Kyle J. Norton
Cervix is the lower part of uterus that opens at the top of the vagina.
Cervix acts an transition area for vaginal lining (squamous epithelium)
change to uterus type (columnar epithelium) through the transitional
area (squamous columnar epithelium) to host the development of the
fetus. Cervical cancer is
malignant neoplasm of the
cervix uteri
or cervical area caused by abnormal cells growth with alternation of
cells DNA. According to the American Cancer Society's, in 2014, 12,360
new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed with the death
of 4,020 patients. The risk of cervical cancer is higher in Hispanic
women followed by African-Americans, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and
whites(a).
Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, if the cancer is found
in the early stage, hysterectomy may not be needed. Other while after surgery, chemotherapy including Cisplatin, Fluorouracil (5-FU),
Mitomycin, Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, Bevacizumab and
radiotherapy may be necesary, but with certain side effects. Emerging
suggestion of a healthy and balanced
diet to improve high serum levels of antioxidants may reduce
cervical neoplasia risk(b)(c) but other suggested that the role of
diet and nutrition in the etiology of
cervical cancer
is not yet resolved(d) and Catalan Institute of Oncology study showed
statistically nonsignificant inverse associations were also observed for
leafy vegetables, root vegetables,
garlic and onions, citrus fruits, vitamin C, vitamin E and retinol for invasive squamous
cervical cancer (ISC)(e).
Epidemiological studies, linking foods in reduced risk of cervical cancer
have been inconsistent, but certain foods have been found effectively in
reduced risk and treatment of cervical cancer.
1. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of
vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including
cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc.
Isothiocyanates, a major chemical constituent found in Cruciferous vegetables, inhibited the cell viability of human
cervical cancer
cells, through improvement of antioxidant status(1). β-Phenylethyl
isothiocyanate (PEITC). induced apoptosis to inhibit cell proliferation
in human
cervical cancer cell lines
(HEp-2 and KB), through increased the expression of the death receptors
(DR4 and DR5) and cleaved caspase-3(2). Other chemical compounds, I3C
(indole-3-carbinol) and DIM (diindolylmethane) found in all types of
cruciferous vegetables, demonstrated exceptional anti-cancer effects against hormone responsive cancers such as ovarian cancers(3). Some researchers suggested that isothiocyanates and indoles through intake of
cruciferous vegetable may decrease
cancer
risk, but the protective effects may be influenced by individual
genetic variation (polymorphisms) in the metabolism and elimination of
isothiocyanates from the body and in some in instances, long term exposure to sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), may be implicated
in a variety of anticarcinogenic mechanisms(4).
2. Tomato
Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum
,
belonging to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its
health benefits, tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose and
often in green house.
Glycoalkaloid-rich green
tomato extracts, according to the Seowon University inhibited proliferation of HeLa
cervical carcinoma cells through inactivation(5). Dr Ferguson LR, in the study of Prospects for
cancer
prevention, suggested that fruit and vegetable servings with total a
minimum of five each day. Some specific fruits and vegetables (e.g.,
tomato, broccoli, onions) may have particular benefits against individual
cancer types(6). But the reviews of FDA in 2004, of some studies of indication of an inverse association between
tomato and/or lycopene intake and the risk of some types of
cancer, suggested that there are no credible evidence for an association between
tomato consumption and a reduced risk of lung, colorectal, breast,
cervical, or endometrial
cancer(7).
3. Garlic
Garlic is a natural superfood healer for its natural antibiotic with
antiviral, antifungal, anticoagulant and antiseptic properties.
Diallyl sulfide (DAS), a chemical component of
garlic induced mitochondrial dysfunction, caused the release of cytochrome c for causing apoptosis in human
cervical cancer
Ca Ski cells(8) and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the p53,
caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways in in HeLa human
cervical cancer cells(9). The Defense Food Research Laboratory study indicated that
Garlic exerted
its anticarcinogenic effect(including cervical cancer) through a number
of mechanisms, including scavenging of radicals, increasing gluathione
levels, increasing the activities of enzymes(10). In
3-methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced carcinogenesis in the
uterine
cervix of virgin young adult Swiss albino mice study, found
a significant decline in the incidence of carcinoma with oral
administration of
garlic at the dose level of 400 mg/kg body wt./day for 2 weeks before and 4 weeks following carcinogen thread insertion(11).
4. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus
Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It
has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia,
gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Crude methanol and fractionated extract of the rhizomes of Alpinia pahangensis, a wild
ginger
distributed in the lowlands of Pahang, Malaysia, showed potent
cytotoxic effect against certain cancer cell lines, including human
cervical cancer cell line, Ca Ski(12). In human
cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa), aqueous extract of
ginger (GAE) induced apoptosis of
cancer cells through interacted directly with cellular microtubules and disrupts its structure(13). Other study indicated that
Benjakul [BEN], a composeition of five plants: Piper chaba fruit [PC],
Piper sarmentosum root [PS], Piper interruptum stem [PI], Plumbago
indica root [PL] and Zingiber officinale rhizome [ZO] in Thai herbal
medicine, showed to exert its cytotoxic activity against certain types
of cancer cell line including cervical cancer cell line Hela(14).
5. Carrot
Carrot
can grow to 3ft tall. It is root vegetable with orange color normally, a
sub spices of Daucus carota, belongs to the family Apiaceae, native to
Asian and Europe.
According to Aichi
Cancer Center, frequent intakes of
carrot are associated to decreased risk of
cervical cancer(15). The Shandong University study in assessing the risk of cervical cancer association of
vitamin A, found abundantly in carrot (retinol, carotene and other carotenoids) indicated that v
itamin A intake and blood
vitamin A levels are inversely associated with the risk of
cervical cancer(16). Others in the testing of concentrations of retinol and beta carotene in serum samples taken from 113 women with
cervical cancer,
32 with invasive and 81 with pre-invasive disease, and compared with
those from 226 age-matched control women found a significantly reduced
concentration of beta carotene levels in women with pre-invasive disease
compared to the control(17).
6. Dulse
Dulse
is a red seaweed of genus Palmaria, belong to Family Palmariaceae that
grows attached to rocks by a "holdfast" in the North Atlantic and
Northwest Pacific. It is commonly used in Ireland and Atlantic Canada
both as food and medicinally and is now shipped around the globe. Dulse
is found in many health food stores or fish markets or can be ordered
directly from local distributors.
Ryerson University study of the extracts from variety of edible
seaweeds, showed a positive effect of dulse polyphenols in inhibited on
cell proliferation on human
cervical
adenocarcinoma cell line (HeLa cells) through its antioxidant
activity(18)(19). Fucoxanthin found abundantly in dulse, in the study by
Henan University, showed to exert autophagy-dependent cytotoxic effect
in cervical cancer cell lines HeLa cells via inhibition of Akt/mTOR
signaling pathway(20).
8. Strawberry
Strawberries
is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae.
They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for
commercial profits and for health benefits.
The study of the effects of variety of berry extracts in human
cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, indicated that
tannin-rich fraction of procyanidins of strawberry extract are most
potent in comparison with other berries(21). Other study of the effects
of the extract of Strawberry, Blueberry, and Raspberry Extracts. showed a
positive effects of ethanol extracts from all four fruits strongly
inhibited CaSki and SiHa
cervical cancer cell lines(22).
9. Grape and Red wine
Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belong to the family
Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey. Grape extracts was found to
interact effectively with decaffeinated
green tea extracts both in the inhibition of tNOX activity and in the
inhibition of
cancer cell growth(23).
Red and white
wine polyphenols and resveratrol exerted higher cytotoxic activity against HeLabut white
wine polyphenolic extract exhibited a significantly higher antiproliferative action on
cancer cell lines than
red wine extract(24).
10. Cactus pear
Cactus pear also known as Prickly pear is a genus Opuntia, belonging to the family Cactaceae, native to Mexico.
Cactus pear extracts, in the study of immortalized ovarian and ovarian
cancer
cells (OVCA420, SKOV3), exhibited anti proliferative effect through a
dramatic increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), induced DNA
fragmentation, together with a perturbed expression of
apoptotic-related (Bax, Bad, caspase 3, Bcl2, p53, and p21) and
ROS-sensitive (NF-kappaB, c-jun/c-fos) genes(25). Other study from the
University of Arizona, indicated that aqueous extracts of cactus pear
significantly increased in apoptosis and growth inhibition in both
immortalized epithelial cells and
cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner through cell cycle arrest(26).
11. Vitis coignetiae Pulliat
Vitis coignetiae Pulliat also known as Yamabudo, Crimson Glory Vine, is the genus Viti, belonging to the family
Vitaceae,
native to the temperate climes of Asia. It has been used as a health
juice and wine because of the abundant polyphenols and anthocyanins.
Anthocyanins from fruits of
Vitis coignetiae Pulliat (AIMs), inhibited the invasion of HeLa cell in a dose-dependent manner
, through
suppressing
NF- κ B-regulated genes and EMT, which relates to suppression of I κ B α
phosphorylation and GSK-3 activity(26). The stem extracts from Greek
Vitis
vinifera varieties of the total polyphenolic content (TPC) found to inhibit at low concentrations the growth of HepG2 and
HeLa
cancer cells comparable to those of seed extracts(27)(28).
12. Fatty fish
Fatty fish containing a large amounts of omega-3, 6 fatty acids may be
associated to reduced risk of cancers. Docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) found in
fish
oil plays important roles in reduced the progression of carcinogenesis,
including human cervical cancer cell line, HeLa(29), through cytotoxic
effects(30). Unluckily, in the study of the relationship between dietary
fat and
cancer, researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, indicated that fish omega-3 polyunsaturated fat had a nonsignificant negative association with the cancer(31)
13.
Green Tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food
with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone
minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea
has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used
exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because
of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial
purposes all over the world.
In a total of 104 patients diagnosed with
cervical cancer or
cervical
intraepithelial neoplasias (CINII/III)936 healthy women selected from
the Wufeng area, showed a positive effect of green tea in reduced risk
of
cervical cancer or
CINII/III(32). (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major chemical
compound in green tea, inhibited the proliferation of human cervical
cancer cell line, CaSki through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle
arrest as well as regulation of gene expression(33). In other human
cervical cancer cell line, HeLa, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG),
showed its anti proliferative effects through reduced mRNA expression of
FTS via p53(34).
14.
Organic soybean
Soybean is genus Glycine, the family Fabaceae, one of the
legumes that contains twice as much protein per acre as any other
major vegetable or grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is
grown worldwide with suitable climate for commercial profit and a
healthy foods.
In female athymic mice, germinated soy protein inhibited
the proliferation of cervical cancer cell line HeLa, through generation
of biologically active peptides(35). via down-regulated PTTG1 and TOP2A
mRNA expression (two genes considered as therapeutic targets) and
induced apoptosis in
cancer cells(36).
Isoflavones , the major bioactive compounds found in organic soy, the
derived isoflavone mixture(SI-I) containing 71% daidzein, 14.3%
genistein and 14.7% glycitein inhibited HeLa cell growth through apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway(37).
Taken altogether, without going into reviews,
the list of foods above may be potent in reduced risk and treatment of
cervical cancer. But further studies with large sample sizes and multi
centers are necessary to improve the validation of these claims. As
always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information &
education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field
specialist before applying
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(a) Cerical cancer (
Amerrican cancer society)
(b)
Diet and serum micronutrients in relation to
cervical neoplasia and
cancer among low-income Brazilian women by Tomita LY
1, Longatto Filho A, Costa MC, Andreoli MA, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA; Brazilian Investigation into Nutrition and
Cervical Cancer Prevention (BRINCA) Study Team.(
PubMed)
(c) Associations of dietary dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables and fruits with
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: modification by smoking by Tomita LY
1, Roteli-Martins CM, Villa LL, Franco EL, Cardoso MA; BRINCA Study Team.(
PubMed)
(d)
Diet and the risk of in situ
cervical cancer among white women in the United States by Ziegler RG
1, Jones CJ, Brinton LA, Norman SA, Mallin K, Levine RS, Lehman HF, Hamman RF, Trumble AC, Rosenthal JF, et al.(
PubMed)
(e) Dietary factors and in situ and invasive
cervical cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into
cancer and nutrition study by González CA
1,
Travier N, Luján-Barroso L, Castellsagué X, Bosch FX, Roura E,
Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Palli D, Boeing H, Pala V, Sacerdote C, Tumino R,
Panico S, Manjer J, Dillner J, Hallmans G, Kjellberg L, Sanchez MJ,
Altzibar JM, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Rodriguez L, Allen N, Key TJ,
Kaaks R, Rohrmann S, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Munk C, Kjaer SK,
Peeters PH, van Duijnhoven FJ, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC,
Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Naska A, Lund E, Engeset D, Skeie G,
Franceschi S, Slimani N, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(
PubMed)
(1) The anti-oxidant properties of isothiocyanates: a review by de Figueiredo SM
1, Filho SA, Nogueira-Machado JA, Caligiorne RB.(P
ubMed)
(2) Effect of β-phenylethyl isothiocyanate from
cruciferous vegetables on growth inhibition and apoptosis of
cervical cancer cells through the induction of death receptors 4 and 5 by Huong le D
1, Shim JH, Choi KH, Shin JA, Choi ES, Kim HS, Lee SJ, Kim SJ, Cho NP, Cho SD(
PubMed)
(3) Chemopreventive properties of indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane
and other constituents of cardamom against carcinogenesis by Acharya A
1, Das I, Singh S, Saha T.(
PubMed)
(4)
Cruciferous vegetables and human
cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis by Higdon JV
1, Delage B, Williams DE, Dashwood RH.(
PubMed)
(5) Changes in free amino acid, phenolic, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and
glycoalkaloid contents in tomatoes during 11 stages of growth and
inhibition of
cervical and lung human
cancer cells by green
tomato extracts by Choi SH
1, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Lee IS, Kozukue N, Levin CE, Friedman M.(
PubMed)
(6) Prospects for
cancer prevention by Ferguson LR.(P
ubMed)
(7) The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and
cancer by Kavanaugh CJ
1, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC.(
PubMed)
(8) Diallyl sulfide promotes cell-cycle arrest through the p53
expression and triggers induction of apoptosis via caspase- and
mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways in human
cervical cancer Ca Ski cells by Chiu TH
1, Lan KY, Yang MD, Lin JJ, Hsia TC, Wu CT, Yang JS, Chueh FS, Chung JG.(P
ubMed)
(9) Diallyl sulfide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa human
cervical cancer cells through the p53, caspase- and mitochondria-dependent pathways by Wu PP
1, Chung HW, Liu KC, Wu RS, Yang JS, Tang NY, Lo C, Hsia TC, Yu CC, Chueh FS, Lin SS, Chung JG.(P
ubMed)
(10) Anticarcinogenic properties of
garlic: a review by Khanum F
1, Anilakumar KR, Viswanathan KR
.(
PubMed)
(11) Chemopreventive action of
garlic on methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the
uterine cervix of mice by Hussain SP
1, Jannu LN, Rao AR.(
PubMed)
(12) Antioxidant potential, cytotoxic activity and total phenolic content of Alpinia pahangensis rhizomes by Phang CW
1, Malek SN, Ibrahim H.(P
ubMed)
(13) Aqueous extract of
ginger shows antiproliferative activity through disruption of microtubule network of
cancer cells by Choudhury D
1, Das A, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti G.(
PubMed)
(14) In vitro cytotoxic activity of Benjakul herbal preparation and its active compounds against human lung,
cervical and liver
cancer cells by Ruangnoo S
1, Itharat A, Sakpakdeejaroen I, Rattarom R, Tappayutpijam P, Pawa KK.(
PubMed)
(15) [Hospital epidemiology--a comparative case control study of breast and
cervical cancers].
[Article in Japanese] by Tajima K
1, Hirose K, Ogawa H, Yoshida M, Ohta M.(
PubMed)
(16)
Vitamin A and risk of
cervical cancer: a meta-analysis by Zhang X
1, Dai B, Zhang B, Wang Z.(
PubMed)
(17)
Cancer of the cervix uteri and
vitamin A by Harris RW, Forman D, Doll R, Vessey MP, Wald NJ.(
PubMed)
(18) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds by Yuan YV
1, Walsh NA.(
PubMed)
(19) Extracts from dulse (Palmaria palmata) are effective antioxidants and inhibitors of cell proliferation in vitro. by Yuan YV
1, Carrington MF, Walsh NA.(
PubMed)
(20) Essential role of autophagy in fucoxanthin-induced cytotoxicity to human epithelial
cervical cancer HeLa cells by Hou LL
1, Gao C, Chen L, Hu GQ, Xie SQ.(
PubMed)
(21) Berry extracts exert different antiproliferative effects against
cervical and colon
cancer cells grown in vitro by McDougall GJ
1, Ross HA, Ikeji M, Stewart D.(
PubMed)
(22) Anticarcinogenic Activity of Strawberry, Blueberry, and Raspberry Extracts to Breast and
Cervical Cancer Cells. by Wedge DE
1, Meepagala KM, Magee JB, Smith SH, Huang G, Larcom LL.(
PubMed)
(23) Anticancer activity of grape and grape skin extracts alone and combined with green tea infusions by Morré DM
1, Morré DJ.(
PubMed)
(24) Cytotoxic effect of
wine polyphenolic extracts and resveratrol against human carcinoma cells and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells by Matić I
1, Zizak Z, Simonović M, Simonović B, Godevac D, Savikin K, Juranić Z.(
PubMed)
(25) Cactus pear extracts induce reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in ovarian
cancer cells by Feugang JM
1, Ye F, Zhang DY, Yu Y, Zhong M, Zhang S, Zou C.(
PubMed)
(26) Cactus pear: a natural product in
cancer chemoprevention by Zou DM
1, Brewer M, Garcia F, Feugang JM, Wang J, Zang R, Liu H, Zou C.(
PubMed)
(27) Anthocyanins from
Vitis coignetiae Pulliat Inhibit
Cancer Invasion and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, but These Effects Can Be Attenuated by Tumor Necrosis Factor in Human
Uterine Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells by Lu JN
1, Lee WS, Yun JW, Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Kim DC, Jeong JH, Choi YH, Kim GS, Ryu CH, Shin SC.(
PubMed)
(28) Assessment of polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity,
protection against ROS-induced DNA damage and anticancer activity of
Vitis vinifera stem extracts by Apostolou A
1, Stagos D, Galitsiou E, Spyrou A, Haroutounian S, Portesis N, Trizoglou I, Wallace Hayes A, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D.(
PubMed)
(29) Omega-3 but not omega-6 unsaturated
fatty acids inhibit the
cancer-specific ENOX2 of the HeLa cell surface with no effect on the constitutive ENOX1 by Morre J
1, Morré DM, Brightmore R.(
PubMed)
(30) Differential sensitivity of
cancer
cells to docosahexaenoic acid-induced cytotoxicity: the potential
importance of down-regulation of superoxide dismutase 1 expression by
Ding WQ
1, Vaught JL, Yamauchi H, Lind SE.(
PubMed)
(31) Types of dietary fat and the incidence of
cancer at five sites by Hursting SD
1, Thornquist M, Henderson MM.(
PubMed)
(32) Case-control study of diet in patients with
cervical cancer or precancerosis in Wufeng, a high incidence region in China by Jia Y
1,
Hu T, Hang CY, Yang R, Li X, Chen ZL, Mei YD, Zhang QH, Huang KC, Xiang
QY, Pan XY, Yan YT, Wang XL, Wang SS, Hang Z, Tang FX, Liu D, Zhou J,
Xi L, Wang H, Lu YP, Ma D, Wang SX, Li S.(
PubMed)
(33) A major constituent of
green tea, EGCG, inhibits the growth of a human
cervical cancer cell line, CaSki cells, through apoptosis, G(1) arrest, and regulation of gene expression by Ahn WS
1, Huh SW, Bae SM, Lee IP, Lee JM, Namkoong SE, Kim CK, Sin JI.(
PubMed)
(34) EGCG suppresses Fused Toes Homolog protein through p53 in
cervical cancer cells by Muthusami S
1, Prabakaran DS, An Z, Yu JR, Park WY.(
PubMed)
(35) Effect of germinated soy protein on the growth of HeLa
cervical cancer cells in female athymic mice by Robles-Ramírez Mdel C
1, Ramón-Gallegos E, Reyes-Duarte FJ, Mora-Escobedo R.(
PubMed)
(36) A peptide fraction from germinated
soybean protein down-regulates PTTG1 and TOP2A mRNA expression, inducing apoptosis in
cervical cancer cells by Robles-Ramírez Mdel C
1, Ramón-Gallegos E, Mora-Escobedo R, Torres-Torres N.(
PubMed)
(37) Soy-derived isoflavones inhibit HeLa cell growth by inducing apoptosis by Xiao JX
1, Huang GQ, Geng X, Qiu HW.(
PubMed)
