reber HA., posted in PubMed, researcher indicated that Recent evidence suggests that obese patients with pancreatic cancer appear to have more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis and a worse outcome following resection. The issues surrounding adjuvant treatment for pancreatic cancer with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy continue to be evaluated....... and summarized that each year more is learned about the natural history of pancreatic lesion. For those dedicated to the study and treatment of this gland, several new advances help the clinician with treatment decisions.

4. Etc.
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