Food therapy - Fennel as antioxidants

Fennel is a species of Foeniculum Vulgare, belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), and native to the shores of the Mediterranean. It is now widely cultivated all around the globe to use as food and herb.
Nutritients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Protein
4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic acid (B5)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin C
11. Calcium
12. Copper
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Molybdenum
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc

Chemical constituents(1)(2)
1. 1,3-benzenediol
2. 1-methoxycyclohexene
3. O-cymene
4. Sorbic acid,
5. 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
6. Estragole
7. Limonene-10-ol
8. 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
9. Linoleic acid
10. Oleic acid
11. Undecanal
12. 2,4-undecadienal
13. trans-Anethole
14. Fenchone
15. Limonen.
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.
The comparison of commercial essential oils (EO) containing Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Cupressus sempervirens, Eucalyptus globulus, Foeniculum vulgare and Thymus vulgaris showed that  F. vulgare EOs is effective against lipid peroxidation(3). In support of the above, the University of Wyoming suggested that Fennel oils might have higher antioxidant capacity in distillation time (DT) depend-manner. DT can be used to obtain fennel essential oil with differential composition(4).
Some researchers suggested that the potent antioxidant properties of medicinal plants may depend on variety conditions such as environmental conditions, climatic and seasonal variations, geographical regions of growth, degree of ripeness, growing practices, and many other factors such as postharvest treatment and processing(5).

References
(1) Antimycobacterial activity of constituents from Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce grown in Mexico.by Esquivel-Ferriño PC¹, Favela-Hernández JM, Garza-González E, Waksman N, Ríos MY, del Rayo Camacho-Corona M.(PubMed)
(2) Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivars by Shahat AA¹, Ibrahim AY, Hendawy SF, Omer EA, Hammouda FM, Abdel-Rahman FH, Saleh MA.(PubMed)
(3) Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities of Moroccan commercial essential oils by Aazza S, Lyoussi B, Megías C, Cortés-Giraldo I, Vioque J, Figueiredo AC, Miguel MG.(PubMed)(4) Distillation time modifies essential oil yield, composition, and antioxidant capacity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) by Zheljazkov VD¹, Horgan T, Astatkie T, Schlegel V.(PubMed)
(5) Antioxidant activity and protecting health effects of common medicinal plants.

Škrovánková S¹, Mišurcová L, Machů L.(PubMed)


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The best Summer smoothie recipe - Mango papaya lime smoothie

Recipe contributed by Raw, Quick and delicious! 5 ingredient recipes in just 15 minutes by Douglas McNish, Published by Robert Rose. You can visit them at www.robertrose.ca

This smoothie is a  tropical blend or juicy mango, ripe papaya and tart lime juice- perfect on warm-weather days.
Tips You can substitute hemp milk for nut milk
to peel and chop a mango cut a small slice from the top and bottom of the fruit to make flat end. Using a vegetable peeler, carefully peel away the skin. Stand the mango upright on a cutting board. Using a chef's knife, run the blade through the fresh, taking approximately three slices from each of 4 sides. When you are close to the stone use a paring knife to remove any remaining fresh from around the middle.
1 cup nut milk 250mL
1/2 cup chopped peeled mango  125 mL
1/2 cup chopped peeled papaya  125mL
3tbsp. freshly squeezed lime juice 45mL
Dash raw vanilla extract  Dash
In the blender, combine nut milk, mango, papaya, lime juice and vanilla. Blend at high speed until smooth. Serve immediately. Make 2 cups (500mL).
Variation: Substitute papaya with equal amount of chopped cantaloupe or additional mango.
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The Seasoning Soft fruit salad

Recipes attributed to Company Coming salad by Jean Pare

Definitely an in season salad. Try it when ingredients permit
Banana, peeled and sliced    2
Papaya, peeled and sliced  1
Mango, peeled and sliced    1
Kiwi fruit, peeled and sliced  2
Orange, section or sliced 1
Sliced almonds, toasted (See note)  1/2 cup, 125 mL
Maraschino cherry juice  2 tbsp., 30 mL
Vinegar  1 tbsp., 15 mL
Cooking oil  1tbsp., 15 mL
Granulated sugar 2 tbsp., 30 mL
Combine first 4 ingredients in bowl.
Put almond, cherry juice, vinegar, cooking oil and sugar in small bowl. Stir. Pour over fruits. Toss slightly. Serve 8.
Note: toast almonds in 360 degree F (175 degree C) oven until golden, about 5 minutes.
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Herbal Therapy - Chickweed and Obesity

Chickweed is a cool-season annual plant often eaten by chickens., genus S. media, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, native to Europe. The herb has been used in herbal medicine to treat skin conditions, indigestion, eczema, cough, rashes, etc. and as astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, refrigerant, vulnerary agent.

Chemical constituents(1)(2)
1. Igenin 6-C-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside
2. Apigenin 6-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-galactopyranoside
3. Apigenin 6-C-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-8-C-beta-L-arabinopyranoside
4. Apigenin 6-C-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-beta-D-galactopyranoside
5. Apigenin 6, 8-di-C-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside
6. Alkaloidal glycoside
7. Glucodichotomine B
8. Neolignan glycosides
9. Dichotomosides A, B, C, and D
10. Phenylpropanoid glycoside
11. Dichotomoside E
12. Saponins
13. Mucilage
14. PABA
15. Coumarin,
16. Flavonoids (rutin)
17. Hydroxycoumarin

Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat has accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.
In progesterone-induced obesity model in female albino mice, conducted by the CMR College of Pharmacy, showed that Methanolic extract of S. media (MESM) inhibits the increase in body weight, adipose tissue weight and size, and upturned obesity and associated complications and may bebeneficial in suppression of obesity induced by progesterone(3). Other study suggested that the anti-obesity effects of Llyophilized juice extracted from the plant in high-fat-diet fed mice may be partly mediated through delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat and carbohydrate by inhibiting digestive enzymes(4).

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References
(a) [Studies on chemical constituents from stellaria media. I].[Article in Chinese] by Dong Q¹, Huang Y, Qiao SY.(PubMed)
(b) Bioactive constituents from Chinese natural medicines. XIV. New glycosides of beta-carboline-type alkaloid, neolignan, and phenylpropanoid from Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata and their antiallergic activities by Morikawa T¹, Sun B, Matsuda H, Wu LJ, Harima S, Yoshikawa M.(PubMed)
(1) [Studies on chemical constituents from stellaria media. I].[Article in Chinese] by Dong Q¹, Huang Y, Qiao SY.(PubMed)
(2) Bioactive constituents from Chinese natural medicines. XIV. New glycosides of beta-carboline-type alkaloid, neolignan, and phenylpropanoid from Stellaria dichotoma L. var. lanceolata and their antiallergic activities by Morikawa T¹, Sun B, Matsuda H, Wu LJ, Harima S, Yoshikawa M.(PubMed)
(3)Antiobesity effect of Stellaria media against drug induced obesity in Swiss albino mice by Chidrawar VR¹, Patel KN, Sheth NR, Shiromwar SS, Trivedi P.(PubMed)
(4) Quality assessment and anti-obesity activity of Stellaria media (Linn.) Vill by Rani N¹, Vasudeva N, Sharma SK.(PubMed)

The best of my summer favorite - Watermelon peach smoothie

Recipe contributed by Raw, Quick and delicious! 5 ingredient recipes in just 15 minutes by Douglas McNish, Published by Robert Rose. You can visit them at www.robertrose.ca

This smoothie screams "Summertime" with its blend of juicy, sweet peach and banana, refreshing watermelon and cooling mint.
Tips:
If your banana ripen too quickly remove the peels and store them in the freezer for the next time you want a cold creamy smoothie.
To boost the protein content of your smoothie, try adding a scoop of your favorite protein powder --- I prefer hemp or sprouted brown rice protein. Both are available in natural foods store and well-stoked supermarket. Not all are raw though, so be sure to read the labels.
When stone fruits become ripe, stone them in the refrigerator. This slowdown the ripening process, so they will keep for up to a week.
1 cup chopped seeded watermelon  250 mL
1/2 cup sliced peach  125mL
1 banana    1
2 chopped pitted date 2
2tbsp. fresh mint leaves  30mL
In a blender, combine watermelon, peach, banana, dates and mint. Blend at high speed until smooth. Serve immediately.
Make 11/1 cup (375mL)
Variation: Frozen Blueberry watermelon, peach smoothie - Substitute 1/2 cup (125mL) frozen blueberries for the banana and a punch of ground cinnamon for the mint.
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The Breakfast Cottage fruit salad

Recipes attributed to Company Coming salad by Jean Pare
Make a good breakfast or bunch salad.
Cottage cheese  2 cups, 500 mL
salad dressing (or mayonnaise) 1/4 cup, 50 mL
Crushed pineapple, we;; drained  14 Oz., 398 mL
Apple with peel, diced  1, 1
Chopped pecans or walnuts 1/2 cup, 125 mL
Lettuce cups  6,   6
Unpeeled apple slices, dipped in lemon juice  24 - 36
Maraschino cherries 6
Put cottage cheese into bowl. Stir in salad dressing. Add drained pineapple, apple and pecans. Stir
Scoop in lettuce cups. Arrange apple slices around sides. Top with cherry. Serve 6 - 8
Variation: add 1/2 cup (125 mL) raisins. Diced apple may be omitted or left in salad.

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Food therapy - Fennel anti microbial activities

By Kyle J. Norton

Fennel is a species of Foeniculum Vulgare, belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the shores of the Mediterranean. It is now widely cultivated all around the globe to use as food and herb.
Nutritients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Protein
4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic acid (B5)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin C
11. Calcium
12. Copper
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Molybdenum
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc

Chemical constituents(1)(2)
1. 1,3-benzenediol
2. 1-methoxycyclohexene
3. O-cymene
4. Sorbic acid,
5. 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
6. Estragole
7. Limonene-10-ol
8. 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one
9. Linoleic acid
10. Oleic acid
11. Undecanal
12. 2,4-undecadienal
13. trans-Anethole
14. Fenchone
15. Limonene

The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.
According to the study by the Ataturk University, chemical constituents from the inflorescence, leaf stems, and whole aerial parts of fennel, including anethole, and hexane extract showed effectively against most of the foodborne pathogenic, saprophytic, probiotic, and mycotoxigenic microorganisms tested(2). In comparison of essential oil from 3 different species of fennels, such as Essential oils of the fruits of three organically grown cultivars of Egyptian fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum, Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce and Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare, researched indicated that all three cultivars showed similar antimicrobial activity(3). Unfortunately, the ¹Universidade do Algarve study, suggested that essential oils of fennel showed a very low antimicrobial activity, but exerted a pro-oxidant activity(4).


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References
(1) Antimycobacterial activity of constituents from Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce grown in Mexico.by Esquivel-Ferriño PC¹, Favela-Hernández JM, Garza-González E, Waksman N, Ríos MY, del Rayo Camacho-Corona M.(PubMed)
(2) Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivars by Shahat AA¹, Ibrahim AY, Hendawy SF, Omer EA, Hammouda FM, Abdel-Rahman FH, Saleh MA.(PubMed)
(3) Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivars by Shahat AA¹, Ibrahim AY, Hendawy SF, Omer EA, Hammouda FM, Abdel-Rahman FH, Saleh MA.(PubMed)
(4) Foeniculum vulgare essential oils: chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by Miguel MG¹, Cruz C, Faleiro L, Simões MT, Figueiredo AC, Barroso JG, Pedro LG.(PubMed)