Food Therapy - Celery and Dementia

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).

Celery and Dementia
Dementia is defined as a condition of gradually serious loss of global cognitive ability, including memory, thinking, language, judgment, behavior, etc. According to statistic, over 24 million people living with some form of dementia worldwide.
3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a chemical compound extracted from Chinese celery showed an improvement in spatial learning and memory in the ischemic-rat(b). According to Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, the extract not only consisted neuroprotective effects on ischemic, vascular dementia, and amyloid-beta (Abeta)-infused animal models, but also reduced total cerebral Abeta plaque deposition and lowered Abeta levels in brain homogenates through enhanced soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion (alphaAPPs), alpha-secretase, and PKCalpha expression in Alzheimer's patients(c) and in tau phosphorylation, it improved cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice(d).


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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(c) L-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by Peng Y¹, Sun J, Hon S, Nylander AN, Xia W, Feng Y, Wang X, Lemere CA(PubMed)(d) L-3-n-butylphthalide reduces tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice by Peng Y¹, Hu Y, Xu S, Li P, Li J, Lu L, Yang H, Feng N, Wang L, Wang X.(PubMed)

 

Asthma in Vitamin D points of view

By Kyle J. Norton

The widespread of incidence of asthma over large 20 years in South East Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to over intake in artificial ingredients, polluted environment as well as intake foods  triggering the inflammatory allergens.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.

1. Serum of vitamin D
Epidemiological studies, linking the levels of serum 25-OH vitamin D with asthma may be inconclusive. The study of included 4,999 adults aged 30-60 years in 1999-2001. 3,032 of those included at baseline also participated at a follow-up examination 5 years later and 3,727 answered a 10 year follow-up questionnaire, showed no association of serum serum 25-OH vitamin D and the risk of asthma in Danish adults(1)(1a). Some researchers in the study of general Korean population suggested that vitamin D-insufficiency may have an increased likelihood of atopic dermatitis, but not asthma, allergic rhinitis, or IgE sensitization(2)(2a). But the study by Royal Brompton Hospital, London indicated otherwise  of relationships between serum vitamin D, lung function, and pathology in children with severe, therapy-resistant asthma (STRA)(3)(4) and 25 hydroxy vitamin D insufficiency wass associated with bronchial asthma(4a) On the other hand, the study of iMayo Clinic indicated the correlation between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and positive pneumococcal antibody levels in all subjects regardless of asthma(5).

2. The benefits
According to the study by Universitätsmedizin Berlin, oral administration of vitamin D in vitamin D deficiency induced asthma, showed an increased expression of CD38 on B cells and a decreased T-cell-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production(6). In support to above study, Vitamin D found to decreased inflammatory cytokine production from T-cell subsets implicated in asthma, according to Florida Atlantic University(7). In patient with steroid-resistant (SR) and steroid-sensitive (SS) asthma, oral administration of vitamin D, although exerted its anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid-enhancing effects in monocytes of patients with SR asthma and patients with SS asthma, the responses to corticosteroids in patients with SR asthma remained significantly lower than those in patients with SS asthma(8). Other in the study of the effect of vitamin D in severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA) patients, showed an positive effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D in culture enhanced dexamethasone-induced IL-10 (Defective IL-10 expression causes a significantly diminished levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10))without marked effects on IL-13 or IL-17A production(9). Patients with severe asthma exhibited increased levels of TH17 cytokines.The study of King's College London, also suggested that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits TH17 cytokine production in all patients with moderate-to-severe asthma(10), enhances the frequency of Treg cells(11)and upregulates CD200 on peripheral human CD4+ T cells(12).

Taken altogether, without going into reviews,  vitamin D used conjunction with other anti asthma medicine and its the active form 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, may be associated to reduced risk and treatment of asthmatic diseases.  Over doses of vitamin D supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification, Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.


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References
(1) The association of serum 25-OH vitamin D with atopy, asthma, and lung function in a prospective study of Danish adults by Thuesen BH¹, Skaaby T, Husemoen LL, Fenger M, Jørgensen T, Linneberg A.(PubMed)
(1a) Vitamin d in pediatric inpatients with respiratory illnesses by Iqbal S¹, Mosenkis EV, Jain P, Wiles A, Lerner J, Benton AS, Chamberlain JM, Freishtat RJ, Teach SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Low vitamin D levels are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not allergic rhinitis, asthma, or IgE sensitization, in the adult Korean population by Cheng HM¹, Kim S², Park GH³, Chang SE⁴, Bang S⁵, Won CH⁴, Lee MW⁴, Choi JH⁴, Moon KC(PubMed)
(2a) Vitamin D with asthma and COPD: not a false hope? A systematic review and meta-analysis By Zhang LL¹, Gong J², Liu CT³.(PubMed)
(3) Childhood asthma and vitamin D deficiency in Turkey: is there cause and effect relationship between them? Uysalol M¹, Mutlu LC, Saracoglu GV, Karasu E, Guzel S, Kayaoglu S, Uzel N.(PubMed)
(4) Relationship between serum vitamin D, disease severity, and airway remodeling in children with asthma by Gupta A¹, Sjoukes A, Richards D, Banya W, Hawrylowicz C, Bush A, Saglani S.(PubMed)
(4a) Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Insufficiency Associated with Bronchial Asthma in Lucknow, India by Awasthi S¹, Vikram K.(PubMed)
(5) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with enhanced pneumococcal antibody levels in individuals with asthma by Lee J¹, Zhao H, Fenta Y, Kita H, Kumar R, Juhn YJ.(PubMed)
(6) Oral vitamin D increases the frequencies of CD38+ human B cells and ameliorates IL-17-producing T cells by Drozdenko G¹, Heine G, Worm M.(PubMed)
(7) Effect of vitamin D on T-helper type 9 polarized human memory cells in chronic persistent asthma by Keating P¹, Munim A², Hartmann JX².(PubMed)
(8) Anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid-enhancing actions of vitamin D in monocytes of patients with steroid-resistant and those with steroid-sensitive asthma by Zhang Y¹, Leung DY², Goleva E³.(PubMed)
(9) Defective IL-10 expression and in vitro steroid-induced IL-17A in paediatric severe therapy-resistant asthma by Gupta A¹, Dimeloe S, Richards DF, Chambers ES, Black C, Urry Z, Ryanna K, Xystrakis E, Bush A, Saglani S, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)
(10) Enhanced production of IL-17A in patients with severe asthma is inhibited by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a glucocorticoid-independent fashion by Nanzer AM¹, Chambers ES, Ryanna K, Richards DF, Black C, Timms PM, Martineau AR, Griffiths CJ, Corrigan CJ, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)
(11) The role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines in the promotion of distinct Foxp3+ and IL-10+ CD4+ T cells by Urry Z¹, Chambers ES, Xystrakis E, Dimeloe S, Richards DF, Gabryšová L, Christensen J, Gupta A, Saglani S, Bush A, O'Garra A, Brown Z, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)
(12) 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes CD200 expression by human peripheral and airway-resident T cells by Dimeloe S¹, Richards DF, Urry ZL, Gupta A, Stratigou V, Farooque S, Saglani S, Bush A, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)

Food Therapy - Celery and Stroke

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and stroke
Besides cancer and heart diseases, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximate 1/4 of all stroke victims die as a direct result of the stroke or it's complications.
Celery may consist a potential in improve outcome of after stroke. According to Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College , Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), isolated from the seeds of celery, used as an anti-hypertensive herbal medicine for treating stroke patients(b) in the randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China, indicated a positive outcome at the third month after stroke through both NBP  intravenous and oral treatment(c). Other in the study of DL-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a synthetic compound based on L-3-n-Butylphthalide given to  after the onset of ischemic stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, found that pre- and post-treatment significantly lowered neurological deficit scores, reduced infarct volume, and minimized pathological changes in the penumbra area(d).



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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial and Cui LY¹, Zhu YC, Gao S, Wang JM, Peng B, Ni J, Zhou LX, He J, Ma XQ.(PubMed)

(c) DL-3-n-Butylphthalide, an anti-oxidant agent, prevents neurological deficits and cerebral injury following stroke per functional analysis, magnetic resonance imaging and histological assessment by Zhang L¹, Yu WH, Wang YX, Wang C, Zhao F, Qi W, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Dong J, Yew DT.(PubMed)

Asthma in Vitamin C points of view

The widespread of incidence of asthma over large 20 years in South East Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to over intake in artificial ingredients and polluted environment.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk and treatment of asthma have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d).

The study of the effects of antioxidant nutritional status with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Korean schoolchildren aged 6-12 years, in a total of 4,554 children in Seoul, Korea, showed  a positive effect of Vitamin C intake negatively associated with an increased risk of AR symptoms(1). According to the Rabin Medical Center, vitamin C also enhanced the protective effect on the hyperreactive airways of patients with exercise-induced asthma (EIA)(2). Oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species is known to contribute to the inflammatory process of bronchial asthma. According to Dr. Ruprai RK., in the study of the oxidative stress plasma malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) showed an oxidative imbalance in asthmatic patients and antioxidant supply may have a beneficial impact on the free radical induced injury and improvement of respiratory reserve in Asthmatics(3)(4). In Saudi asthmatic patients, King Saud University study,  exhibition of  oxidative stress and defective antioxidant status of these patients suggested these may be primary causative factor in the pathogenesis of asthma(5).
In mega doses, vitamin C in asthmatic patients decreased airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, inflammatory cell numbers in brochoalveolar lavage fluid, and moderated reduction of perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltration(6).


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References
(a) Vitamin C supplementation for asthma by Kaur B¹, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(PubMed)
(b) Vitamin C supplementation for asthma by Ram FS¹, Rowe BH, Kaur B(PubMed)
(c) Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by Milan SJ¹, Hart A, Wilkinson M.(PubMed)
(d) Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis by Hemilä H.(PubMed)
(1) Association of antioxidants with allergic rhinitis in children from seoul by Seo JH¹, Kwon SO, Lee SY, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, Yu J, Kim HB, Kim WK, Jang GC, Song DJ, Shim JY, Oh SY, Hong SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Blocking effect of vitamin C in exercise-induced asthma by Cohen HA¹, Neuman I, Nahum H.(PubMed)
(3) Plasma oxidant-antioxidants status in asthma and its correlation with pulmonary function tests by Ruprai RK.(PubMed)
(4) Antioxidant status in acute asthmatic attack in children by Al-Abdulla NO¹, Al Naama LM, Hassan MK.(PubMed)
(5) Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi asthmatic patients by Al-Afaleg NO¹, Al-Senaidy A, El-Ansary A.(PubMed)
(6) Mega-dose vitamin C attenuated lung inflammation in mouse asthma model by Jeong YJ¹, Kim JH, Kang JS, Lee WJ, Hwang YI.(PubMed)

Food Therapy - Celery and cholesterol

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.

Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol, overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.
The study of the composition of ethanolic extract of seeds of Apium graveolens L. and its chloroform and aqueous basic fraction in olive oil on induced hyperlipidemic rats inhibited the total cholesterol (TC) triglycerides (TG),  low density lipoproteins (LDL) level, and significantly increased high density lipoprotein (HDL) in does depended manner(b). Mountain celery seed essential oils (MC-E)' ether fractionate and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl exhibited strong hypolipidemic and  free radical scanvenging activities, repectively, according to the Da-Yeh University(c). Other study in the genetically hypercholesterolaemic (RICO) rat model, aqueous celery extract, oral admisnistion for 8 weeks induced a significant reduction in serum total cholesterol (TC) level(d)(e)(f).


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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Effect of chloroform and aqueous basic fraction of ethanolic extract from Apium graveolens L. in experimentally-induced hyperlipidemia in ratsm by Iyer D¹, Patil UK(PubMed)
(c) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activity of mountain celery (Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk) seed essential oils by Cheng MC¹, Lin LY, Yu TH, Peng RY.(PubMed)
(d) The mechanism underlying the hypocholesterolaemic activity of aqueous celery extract, its butanol and aqueous fractions in genetically hypercholesterolaemic RICO rats by Tsi D¹, Tan BK.(PubMed)
(e) Effects of celery extract and 3-N-butylphthalide on lipid levels in genetically hypercholesterolaemic (RICO) rats by Tsi D¹, Tan BK.(PubMed)
(f) Effects of aqueous celery (Apium graveolens) extract on lipid parameters of rats fed a high fat diet by Tsi D¹, Das NP, Tan BK.(PubMed)

Asthma in Vitamin A points of view

Kyle J. Norton

The widespread of incidence of asthma over last 20 years in South East Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to over intake in artificial ingredients and polluted environment.
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to  the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
Epidemiological studies linking vitamin A in reduced risk and treatment of asthma have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d)(e), but according to the University G. D'Annunzio, and Respiratory Pathophysiology Center, dietary supplementation or adequate intake of lycopene and vitamin A rich foods may be beneficial in asthmatic subjects(f).

1. Retinols
Serum vitamin A concentrations was found significantly lower in asthmatic subjects than healthy control subjects and administration of all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA dramatically attenuated airway inflammation through inhibiting Th2 and Th17 differentiation and/or functions. according to the Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(1). ORMDL3 is a candidate gene of childhood onset asthma, and high-transcript of ORMDL3 is associated with the development of asthma. According to Nanjing Medical University, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is an active metabolite of Vitamin A, reduced the risk of asthma through maintained airway epithelial integrity, inhibited asthma effector cells differentiation, modulating immune response, possibly via facilitates ORMDL3 production probable through PKA/CREB(2). Also in all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA, the Tehran University of Medical Sciences study suggested that ATRA diverted the human immune response in neutral conditions (without adding polarizing cytokines) by increasing FOXP3+ cells and decreasing RORγt+ cells(3). In rats with asthma, ATRA  was found to alleviate airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodeling possibly through decreasing the protein expression of MMP-9(4). The study at ¹Inserm U700 and Université Paris 7, in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced T helper (Th) 2-type responses and airway remodeling, indicated a effectiveness of liposomally encapsulated ATRA (Lipo-ATRA) in exacerbates allergic immune and inflammatory responses, most likely through promoting Th2 development(5).
Unfortunately, according to Johns Hopkins University, even though animal models suggest that vitamin A deficiency affects lung development adversely and promotes airway hyperresponsiveness, and may predispose to an increased risk of asthma, but vitamin A supplementation early in life was not associated with a decreased risk of asthma in an area with chronic vitamin A deficiency(6). 

2. Carotenoids (beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin) Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects. In the study of the effect of vitamin intake among asthmatic subject, researchers at the Hung Kuang University, found that nutritional supplement therapy including beta carotene may improve dysregulated oxidant and antioxidant status, inflammation and immune responses, pulmonary function, and health-related quality of life in patients with mild to moderate allergic asthma(7). The John Hunter Hospital study of asthmatic subjects with airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), indicated a reduced levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol compared with those without AHR, possibly due to impaired antioxidant defences and are thus most susceptible to the damaging effects of oxidative (8). Other researchers suggested that the imbalance of antioxidants found in asthmatic patients may be the possible causes of the disease(9) and modifying the dietary intake of carotenoids alters clinical asthma outcomes with improvements evident only through increased whole foods intake, not supplements(10)
But according to the study of Yamaguchi University, there was no significant association for asthma in Japanese youth(11) and the study of a total of 423 children from a rural area of Thailand, in a Health Interview for Asthma Control questionnaire, showed no correlation of dietary intake of carotenoids between asthmatic and non-asthmatic children(12).

Taken altogether, using vitamin A in prevention and treatment of asthmatic patient remains controversial. According to the study in summarized the important of vitamin A in treatment of asthma, excessive intake of vitamin A may increase the risk or severity of asthma in industrialized countries whereas vitamin A deficiency continues to increase mortality from infectious diseases in developing countries(12)(13). Overdoses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.



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References
(a) Diet and asthma: vitamins and methyl donors by Han YY¹, Blatter J¹, Brehm JM¹, Forno E¹, Litonjua AA², Celedón JC³.(PubMed)
(b) Maternal intake of vitamins A, E and K in pregnancy and child allergic disease: a longitudinal study from the Danish National Birth Cohort by Maslova E, Hansen S, Strøm M, Halldorsson TI, Olsen SF.(PubMed)
(c) Nutritional supplements and plasma antioxidants in childhood asthma by Fabian E¹, Pölöskey P, Kósa L, Elmadfa I, Réthy LA.(PubMed)
(d) Nutritional supplement therapy improves oxidative stress, immune response, pulmonary function, and quality of life in allergic asthma patients: an open-label pilot study by Guo CH¹, Liu PJ, Lin KP, Chen PC(PubMed)
(e) Cod liver oil intake and incidence of asthma in Norwegian adults--the HUNT study by Mai XM¹, Langhammer A, Chen Y, Camargo CA Jr.(PubMed)
(f) Plasma lycopene and antioxidant vitamins in asthma: the PLAVA study by Riccioni G¹, Bucciarelli T, Mancini B, Di Ilio C, Della Vecchia R, D'Orazio N.(PubMed)
(1) All-trans retinoic acid attenuates airway inflammation by inhibiting Th2 and Th17 response in experimental allergic asthma by Wu J¹, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhong W, Xia Z.(PubMed)
(2) All-trans retinoic acid modulates ORMDL3 expression via transcriptional regulation by Zhuang LL¹, Huang BX, Feng J, Zhu LH, Jin R, Qiu LZ, Zhou GP.(PubMed)
(3) Effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on viability, proliferation, activation and lineage-specific transcription factors of CD4+ T cells by Bidad K¹, Salehi E, Oraei M, Saboor-Yaraghi AA, Nicknam MH.(PubMed)
(4) [Effects of all-trans retinoic acid on airway responsiveness and airway remodeling in rats with asthma].[Article in Chinese] by Li WK¹, Li Y, Zhong LL.(PubMed)
(5) Liposomal retinoic acids modulate asthma manifestations in mice by Maret M¹, Ruffie C, Periquet B, Campo AM, Menevret M, Phelep A, Dziewiszek K, Druilhe A, Pretolani M.(PubMed)
(6) Supplementation with vitamin A early in life and subsequent risk of asthma by Checkley W¹, West KP Jr, Wise RA, Wu L, LeClerq SC, Khatry S, Katz J, Christian P, Tielsch JM, Sommer A.(PubMed)
(7) Nutritional supplement therapy improves oxidative stress, immune response, pulmonary function, and quality of life in allergic asthma patients: an open-label pilot study by Guo CH¹, Liu PJ, Lin KP, Chen PC.(PubMed)
(8) Reduced circulating antioxidant defences are associated with airway hyper-responsiveness, poor control and severe disease pattern in asthma by Wood LG¹, Gibson PG.(PubMed)
(9) Antioxidants, oxidative stress, and pulmonary function in individuals diagnosed with asthma or COPD by Ochs-Balcom HM¹, Grant BJ, Muti P, Sempos CT, Freudenheim JL, Browne RW, McCann SE, Trevisan M, Cassano PA, Iacoviello L, Schünemann HJ.(PubMed)
(10) Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial by Wood LG¹, Garg ML, Smart JM, Scott HA, Barker D, Gibson PG.(PubMed)
(11) Association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with atopic diseases in Japanese children and adolescents by Okuda M¹, Bando N, Terao J, Sasaki S, Sugiyama S, Kunitsugu I, Hobara T.(PubMed)
(12) Carotenoid intake and asthma prevalence in Thai children by Rerksuppaphol S¹, Rerksuppaphol L.(PubMed)
(13) Vitamin A deficiency decreases and high dietary vitamin A increases disease severity in the mouse model of asthma by Schuster GU¹, Kenyon NJ, Stephensen CB.(PubMed)

Food Therapy - Celery and Hepatoprotective effect

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.

Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.

Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins 
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and Hepatoprotective effect
Hepatoprotective effect is defined of a protection against harmful of the Liver.
In acetaminophen-fed freshwater fish (Pangasius sutchi) induced liver damage, celery (Apium graveolens) leaves, showed to reverse the severity of liver damage, hepatic lipid, glycogen, ions status and histological alterations through its rich flavonoids(b). According to the Panjab University, in testing of Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) and Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine (Syn. Astercantha auriculata Nees, Acanthaceae) used in Indian systems of medicine for the treatment of liver ailments, showed a significant hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats(c). Other, in the study of the composition of Celery, chicory leaves, and barley grains, showed a positive effects in decreasing the elevation of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and blood lipids(d).


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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Hepatoprotective action of celery (Apium graveolens) leaves in acetaminophen-fed freshwater fish (Pangasius sutchi) by Shivashri C¹, Rajarajeshwari T, Rajasekar P.(PubMed)
(c) Hepatoprotective activity of Apium graveolens and Hygrophila auriculata against paracetamol and thioacetamide intoxication in rats by Singh A¹, Handa SS.(PubMed)
(d) Hepatoprotective effect of feeding celery leaves mixed with chicory leaves and barley grains to hypercholesterolemic rats by Abd El-Mageed NM.(PubMed)