Kyle J. Norton
Human skin pigmentation is the result of natural selection evolved to
prevent damage to skin through regulation of ultraviolet radiated
penetration depending to the production of melanin in the skin cells.
1. Hypo-pigment
a. Vitiligo is defined as a condition of destruction of cells that give your skin its color, causing white patches on your skin.
b. Albinism is a congenital disorder causes of complete or
partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes as a result
of restriction of the skin cells from producing melanin
2.Hyper pigment is a result of over production of pigments of
certain cells in the skin, causing skin darkening in some area, such as
tan or brown patches, commonly on the facial skin
3. Skin discoloring is a result of discoloring your skin in specific spots or very widespread
4. Chloasma is the appearance of brown patches of pigmentation on the forehead, cheeks, and neck
due to hormonal change during pregnancy.
5. Melasma happens to women who have fluctuation of hormones, are
taking birth control pills and certain medications. with
brownish-grayish patches on the skin, most often on the cheek.
Epidemiological studies, linking herbal medicine in skin lighting may have produced certain interest results(a)(b)(c).
A. The herbs
1. Ampelopsis japonica (Bai Lian)
Bai Lian is also known as Japanese Ampelopsis Root, the bitter,
sweet, acrid and cool herb has been used in TCM to redice infection and
to treat carbuncles, sores, scalding injuries, dysentery with blood,
intestine pain, hemorrhoids as it clears Heat, expels toxins, resolves
ulcers, promotes muscle regeneration, etc, by promoting the function of
liver channel.
Ampelopsis japonica may process the property in treating skin
hyperpigmentation disorders, such as melisma. According to the study at
the Macao Polytechnic Institute, Linderagalactone c and
(+)-n-methyllaurotetanine found in Ampelopsis japonica exhibited the
strongest prospects in topical formulations, through high predicted
tyrosinase binding scores and displayed good skin permeation properties in Surflex-Dock and the QSAR-based Dermal Permeability Coefficient Program (DERMWIN) and Skin
Irritation Corrosion Rules Estimation Tool (SICRET) implemented in
Toxtree.(1). The screening of 50 extracts from traditional Chinese
medicines (TCM) used for tyrosinase activity-inhibiting agents,
Ampelopsis japonica showed similar or greater ratio of cell growth
IC(50) to cellular tyrosinase IC(50) when compared with other herbs(2).
2. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living
tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native
to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of
north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in
treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases, circulatory
disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and
bedwetting.
Ginkgo biloba, one of the potent herb showed more advanced binding energies than the gold standard whitening
agents, arbutin and kojic acid(1). Glycol extracts of ginkgo
boiloba(F1A+M), may process of arbutin diffusion from the produced
hydrogel formulations. According to Uniwersytet Medyczny w Łodzi,
formulation containing glycol extract of ginkgo processed the most
effective in arbutin release to the acceptor fluid through a
semipermeable membrane (3). Other herbal extracts were also found to
have a similar effect in promoting the process of arbutin release,
including rosemary, sage and nettle(4).
3. Spicebush Root (Wu Yao)
Wu Yao is also known as Spicebush Root. The acrid and warm herb
has been used in TCM as increased metabolism, antibiotic, anti-viral
agent andto harmonize peristalsis of digestive tract, release
intestinal gas, etc., as it moves Qi, warms the Kidneys. calms pain,
etc. by enhancing the functions of lung, spleen, kidney and
bladder.channels.
The study at Macao Polytechnic Institute, in the finding of herbal medicine used as tyrosinase inhibitors and for treatment of skin hyperpigmentation disorders, showed a promising result of
Spicebush Root's chemical constituents in tyrosinase binding scores and displayed good skin permeation properties and minimal potential for skin
sensitization and irritation(5). Other study at the Institute of
Chinese Materia Medica of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese
Medicine, found that Spicebush Root consists appreciable antityrosinase
activity with more than 50% inhibition against mushroom tyrosinase
activity(6).
4. Chinese gall (Wu Bei zi)
Wu Bei Zi is also known as Chinese Gall. The sour, tart and cold
herb has been used in TCM to treat chronic cough, chronic diarrhea
with or without infection, spermatorrhea, night sweating, bleeding not
during menses, etc., as it restrains Lungs, moves Fire downwards,
strengthens the Intestines andthe Essence, prevents sweating, stops
bleeding, etc. by enhancing the functions of lung, large intestine and
kidney channels.
Chinese gall extract in the testing against mushroom tyrosinase activity
inhibition, using ultraviolet A (UVA) or alpha-melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (alpha-MSH) to stimulate B16 cells showed a promising effect in
inhibition of melanin biosynthesis associated with hyperpigmentation in a
dose-dependent manner, according to National Chiayi University(7). In
Mouse melanocyte cell lines, water extract of Galla Chinensis, showed to
exhibit higher depigmentation activity, affecting lower tyrosinase
activity(8).
5. Sargassum polycystum(Brown seaweed)
Sargassum polycystum, a type of brown seaweed, has been used for the treatment of skin-related
disorders in traditional medicine. The ethanolic crude extract from
Sargassum polycystum showed significant inhibition of
melanogenesis through down activated cellular tyrosinase activity in
B16F10 cells(9).
6. Nardostachys chinensis(Gan Song)
gan Song also known as Nardostachyos Root and Rhizome. The herb has been
used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat melasma and lentigines,
move Qi, calm pain, eliminate stagnation and invigorate the Spleen.
According to Pusan National University, the active 20% methanol
chromatographic fraction from the ethyl acetate layer (PPNC) showed to
suppress the melanin synthesis s, through stimulated MEK/ERK
phosphorylation and PI3K/Akt signaling with suppressing cAMP levels and
subsequently stimulating MITF and TRPs down-regulation(10).
7. Cuscuta japonica(Tu Si Zi)
Tu Si Zi is also known as Dodder Seed. The acrid, sweet and
neutral herb has been used in TCM to treat psychological disorder,
calm the fetus, prevent miscarriage, etc. as it tonifies kidneys, liver
and spleen, improves yin, etc. by enhancing the functions of liver and
kidney channels.
According to Pusan National University, the aqueous fraction from Semen
cuscutae (AFSC) showed a marked reduction of melanin synthesis and
tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells through inhibited
p38 MAPK phosphorylation with suppressed cAMP levels and subsequently
down-regulate MITF and TRP expression(11).
8. Turmeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to
the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has
been used in trditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic,
colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence,
bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.
Curcumin, a major chemical constituents of turmeric, showed to
suppress alpha-MSH-stimulated melanogenesis probably through involvement of down-regulation of MITF and its downstream signal pathway via
the activation of MEK/ERK or PI3K/Akt(12). Other study conducted by Pusan
National University, also showed partial purification from C. longa
(PPC) reduced melanin synthesis via MITF and its downstream signal
pathway including tyrosinase and TRPs in alpha-MSH-induced
melanogenesis, through activation of the MEK/ERK or Akt(13).
9. Fermenting red ginseng
Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus
Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate
where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng
Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng(RG), wild ginseng, American ginseng
(root).
Fermented red ginseng (FRG), increased contents of ginsenoside
metabolites, such as Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, Rg2, and
flavonoids content showed to increased anti-wrinkle efficacy, whitening efficacy, and reduced toxicological potency compared to RG(13a)
B. The foods
1. Long Yan (Longan)
Long Yan is also known as longan. The slightly sweet and neutral
herb (fruit) has been used in TCM as notification after illnesses,
neurasthenia, forgetfulness, palpitation, insomnia, etc. as it tonifies
Heart and Spleen, benefits Qi and Blood, etc. Longan seeds containing
high levels of polyphenolic compounds such as corilagin, gallic acid
and ellagic acid, may be potential sources of potent natural dietary
antioxidants in the application as a new natural skin-whitening agent(14), through its higher antioxidant and antityrosinase activities(15).
2. Green tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food
with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone
minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea
has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used
exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because
of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial
purposes all over the world.
Green tea polyphenol may be used as a natural ingredient with excellent physiological functions for the human skin through cosmetic or food composition(16). Other study of the effects of tea polysaccharides (TPS) and polyphenols (TPP) on skin,
showed to exhibit the moisture absorption and retention, sunscreen,
promoting the proliferation of fibroblast cells, and tyrosinase
inhibitory effect(17).
3. Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice derived from the
inner bark of tree, native to South East Asia, of over 300 species of
the genus Cinnamomum, belonging to the family Lauraceae..
The herb has been use in herbal and traditional medicine as
anti-fungal and bacteria level to improve reproductive organ, prevent
flatulence and intestinal cramping, treat indigestion, diarrhea, bad
breath, headache, migraine, etc.
The essential oil extracted from Cinnamomum
cassia Presl (CC-EO) and its major component, cinnamaldehyde, possessed
potent anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic activities through theirs
antioxidant activities and may be a potential source of skin-whitening agents(18)
4. Red Onion((Allium cepa)
The onion is a plants in the genus Allium, belongs to the family
Alliaceae, a close relation of garlic. It It is often called the "king
of vegetables" because of its pungent taste and found in a large number
of recipes and preparations spanning almost the totality of the
world's cultures. Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp,
spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet.
Quercetin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was isolated from the dried skin of A. cepa. showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity as it possessed ingredients with potential for skin-whitening cosmetics(19).
5. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus
Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It
has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia,
gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
[6]-Gingerol, an active component of ginger not
only (25-100 µM) effectively suppressed murine tyrosinase activity and
decreased the amount of melanin, and the intracellular
reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in a dose-dependent manner(20). the
University of Malaya, in the study of the effects of [8]-Gingerol,
another active component of Zinger, found that [8]-gingerol (5-100μM)
not only effectively suppress intracellular tyrosinase activity and
decrease the amount of melanin in B16F10 and B16F1 cells, but also
fectively decreased intracellular reactive species (RS) and reactive
oxygen species (ROS) levels at the same dose manner, probably through
down-regulation of both mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and
protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways or through its antioxidant
properties(21).
6. Pomegranate
Pomegranates is a fruit-bearing small tree, genus Punica,
belonging to family Lythraceae, native to Iran but has been cultivated
in Asian since ancient time.
Pomegranate extract (PE) containing 90% ellagic acid administered orally, inhibited UV-induced skin pigmentation on the back of brownish guinea pigs with skin-whitening effect similar to those fed with L-ascorbic acid(21a) and moderate effect in human skin(21b).
C. The Antioxidants
C.1. Free radical scavengers
Suggestions of antioxidants, may be next
potential agent in inhibition of tyrosinase activity and reduction
of the melanin content in cells(22)(22a)
1. Vitamin C,
Vitamin C also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin,
found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known
for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Ascorbic acid (AA) has been well known as a skin whitening
agent, according to the Mahidol University, AA showed to inhibit
UVA-mediated catalase (CAT) inactivation, glutathione (GSH) depletion,
oxidant formation and NO production through suppression of eNOS and iNOS
mRNA via its antioxidant defense(23). In the comparison of orchid
extracts and 3% vitamin C derivative
formulated, researchers at the Osaka National Hospital, National
Hospital Organizationfound that the orchid-rich plant extracts possess
efficacy similar to vitamin C derivative in whitening the skin
as well as melasma and lentigo senilis on the face of Japanese
women(24). Other study suggested that topical application of the
composition of L(+) lactic acid supplemented with ascorbic acid (1%) produced a whitening
effect and a modest preferential lightening of age spots which becomes
apparent after three months, through demonstrated clinically by the test
panelists, and trained clinicians, and with objective instrumental
methods(25).
2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants
(alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-,
gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological
activity(26), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine,
wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role
in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation,
regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..
The study in comparison of the effects of vitamin E analogues (d-alpha-,
dl-alpha-, d-beta-, d-gamma-, and d-delta-tocopherols, d-alpha- and
dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetates) and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman
(PMC) on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells, showed a positive
effects of d-beta-tocopherol and d-gamma-tocopherol, 2 variants of
vitamin E, in skin whitening with lower skin toxicity, as well as improved skin pigmentation such as skin
spots and freckles caused by UV exposure(27). According to Kobe
University School of Medicine, alpha-Tocopheryl ferulate (alpha-TF), a
compound containing alpha-T (a variant of vitamin E) and ferulic
acid exhibited an efficient whitening effects, through suppressed melanogenesis and inhibited biological reactions induced by reactive oxygen species(28)(29).
C.2. The antioxidants
1. Resveratrol
Resveratrol is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found
abundantly in skins and seed of grape wine, nuts, peanuts, etc.
Piceatannol, a derivative of resveratrol exerted its antimelanogenic action through the combined effect of antioxidative property
and suppressed RS generation while increasing the GSH/GSSG ratio(30). According to 1Johnson &
Johnson Skin Research Center, resveratrol may be a potential cosmetic skin whitening agent through
reduced microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase promoter activities(31).
4. Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH), an antioxidants plays an important role in protecting cells against the free radicals
and ixidative stress, may be a potential agent in the management of hyperpigmentation(32). According
to the Chulalongkorn University, orally administered glutathione, 500 mg per day for 4 weeks, was found
effectively in reduced melanin indices consistently in all subjects(33) and may be used in the treatment
of pigmentary disorders.(34). Other study also indicated the effectiveness of glutathione in regulating
melanocytotoxicity and depigmenting potency of N-acetyl-4-S-CAP in black and yellow mice(35)
Taken altogether, although with scattered data, the herbs, foods,
and antioxidants indicated above may potent in exhibition of the
depigment and lightening (whitening) effects, through inhibited, and
biological reactions induced by reactive oxygen species and suppressed
melanogenesis and intracellular tyrosinase activity. As always, all
articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education
only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before
applying.
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References
(a) Tyrosinase modulation by five Rwandese herbal medicines traditionally used for skin treatment by Kamagaju L1, Morandini R, Bizuru E, Nyetera P, Nduwayezu JB, Stévigny C, Ghanem G, Duez P.(PubMed)
(b) An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Rwanda for voluntary depigmentation by Kamagaju L1, Bizuru E, Minani V, Morandini R, Stévigny C, Ghanem G, Duez P.(PubMed)
(c) Tyrosinase inhibition by extracts and constituents of Sideroxylon inerme L. stem bark, used in South Africa for skin lightening by Momtaz S1, Mapunya BM, Houghton PJ, Edgerly C, Hussein A, Naidoo S, Lall N.(PubMed))
(1) In silico prediction of the cosmetic whitening effects of naturally occurring lead compounds by Fong P1, Tong HH.(PubMed)
(2) Screening of Chinese herbal medicines for antityrosinase activity in a cell free system and B16 cells by Ye Y1, Chou GX, Mu DD, Wang H, Chu JH, Leung AK, Fong WF, Yu ZL(PubMed)
(3) [Glycol plant extracts in the prescription of topical skin-whitening hydrogels].[Article in Polish] by Piechota-Urbańska M1, Berner-Strzelczyk A.(PubMed)
(4) [The effect of dry standardized plant extracts on the process of
arbutin release from topical preparations produced on Carbopol
base].[Article in Polish] by Piechota-Urbańska M.(PubMed)
(5) In silico prediction of the cosmetic whitening effects of naturally occurring lead compounds by Fong P1, Tong HH.(PubMed)
(6) Screening of Chinese herbal medicines for antityrosinase activity in a cell free system and B16 cells by Ye Y1, Chou GX, Mu DD, Wang H, Chu JH, Leung AK, Fong WF, Yu ZL.(PubMed)
(7) Melanogenesis inhibition by gallotannins from Chinese galls in B16 mouse melanoma cells by Chen LG1, Chang WL, Lee CJ, Lee LT, Shih CM, Wang CC.(PubMed)
(8) Depigmentation of melanocytes by the treatment of extracts from traditional Chinese herbs: a cell culture assay by Zhong S1, Wu Y, Soo-Mi A, Zhao J, Wang K, Yang S, Jae-Ho Y, Zhu X.(PubMed)
(9) Inhibitory effects of Sargassum polycystum on tyrosinase activity
and melanin formation in B16F10 murine melanoma cells by Chan YY1, Kim KH, Cheah SH(PubMed)
(10) Partially purified components of Nardostachys chinensis suppress
melanin synthesis through ERK and Akt signaling pathway with cAMP
down-regulation in B16F10 cells by Jang JY1, Kim HN, Kim YR, Choi WY, Choi YH, Shin HK, Choi BT.(PubMed)
(11) Aqueous fraction from Cuscuta japonica seed suppresses melanin
synthesis through inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
signaling pathway in B16F10 cells by Jang JY1, Kim HN, Kim YR, Choi YH, Kim BW, Shin HK, Choi BT.(PubMed)
(12) Curcumin suppresses alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by Lee JH1, Jang JY, Park C, Kim BW, Choi YH, Choi BT.(PubMed)
(13) Partially purified Curcuma longa inhibits
alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated melanogenesis through
extracellular signal-regulated kinase or Akt activation-mediated
signalling in B16F10 cells by Jang JY1, Lee JH, Jeong SY, Chung KT, Choi YH, Choi BT.(PubMed)
(13a) Fermenting red ginseng enhances its safety and efficacy as a novel skin care anti-aging ingredient: in vitro and animal study by Lee HS1, Kim MR, Park Y, Park HJ, Chang UJ, Kim SY, Suh HJ.(PubMed)
(14) Evaluation of free radical scavenging and antityrosinase activities of standardized longan fruit extract by Rangkadilok N1, Sitthimonchai S, Worasuttayangkurn L, Mahidol C, Ruchirawat M, Satayavivad J.(PubMed)
(15) Enhanced antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of longan fruit
pericarp by ultra-high-pressure-assisted extraction by rasad KN1, Yang B, Shi J, Yu C, Zhao M, Xue S, Jiang Y.(PubMed)
(16) Physiological activity of irradiated green tea polyphenol on the human skin by An BJ1, Kwak JH, Son JH, Park JM, Lee JY, Park TS, Kim SY, Kim YS, Jo C, Byun MW.(PubMed)
(17) Protective effects of tea polysaccharides and polyphenols on skin by Wei X1, Liu Y, Xiao J, Wang Y.(PubMed)
(18) Cinnamomum cassia essential oil inhibits α-MSH-induced melanin
production and oxidative stress in murine B16 melanoma cells by Chou ST1, Chang WL, Chang CT, Hsu SL, Lin YC, Shih Y.(PubMed)
(19) Tyrosinase inhibitory effect of quercetin 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside from dried skin of red onion (Allium cepa) by Arung ET1, Wijaya Kusuma I, Shimizu K, Kondo R.(PubMed)
(20) Inhibitory effect of [6]-gingerol on melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells and a possible mechanism of action by Huang HC1, Chiu SH, Chang TM.(PubMed)
(21) [8]-Gingerol inhibits melanogenesis in murine melanoma cells
through down-regulation of the MAPK and PKA signal pathways by Huang HC1, Chou YC, Wu CY, Chang TM.(PubMed)
(21a) Inhibitory effect of an ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract on tyrosinase activity and ultraviolet-induced pigmentation by Yoshimura M1, Watanabe Y, Kasai K, Yamakoshi J, Koga T.(PubMed)
(21b) Effects of oral administration of ellagic acid-rich pomegranate extract on ultraviolet-induced pigmentation in the human skin by Kasai K1, Yoshimura M, Koga T, Arii M, Kawasaki S.(PubMed)
(22) Biofunctional Constituents from Liriodendron tulipifera with Antioxidants and Anti-Melanogenic Properties by Li WJ1, Lin YC, Wu PF, Wen ZH, Liu PL, Chen CY, Wang HM.(PubMed)
(22a) The effects of areca catechu L extract on anti-inflammation and anti-melanogenesis by Lee KK1, Choi JD.(PubMed)
(23) Inhibition of UVA-mediated melanogenesis by ascorbic acid through modulation of antioxidant defense and nitric oxide system by Panich U1, Tangsupa-a-nan V, Onkoksoong T, Kongtaphan K, Kasetsinsombat K, Akarasereenont P, Wongkajornsilp A.(PubMed)
(24) \Whitening efficacy of plant extracts including orchid extracts on Japanese female skin with melasma and lentigo senilis by Tadokoro T1, Bonté F, Archambault JC, Cauchard JH, Neveu M, Ozawa K, Noguchi F, Ikeda A, Nagamatsu M, Shinn S.(PubMed)
(25) The effects of topical l(+) lactic Acid and ascorbic Acid on skin whitening by Smith WP.(PubMed)
(26) Traber MG. Vitamin E. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B,
Cousins R, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10th ed.
Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006;396-411.
(27) Comparison of the inhibitory effects of vitamin E analogues on melanogenesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells by Kamei Y1, Otsuka Y, Abe K.(PubMed)
(28) The depigmenting effect of alpha-tocopheryl ferulate on human melanoma cells by Funasaka Y1, Chakraborty AK, Komoto M, Ohashi A, Ichihashi M.(PubMed)
(29) Depigmenting effect of alpha-tocopheryl ferulate on normal human melanocytes by Funasaka Y1, Komoto M, Ichihashi M.(PubMed)
(30) Piceatannol inhibits melanogenesis by its antioxidative actions by Yokozawa T1, Kim YJ.(PubMed)
(31) Modulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor gene expression alters skin pigmentation by Lin CB1, Babiarz L, Liebel F, Roydon Price E, Kizoulis M, Gendimenico GJ, Fisher DE, Seiberg M.(PubMed)
(32) Natural ingredients for darker skin types: growing options for hyperpigmentation by Alexis AF Blackcloud P.(PubMed)
(33) Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Arjinpathana N1, Asawanonda P.(PubMed)
(34) Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview by Villarama CD1, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(35) Glutathione plays a key role in the
depigmenting and melanocytotoxic action of
N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol in black and yellow hair follicles by
Alena F1, Dixon W, Thomas P, Jimbow K.(PubMed)
Friday 11 April 2014
Food Therapy - Celery and Oxidative Stress
Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae.
It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow
to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape
joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Oxidative stress is the damage caused by imbalance between Reactive oxygen species and the abilities of the body to inhibit them.
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables containing high levels of phytochemicals showed to be effective in preventing chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in the human body, including celery(b).Flavonoid extracts from celery, according to the Harbin Medical University, in the rat study sreduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and increased content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(c). According to University of Novi Sad, roots and leaves extract of celery also, exhibited its scavenging property of OH* and DPPH* radicals and reduction of LPx intensity in liposomes, through their protective (antioxidant) activity(d). Limonene, a major compound found in celery seed oil, process anti free radical activity, and may be used as natural antioxidants in food applications(e).
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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K1, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables by Chu YF1, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(c) Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats.
(e) Essential oil composition and antiradical activity of the oil of Iraq plants by Kiralan M1, Bayrak A, Abdulaziz OF, Ozbucak T.(PubMed)
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Oxidative stress is the damage caused by imbalance between Reactive oxygen species and the abilities of the body to inhibit them.
Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables containing high levels of phytochemicals showed to be effective in preventing chronic diseases related to oxidative stress in the human body, including celery(b).Flavonoid extracts from celery, according to the Harbin Medical University, in the rat study sreduced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and increased content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx)(c). According to University of Novi Sad, roots and leaves extract of celery also, exhibited its scavenging property of OH* and DPPH* radicals and reduction of LPx intensity in liposomes, through their protective (antioxidant) activity(d). Limonene, a major compound found in celery seed oil, process anti free radical activity, and may be used as natural antioxidants in food applications(e).
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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K1, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common vegetables by Chu YF1, Sun J, Wu X, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(c) Influence of flavonoid extracts from celery on oxidative stress induced by dichlorvos in rats.
Cao J1, Zhang X, Wang Q, Jia L, Zhang Y, Zhao X.(PubMed)
(d) Effect of celery (Apium graveolens) extracts on some biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in mice treated with carbon tetrachloride by Popović M1, Kaurinović B, Trivić S, Mimica-Dukić N, Bursać M.(PubMed)(e) Essential oil composition and antiradical activity of the oil of Iraq plants by Kiralan M1, Bayrak A, Abdulaziz OF, Ozbucak T.(PubMed)
Thursday 10 April 2014
Asthma in Foods points of view
By Kyle J. Norton
Respiratory Disease is defined as medical conditions, affecting the breathing organ and tissues including Inflammatory lung disease, Obstructive lung diseases, Restrictive lung diseases, Respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, the nerves and muscles breathing , etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The disease affects people of all ages, and mostly starts during childhood. According to American academy, allergy, asthma and immunology, about 1 in 10 children (10%) had asthma and 1 in 12 adults (8%) had asthma in 2009. (about 25 million, or 8% of the U.S. population)(1).
Epidemiological studies, linking foods in reduced risk and treatment of asthma have not been conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), but certain foods have been found to be effectively.
A. Types of vegetable reduced risk of asthma
1. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a major organosulfur compound found in garlic, in an ovalbumin-induced model of allergic asthma and RAW264.7 cells, showed to inhibit the proinflammatory proteins, through up regulation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and down regulation of NF-κB pathways(2). According to the study by Tarbiat Modares University, purified aged garlic extract exhibited the protective effect of asthma through a significant decrease in the hallmark criteria of allergic airway inflammation levels(3).
2. Tomatoes
Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose
and often in green house.
High-antioxidant diet is associated to reduced risk of asthma, according to University of Newcastle, whole foods intake such as tometoes showed to alter clinical asthma outcomes of patient who were in low antioxidant given tomato extract (45 mg lycopene/d)(4). The John Hunter Hospital study also supported the role of tomato juice and extract in reduced airway neutrophil influx with tomato extract also reduced sputum neutrophil elastase activity(5). Naringenin chalcone, the other polyphenols found in the skin of red tomatoes, showed to suppresses asthmatic symptoms through inhibition of Th2 cytokine production from CD4 T(6).
3. Seaweeds
Marine algae have been used as food products and herbal medicine in many countries throughout human history with an abundance of algae floral. In recent studies, marine algae may consist great sources of chemical ingredients in treating inflammatory and allergic disorders, such as such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis (7)(8). According to the study at Pukyong National University, many marine macro- and microalgae have been reported to have potential to ameliorate the effect of asthma and further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanism of this disease to apply those marine resources against asthma effectively(9). Iota-Carrageenan, derived from red seaweed showed to be potent against anti-rhinoviralas (HRVs may worsen COPD and asthma), it effectively prevented the replication of HRV1A, HRV2, HRV8, HRV14, HRV16, HRV83 and HRV84 in primary human nasal epithelial cells in culture(10).
4. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
Purified components of ginger was found to be effective in relax airway smooth muscle (ASM), through involvement of PDE4D inhibition and cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. Together with other chemical constituents such as β-agonists, 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, or 6-shogaol may augment existing asthma therapy, insisted by Columbia University study(11). Quercetin, a chemical compound found in ginger, relaxed airway smooth muscle via cAMP-mediated pathways and augments β-agonist relaxation(12). The Columbia University Medical Center study also found many ginger's isolated active components, [6]-gingerol, [8]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol, relax ASM, and [8]-gingerol attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, in part by altering [Ca(2+)](i) regulation(13).
5. Broccoli
Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belong to the family Brassicaceae. It has large flower heads, usually green in color and the mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant on the continent of Europe.
Sulforaphane, a major chemical compound found in broccoli sprout demonstrated the potential preventive and therapeutic potential. Broccoli or broccoli sprouts rich in glucoraphanin reduced the impact of particulate pollution on allergic disease and asthma, according to David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA(14).In (OVA)-induced murine asthma model, Sulforaphane significantly alleviated the OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness possiblt through suppressed the increase in the levels of SOCS-3 and GATA-3 and IL-4 expression in the OVA-challenged mice(15).
6. Spinach
Spinach is an edible flowering plant in the genus Spinacia, belongs to the family of Amaranthaceae and native to central and southwestern Asia. It is considered as a healthy plant containing vary vitamins and minerals. Aqueous extract of spinach, in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic model. exerted strong anti-asthmatic effects through induction of a decrease in the CD4+ cell number, IL-4/13, and other molecular markers in the lung(16).
B. Types of fruits reduced risk of asthma
1. Apple
Apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, a species of the rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. The tree is originated in Central Asia. Drinking apple juice from concentrate at least once a day (compared with less than once a month) might be negatively associated with current wheeze (17a). According to the Cornell University, phenolics, flavonoids and carotenoids of apple may play a key role in reducing chronic disease risk, including asthma(17)(18)(19). The study at the King's College London, showed a possibly protective effect of apple in reduced risk of the presence of other flavonoids or polyphenols on obstructive lung disease, instead of catechins, flavonols and flavones(20). According to the Brigham and Women's Hospital, Belladonna alkaloids, derived from the thorn-apple plant were used to treat asthma in 1905, and chemically synthesized entities in this class were still in use today(21).
2. Grape
Grape is a woody vines of the genus Vitis, belong to the family Vitaceae, native to southern Turkey.
Polyphenols found in Fermented Grape Marc (FGM) may be effective in exhibited several immunomodulating activities, including decreased oxidative burst of human polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes of which induced anti-allergic and anti inflammatory effects in chronic asthma(22). According to the study of Graduate School of Science, Kitasato University, Fermented Grape Marc (FGM) also suppressed both phases of type-I allergic responses, through a fraction extractable with acetone(23).
3. Strawberry
Strawberries is a genius of Fragaria × ananassa belongs to the family Roseaceae. They have been grown all over the world with suitable climate for commercial profits and for health benefits.
Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a polyphenyl natural products found abundantly in strawberry inhibited inflammatory allergic diseases, through blocking histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression(24). The Johannes Gutenberg University, also suggested that the composition of Gallic acid, methyl gallate and quercetin in animal study showed significant effects with one certain fraction (GG II, 3 days, 3 x 2 mg/kg) in reduced allergen- and PAF-induced bronchial reactions by more than 70%(25).
C. Seeds and Nuts
1. Sesame oil
Sesame is a species of Sesamum indicum and belong to the family of Pedaliaceae, native to to sub-saharan Africa. The tree can grow to 1.6 to 3.3 ft tall and is mainly cultivated for their seeds. Sesame oil, a natural product with anti-inflammatory property showed to inhibited pulmonary edema and decreased interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in OVA-treated mice through inhibition of systemic IgE level in allergic asthma(26).
2. Faxseed
Flax seed is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad. Suggestions of saturated and n-6 fatty acids and concomitant decrease in n-3 fatty acids may be a major driver of the increase in the incidence of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, allergy, and atherosclerosis. According to the Wake Forest University, dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil affects the biochemistry of fatty acid metabolism through the balance of proinflammatory mediators and atherogenic lipids, affecting the modulation of inflammatory diseases(27) and patients with asthma and allergic rhinitis may benefit from hydration and a diet low in sodium, omega-6 fatty acids, and transfatty acids, but high in omega-3 fatty acids (i.e., fish, almonds, walnuts, pumpkin, and flax seeds)(28).
3. Sunflower seed
Sunflower is a genus of Helianthus, belong to the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas. It grow to heights between 5–12 ft. Sunflower seeds are usually classified by the difference of their husks and are considered as healthy snack of a meal.
Helianthus annuus (Sunflower) seed (HAS) aqueous extract, may be potential in reducing the asthma-like symptoms induced by a mouse ovalbumin challenge model(29).
C. Others
1. Green Tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.
According to the study at State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, green tea extract (GTE), and its major catechin, consisted an immunoregulatory effects through suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic patinets(30) and B cell production of IgE without inducing apoptosis(31). Other study suggested a anti asthmatic effect of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis through increasing the expression level of tumor necrosis factor-beta and interferon-gamma and decreasing the expression of anti-asthmatic cytokines in the lung(32).
2. Fish and fish oil
Consumption of fish has also been related to lower airway hyperreactivity among children and higher lung function in adults, according to Pan American Health Organization and National Institute of Public Health(33) and fish oil supplements, administered in a dosage of 1 to 1.2 g of EPA and DHA per day, also may be helpful to some patients with asthma(34). According to Ewha Womans University, asthmatic patient were found to consume fewer amounts of kimchi and fish but had a higher cereal intake than those without asthma(35).
3. Whole grain
Wholegrain is cereal grains containing cereal germ, endosperm, and bran. According to the study by National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, intake of whole grain wss associated to reduced risk asthma and may have a protective effect against asthma in children(36). Other study suggested that whole grain and high in fruits, vegetables, and low in alcohol and fatty foods may be useful for prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer, to protect respiratory health in both children and adults(37).
4. Coffee
Coffee is made from the roasted seeds of the genus Coffee, belonging to the family Rubiaceae native to southern Arabia. Strong evidence suggested that drinking coffee reduced risk of asthma. According to Istituto Centrale di Statistica, caffeine intake has a bronchodilator effect in asthma, and long-term moderate coffee consumption may not only reduce symptoms, but also prevent the clinical manifestation of bronchial asthma(38) and people who drank coffee on a regular basis had a 29% reduction in the odds of having currence(39). The University of London also suggested that caffeine appears to improve airways function modestly, for up to four hours, in people with asthma(40).
Taken altogether, some foods have been found effectively in reduced risk and treatment of asthma and allergic induced asthmatic disease. Further studies with large sample size and multi centers are necessary to identify the ingredients for improvement of validation. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying
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References
(1) American academy, allergy, asthma and immunology(AAAAI)
(a) Association between nutrition and the evolution of multimorbidity: The importance of fruits and vegetables and whole grain products by Ruel G1, Shi Z, Zhen S, Zuo H, Kröger E, Sirois C, Lévesque JF, Taylor AW.(PubMed)
(b) Dietary factors associated with lifetime asthma or hayfever diagnosis in Australian middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study by Rosenkranz RR1, Rosenkranz SK, Neessen KJ.(PubMed)
(c) Protective effect of fruits, vegetables and the Mediterranean diet on asthma and allergies among children in Crete by Chatzi L1, Apostolaki G, Bibakis I, Skypala I, Bibaki-Liakou V, Tzanakis N, Kogevinas M, Cullinan P.(PubMed)
(d) Effect of diet on asthma and allergic sensitisation in the International Study on Allergies and Asthma in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Two by Nagel G1, Weinmayr G, Kleiner A, Garcia-Marcos L, Strachan DP; ISAAC Phase Two Study Group.(PubMed)
(2) Diallyl-disulfide, an organosulfur compound of garlic, attenuates airway inflammation via activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and NF-kappaB suppression by Shin IS1, Hong J, Jeon CM, Shin NR, Kwon OK, Kim HS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS.(PubMed)
(3) Purified aged garlic extract modulates allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice by Zare A1, Farzaneh P, Pourpak Z, Zahedi F, Moin M, Shahabi S, Hassan ZM.(PubMed)
(4) Manipulating antioxidant intake in asthma: a randomized controlled trial by Wood LG1, Garg ML, Smart JM, Scott HA, Barker D, Gibson PG.(PubMed)
(5) Lycopene-rich treatments modify noneosinophilic airway inflammation in asthma: proof of concept by Wood LG1, Garg ML, Powell H, Gibson PG.(PubMed)
(6) Naringenin chalcone suppresses allergic asthma by inhibiting the type-2 function of CD4 T cells by Iwamura C1, Shinoda K, Yoshimura M, Watanabe Y, Obata A, Nakayama T.(PubMed)
(7) Potential targets for anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of marine algae: an overview BY Vo TS1, Ngo DH, Kim SK.(PubMed)
(8) Antiallergic benefit of marine algae in medicinal foods by Kim SK1, Vo TS, Ngo DH.(PubMed)
(9) Marine macro- and microalgae as potential agents for the prevention of asthma: hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory subjects by Senevirathne M1, Kim SK.(PubMed)
(10) Iota-Carrageenan is a potent inhibitor of rhinovirus infection by Grassauer A1, Weinmuellner R, Meier C, Pretsch A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Unger H.(PubMed)
(11) Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins by Townsend EA1, Zhang Y, Xu C, Wakita R, Emala CW.(PubMed)
(12) Quercetin acutely relaxes airway smooth muscle and potentiates β-agonist-induced relaxation via dual phosphodiesterase inhibition of PLCβ and PDE4 by Townsend EA1, Emala CW Sr.(PubMed)
(13) Effects of ginger and its constituents on airway smooth muscle relaxation and calcium regulation by Townsend EA1, Siviski ME, Zhang Y, Xu C, Hoonjan B, Emala CW.(PubMed)
(14) Sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extract attenuates nasal allergic response to diesel exhaust particles by Heber D1, Li Z, Garcia-Lloret M, Wong AM, Lee TY, Thames G, Krak M, Zhang Y, Nel A.(PubMed)
(15) Sulforaphane inhibits the Th2 immune response in ovalbumin-induced asthma by Park JH1, Kim JW, Lee CM, Kim YD, Chung SW, Jung ID, Noh KT, Park JW, Heo DR, Shin YK, Seo JK, Park YM.(PubMed)
(16) Amelioration of asthmatic inflammation by an aqueous extract of Spinacia oleracea Linn by Heo JC1, Park CH, Lee HJ, Kim SO, Kim TH, Lee SH.(PubMed)
(17) Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits by Boyer J1, Liu RH.(PubMed)
(17a) Childhood asthma and fruit consumption by Okoko BJ1, Burney PG, Newson RB, Potts JF, Shaheen SO.(PubMed)
(18) A comprehensive review of apples and apple components and their relationship to human health by Hyson DA.(PubMed)
(19) Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults: population-based case-control study by Shaheen SO1, Sterne JA, Thompson RL, Songhurst CE, Margetts BM, Burney PG.(PubMed)
(20) Dietary intake of flavonoids and asthma in adults by Garcia V1, Arts IC, Sterne JA, Thompson RL, Shaheen SO.(PubMed)
(21) Asthma: one hundred years of treatment and onward by Chu EK1, Drazen JM.(PubMed)
(22) Immunomodulating and Anti-Allergic Effects of Negroamaro and Koshu Vitis vinifera Fermented Grape Marc (FGM) by Marzulli G, Magrone T, Vonghia L, Kaneko M, Takimoto H, Kumazawa Y, Jirillo E(PubMed)
(23) Suppression of type-I allergic responses by oral administration of grape marc fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum by Tominaga T1, Kawaguchi K, Kanesaka M, Kawauchi H, Jirillo E, Kumazawa Y.(PubMed)
(24) Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells by Kim SH1, Jun CD, Suk K, Choi BJ, Lim H, Park S, Lee SH, Shin HY, Kim DK, Shin TY.(PubMed)
(25) Antiasthmatic effects of Galphimia glauca, gallic acid, and related compounds prevent allergen- and platelet-activating factor-induced bronchial obstruction as well as bronchial hyperreactivity in guinea pigs by Dorsch W1, Bittinger M, Kaas A, Müller A, Kreher B, Wagner H.(PubMed)
(26) Sesame oil attenuates ovalbumin-induced pulmonary edema and bronchial neutrophilic inflammation in mice by Hsu DZ1, Liu CT, Chu PY, Li YH, Periasamy S, Liu MY.(PubMed)
(27) Mechanisms by which botanical lipids affect inflammatory disorders by Chilton FH1, Rudel LL, Parks JS, Arm JP, Seeds MC.(PubMed)
(28) Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma by Jaber R.(PubMed)
(29) Aqueous extract of the Helianthus annuus seed alleviates asthmatic symptoms in vivo by Heo JC1, Woo SU, Kweon MA, Park JY, Lee HK, Son M, Rho JR, Lee SH.(PubMed)
(30) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) mediated suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic humans by Wu SY1, Silverberg JI, Joks R, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA.(PubMed)
(31) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) suppresses B cell production of IgE without inducing apoptosis by Hassanain E1, Silverberg JI, Norowitz KB, Chice S, Bluth MH, Brody N, Joks R, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA.(PubMed)
(32) An aqueous extract of green tea Camellia sinensis increases expression of Th1 cell-specific anti-asthmatic markers by Heo JC1, Rho JR, Kim TH, Kim SY, Lee SH.(PubMed)
(33) Diet and obstructive lung diseases by Romieu I1, Trenga C.(PubMed)
(34) Respiratory and allergic diseases: from upper respiratory tract infections to asthma by Jaber R.(PubMed)
(35) Association between kimchi intake and asthma in Korean adults: the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2011) by Kim H1, Oh SY, Kang MH, Kim KN, Kim Y, Chang N.(PubMed)
(36) Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2) by Tabak C1, Wijga AH, de Meer G, Janssen NA, Brunekreef B, Smit HA.(PubMed)
(37) Dietary factors in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by Denny SI1, Thompson RL, Margetts BM.(PubMed)
(38) Coffee drinking and prevalence of bronchial asthma by Pagano R1, Negri E, Decarli A, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)
(39) Caffeine intake and asthma symptoms by Schwartz J1, Weiss ST.(PubMed)
(40) Caffeine for asthma by Welsh EJ1, Bara A, Barley E, Cates CJ.(PubMed)
Food therapy - Celery and hypertension
Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae.
It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow
to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape
joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
In take of overall vegetable was found to have an Inverse associations to blood pressure (BP), including celery(b). Celery (Apium graveolens) seed extracts, in hypertensive rat study, showed to decreased BP and increased the HR, through its active hydrophobic constitutes(c)
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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K1, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Relations of raw and cooked vegetable consumption to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study by Chan Q1, Stamler J, Brown IJ, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, Oude Griep LM, Miura K, Ueshima H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Elliott P(PubMed)
(c) Antihypertensive effect of celery seed on rat blood pressure in chronic administration by Moghadam MH1, Imenshahidi M, Mohajeri SA.(PubMed)
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and hypertension
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure means raising pressure in your heart.If it stays high over time it can damage the body in many ways.
In take of overall vegetable was found to have an Inverse associations to blood pressure (BP), including celery(b). Celery (Apium graveolens) seed extracts, in hypertensive rat study, showed to decreased BP and increased the HR, through its active hydrophobic constitutes(c)
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Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K1, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Relations of raw and cooked vegetable consumption to blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study by Chan Q1, Stamler J, Brown IJ, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Dyer AR, Oude Griep LM, Miura K, Ueshima H, Zhao L, Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Elliott P(PubMed)
(c) Antihypertensive effect of celery seed on rat blood pressure in chronic administration by Moghadam MH1, Imenshahidi M, Mohajeri SA.(PubMed)
Wednesday 9 April 2014
Asthma in Herbs' points of view
Kyle J. Norton
Respiratory Disease is defined as medical conditions which affect the breathing organ and tissues including Inflammatory lung disease, Obstructive lung diseases, Restrictive lung diseases, Respiratory tract infections, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, the nerves and muscles breathing , etc.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the air way of the lung with recurring symptoms, such as wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The disease affects people of all ages, and mostly starts during childhood. According to American academy, allergy, asthma and immunology, about 1 in 10 children (10%) had asthma and 1 in 12 adults (8%) had asthma in 2009. (about 25 million, or 8% of the U.S. population)(1).
Epidemiological studies, linking herbs in reduced risk and treatment have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), but certain herbs have been found to be effectively in some studies.
1. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.)
Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis) is a herb of Genus Angelica from the family Apiaceae, indigenous to China. The herb has been used as a Queen herb in traditional Chinese medicine as an antispasmodic and vasodilatory agent, and to balance the hormones in women for a normal menstrual cycle and menstruation and strengthen heart, spleen, kidneys, and liver for both men and women, etc. In other words, it is used to treat gynecological ailments, fatigue, mild anemia and high blood pressure. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, etc.. Ethanolic extract (AD of Angelica in the study at Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, showed to suppress airway allergic inflammation, by significantly lower airway eosinophilia, cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha levels, mucus production and immunoglobulin (Ig)E in mice(1). Danggui Buxue Tang, a composition of Angelica sinensis (AS) and Astragalus membranaceus (AM), in OVA-sensitized mice, its DBT2 or DBT3 showed no improved effects relative to DBT1 in treating asthmatic symptoms but DBT1 showed to suppress airway hyperresponsiveness and OVA-immunoglobulin E (IgE) in serum(2). According to Thammasat University, ethanol found in of Angelica sinensis exerted its anti-inflammatory activity through antioxidant effects(3).
2. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
Ginkgolide B (GKB), a major chemical compound of ginkgo biloba, in BALB/c mice exerted its anti asthmatic activity through inhibited the increase of T-helper 2 cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and decreased eosinophil count via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway(4). The composition of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb761), astaxanthin (ASX) and vitamin C, also showed to exhibit the inhibition of asthma-associated inflammation in asthmatic guinea-pigs(5) and Ginkgo biloba extracts showed to inhibit asthmatic disorder through suppression tof NF-kappaB gene expression actively in HL-60 cells(6). Accordiong to Dokuz Eylul University Hospital, biloba alleviates all established chronic histological changes of lung except smooth muscle thickness in a mouse model of asthma(7).
3. Licorice
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) also known as sweetwood, is the genus Glycyrrhiza, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases, coughs, constipation, bronchitis, inflammation, arthritis, etc. Licochalcone A (Lico A) isolated from the root of Xinjiang liquorice, exerted its anti-inflammatory activity on a non-infectious mouse model of asthma, through inhibition of the increase in T-helper type 2 cytokines and reduced serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and IgG(8). ASHMI, the composition of aqueous extracts of Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum), Kushen (Sophora flavescens) and Gancao (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), showed to be effective on allergic asthma, through inhibition of production of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 by murine memory Th2 cells and eotaxin-1 production by HLF-1 cells(9).
Other study in a murine model also suggested that ASHMI not only significantly reduce eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, serum IgE levels, IL-4 and IL-13 levels, but also increase IFN-γ production in lung cell cultures in response to antigen stimulation(10).
4. Chamomile
Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc. Water composition extract of a mixture of eight herbs (chamomile, saffron, anise, fennel, caraway, licorice, cardomom and black seed), showed to alleviate the symptoms of asthma, through inhibition of histamine released from chemically- and immunologically-induced cells(11).
5. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc.
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a major organosulfur compound found in garlic, in an ovalbumin-induced model of allergic asthma and RAW264.7 cells, showed to inhibit the proinflammatory proteins, through up regulation of Nrf-2/HO-1 and down regulation of NF-κB pathways(12). According to the study by Tarbiat Modares University, purified aged garlic extract exhibited the protective effect of asthma through a significant decrease in the hallmark criteria of allergic airway inflammation levels(13).
6. Grape seed extract
Grapefruit seed extract (GSE) is a liquid extracted from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as an anti bacterial, viral, fungal, parasites and to enhance immune system, protect against colds and flu and malignant disease. Grape seed extract (GSPE) may alleviate the symptoms od asthma through its antioxidant activities. According to the study of University of Ulsan College of Medicine, GSPE effectively suppressed inflammation in both acute and chronic mouse models of asthma, through reduced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), decreased inflammatory cells in the BAL fluid, reduced lung inflammation and and decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin-1 expression(14) by downregulating the iNOS expression(15). Other study suggested that GSE significantly ameliorated of the pathological changes of ovalbumin-induced asthma, through inhibition of altered the lung parenchyma pathology and inflammation in ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model(16).
7. Green Tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.
According to teh study at State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, green tea extract (GTE), and its major catechin, consisted an immunoregulatory effects through suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic patinets(17) and B cell production of IgE without inducing apoptosis(18). Other study suggested an anti asthmatic effect of aqueous extract of Camellia sinensis through increasing the expression level of tumor necrosis factor-beta and interferon-gamma and decreasing the expression of anti-asthmatic cytokines in the lung(19).
8. Ephedra sinica
Ephedra prepared from Ephedra sinica has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for 5,000 years to treat asthma, hypotension and fatigue, etc. In testing the effect of Ma huang water decoction, EWD and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice, MXCT, with theophylline (one of the most popular antiasthmatic drugs and a typical substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, a enzyme in metabolism of xenobiotics), in rat, found the effectiveness of EWD or MXCT in pretreatment in induced CYP1A2 activity, thus speeding up the metabolism of theophylline(20). Modified Shegan Mahuang Decoction (SGMH), in the study of a total of 154 children with cough and variant asthma (C&VA), exhibited the regulation of the serum levels of TNF-alpha (in the regulation of immune cells with function involved in induced fever, apoptotic cell death, cachexia, inflammation and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication and respond to sepsis via IL1 & IL6 producing cells), IL-10( an anti-inflammatory cytokine) and IL-13(associated primarily with the induction of airway disease, and anti-inflammatory properties)(21), Other compositions of Herba Ephedrae decoction showed a strong effect in antianaphylaxis asthma(22).
9. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica)
Sting Nettle is a flower plant in the genus Urtica, belonging tothe family Urticaceae, native to Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America.The herb has been used in traditional medicine as diuretic and laxative agent and to treat diarrhea and urinary disorders, to relieve pain, treat arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, sinusitis, etc. According to the Penn State University College of Medicine, extracts from the stinging nettle may provide therapeutic value for some inflammatory medical conditions, due to its released chemicals act to cause itching, dermatitis, and urticaria within moments of contact(23).
10. Boswellia
B. serrata gum resin extract (BSE) may be potential for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and asthma, according to Central Laboratory of German Pharmacists, Eschborn,(24), same as boswellic acids in some autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and bronchial asthma, according to University of Tuebingen(25). The compositions of Boswellia serrata, licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and Tumeric root (Curcuma longa), in a total of 63 patients with bronchial asthma study, significantly decreased the plasma levels of Plasma leukotriene C(4) (LTC(4))(,) nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in target therapy group when compared with placebo group(26).
11. kava kava (Piper)
Kava Kava is a tall shrub, genus Piper, belonging to family Piperaceae, native to western Pacific. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as a drink for sedative and anesthetic effects and to treat anxiety, insomnia, etc.
Kava kava (Piper) one most commonly used as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of asthma, allergy, and immunologic conditions, may display some adverse effects in the form of a hypersensitivity reaction(27). According to University of Aberdeen, kavain and flavokavains A and B treatment in asthmatic subjects enhanced anti-inflammatory mechanisms, through inhibition of both inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) degradation and subsequent translocation of p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits from the cytoplasm to the nucleus(28).
12. peppermint oil and leaf (Mentha)
Peppermint is a hybrid mint with small purple or white flowers and downy leaves, in the genus Mentha, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to to Europe. The herb has been used in folk medicine as analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, decongestant, agent and to relieve gas, nausea, and stomach pain due to an irritable bowel, intestinal cramps, or indigestion, infecttion, etc.
Mentha, a major chemical constituent found in peppermint, its haplocalyx ethanol extract (MH), showed to inhibit inflammation of the airway in an asthmatic model, through inhibited increases in immunoglobulin (Ig) E and T-helper 2 (Th2)-type cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue(29).
13. Ginseng (Panax)
Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng (root).
According to Gachon University, Korean. red ginseng (KRG) was found effectively in treating nasal allergic inflammatory reaction in an allergic murine model by reducing Th2 cytokines(30). RG-II, isolated from Panax ginseng, inhibited asthmatic reaction of an ovalbumin-induced murine model, through regulated the T(H)1/T(H)2 immune response(31). Other researchers suggested that Panax ginseng ameliorates airway inflammation through inhibited the numbers of goblet cells and further small G proteins and increased MAP kinases in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and lung tissues, in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma in mice(32)
14. The compositions
14.1. Sho-seiryu-to (Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang)
Sho-seiryu-to (Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang) is a herbal composition included Chi Fu Ling, Gui Zhi, Bai Shao, Gan Jiang, Gan Cao, Zhi Ban Xia and Wu Wei Zi. According to the China Medical University, Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang (XQLT), inhibited the allergic inflammation including AHR, IgE elevation and eosinophil infiltration in Der p stimulated mice through regulating neurotrophin and reducing TARC(33) and also exhibited anti-airway inflammatory, anti-airway remodeling, and specific immunoregulatory effects in a chronic asthmatic mice model, through downregulated IL-10, IL-13, RANTES, Eotaxin, and MCP-1 mRNA expression in the lung(34). In the comparison of oral administration of 3 mg/day Shoseiryuto, 30 mg/day LFK, 3 mg/day of Shoseiryuto co-administered with 30 mg/day of LFK, and saline showed a significant reduction in the accumulation of eosinophils at 3 mg/day Shoseiryuto co-administered with 30 mg/day of LFK(35).
14.2. Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang (MXGST)
Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang (MXGST) is a Chinese herbal formula, included Ephedra, Apricot seed, R.Gypsum and Licorice frequently used in traditional Chinese medicine for asthmatic children in nationwide clinical database in Taiwan(36). According to the Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical, College, Taichung, Taiwan, in actively sensitized guinea pig study, administration of MXGST (10 g/kg) extracts significantly inhibited the antigen induced immediate asthmatic responses(IAR), through stimulation of beta2-adrenoceptors on bronchial smooth muscle and its anti-inflammatory ability to inhibit the neutrophil into the airway(37).
Taken altogether, herbal medicine list above may be effective in prevention and treatment of asthma disorder, through reduction of air way inflammation via inhibition of histamine released from chemically- and immunologically-induced cells, etc. Some researchers suggested that large sample size and muticenter studies are necessary with identification of the active principle in order to improve the validation of the clinical trial. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.
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References
(1) Anti-asthmatic effects of Angelica dahurica against ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 by Lee MY1, Seo CS, Lee JA, Lee NH, Kim JH, Ha H, Zheng MS, Son JK, Shin HK.(PubMed)
(2) Danggui Buxue Tang attenuates eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic mice by Lin CC1, Liou CJ, Chiang CY, Huang WY, Huang WC.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant and nitric oxide inhibition activities of Thai medicinal plants by Makchuchit S1, Itharat A, Tewtrakul S.(PubMed)
(4) A novel anti-inflammatory role for ginkgolide B in asthma via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway by Chu X1, Ci X, He J, Wei M, Yang X, Cao Q, Li H, Guan S, Deng Y, Pang D, Deng X.(PubMed)
(5) Summative interaction between astaxanthin, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and vitamin C in suppression of respiratory inflammation: a comparison with ibuprofen by Haines DD1, Varga B, Bak I, Juhasz B, Mahmoud FF, Kalantari H, Gesztelyi R, Lekli I, Czompa A, Tosaki A(PubMed)
(6) [Studies on the effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts on NF-kappaB pathway].[Article in Chinese] by Li GH1, Lei XX, Yi YM, Xu BL, Wang HP, Du J.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of Ginkgo biloba on airway histology in a mouse model of chronic asthma by Babayigit A1, Olmez D, Karaman O, Ozogul C, Yilmaz O, Kivcak B, Erbil G, Uzuner N.(PubMed)
(8) Attenuation of allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma by Licochalcone A by Chu X1, Jiang L, Wei M, Yang X, Guan M, Xie X, Wei J, Liu D, Wang D.(PubMed)
(9) Constituents of the anti-asthma herbal formula ASHMI(TM) synergistically inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by murine Th2 memory cells, and eotaxin by human lung fibroblasts in vitro by Jayaprakasam B1, Yang N, Wen MC, Wang R, Goldfarb J, Sampson H, Li XM.(PubMed)
(10) Glycyrrhiza uralensis flavonoids present in anti-asthma formula, ASHMI™, inhibit memory Th2 responses in vitro and in vivo by Yang N1, Patil S, Zhuge J, Wen MC, Bolleddula J, Doddaga S, Goldfarb J, Sampson HA, Li XM.(PubMed)
(11) The effect of a herbal water-extract on histamine release from mast cells and on allergic asthma by Haggag EG1, Abou-Moustafa MA, Boucher W, Theoharides TC.(PubMed)
(12) Diallyl-disulfide, an organosulfur compound of garlic, attenuates airway inflammation via activation of the Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway and NF-kappaB suppression by Shin IS1, Hong J, Jeon CM, Shin NR, Kwon OK, Kim HS, Kim JC, Oh SR, Ahn KS.(PubMed)
(13) Purified aged garlic extract modulates allergic airway inflammation in BALB/c mice by Zare A1, Farzaneh P, Pourpak Z, Zahedi F, Moin M, Shahabi S, Hassan ZM.(PubMed)
(14) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates allergic inflammation in murine models of asthma by Lee T1, Kwon HS, Bang BR, Lee YS, Park MY, Moon KA, Kim TB, Lee KY, Moon HB, Cho YS.(PubMed)
(15) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract attenuates airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma by downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase by Zhou DY1, Du Q, Li RR, Huang M, Zhang Q, Wei GZ.(PubMed)
(16) Grape seed extract attenuates lung parenchyma pathology in ovalbumin-induced mouse asthma model: an ultrastructural study by Mahmoud YI.(PubMed)
(17) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) mediated suppression of IgE production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic asthmatic humans by Wu SY1, Silverberg JI, Joks R, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA.(PubMed)
(18) Green tea (Camelia sinensis) suppresses B cell production of IgE without inducing apoptosis by Hassanain E1, Silverberg JI, Norowitz KB, Chice S, Bluth MH, Brody N, Joks R, Durkin HG, Smith-Norowitz TA.(PubMed)
(19) An aqueous extract of green tea Camellia sinensis increases expression of Th1 cell-specific anti-asthmatic markers by Heo JC1, Rho JR, Kim TH, Kim SY, Lee SH.(PubMed)
(20) Effects of ephedra water decoction and cough tablets containing ephedra and liquorice on CYP1A2 and the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in rats by Tang J1, Zhou X, Ji H, Zhu D, Wu L.(PubMed)
(21) [Effect of modified shegan mahuang decoction on cytokines in children patients with cough and variant asthma].[Article in Chinese]by Chen ZX1, Hu GH.(PubMed)
(22)[Effects of among compositions of Herba Ephedrae decoction on genic xpression of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein, IL-4 and leukotriene C4 in asthmatic mice].[Article in Chinese]by Liu YG1, Luo JB.(PubMed)
(23) Stinging nettle dermatitis by Anderson BE1, Miller CJ, Adams DR(PubMed)
(24) Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data by Abdel-Tawab M1, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M.(PubMed)
(25) Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases by Ammon HP.(PubMed)
(26) Natural anti-inflammatory products and leukotriene inhibitors as complementary therapy for bronchial asthma by Houssen ME1, Ragab A, Mesbah A, El-Samanoudy AZ, Othman G, Moustafa AF, Badria FA.(PubMed)
(27) Complementary and alternative interventions in asthma, allergy, and immunology by Bielory L.(PubMed)
(28) Inhibition of TNFalpha-induced activation of nuclear factor kappaB by kava (Piper methysticum) derivatives by Folmer F1, Blasius R, Morceau F, Tabudravu J, Dicato M, Jaspars M, Diederich M.(PubMed)
(29) Protective effects of Mentha haplocalyx ethanol extract (MH) in a mouse model of allergic asthma by Lee MY1, Lee JA, Seo CS, Ha H, Lee NH, Shin HK.(PubMed)
(30) The effect of Korean red ginseng on allergic inflammation in a murine model of allergic rhinitis by Jung JH1, Kang IG, Kim DY, Hwang YJ, Kim ST.(PubMed)
(31) RG-II from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer suppresses asthmatic reaction by Jung ID1, Kim HY, Park JW, Lee CM, Noh KT, Kang HK, Heo DR, Lee SJ, Son KH, Park HJ, Shin SJ, Park JH, Ryu SW, Park YM.(PubMed)
(32) Panax ginseng ameliorates airway inflammation in an ovalbumin-sensitized mouse allergic asthma model by Kim DY1, Yang WM.(PubMed)
(33) Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang shows preventive effect of asthma in an allergic asthma mouse model through neurotrophin regulation by Chang RS1, Wang SD, Wang YC, Lin LJ, Kao ST, Wang JY.(PubMed)
(34) Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang attenuates allergic airway inflammation and remodeling in repetitive Dermatogoides pteronyssinus challenged chronic asthmatic mice model by Wang SD1, Lin LJ, Chen CL, Lee SC, Lin CC, Wang JY, Kao ST.(PubMed)
(35) Enhancement of anti-allergic effects mediated by the Kampo medicine Shoseiryuto (Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang in Chinese) with lysed Enterococcus faecalis FK-23 in mice by Shimada T1, Kondoh M, Motonaga C, Kitamura Y, Cheng L, Shi H, Enomoto T, Tsuruta D, Ishii M, Kobayashi H.(PubMed)
(36) Identifying core herbal treatments for children with asthma: implication from a chinese herbal medicine database in Taiwan by Chen HY1, Lin YH, Thien PF, Chang SC, Chen YC, Lo SS, Yang SH, Chen JL.(PubMed)
(37) The effects of Ma-Xing-Gan-Shi-Tang on respiratory resistance and airway leukocyte infiltration in asthmatic guinea pigs by Kao ST1, Yeh TJ, Hsieh CC, Shiau HB, Yeh FT, Lin JG.
(PubMed)
Food therapy - Celery and Colon Cancer
Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belonging to the family Apiaceae.
It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow
to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape
joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and Colon Cancer
Colon cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progress cancer and in predictable way and is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including US and Canada.
Luteolin is 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone found abundantly in celery showed in regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line, through inhibited CDK2, decreased levels of Cyclin D1 levels and promoted G2/M arrest via certain mechanisms(b)(c). In the study of a total of 336 incident cases of histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (111 colon cancer and 225 rectal cancer in Harbin city, the Harbin Medical College found that increased consumption of green vegetables, including celery, have a strong protective effect against colorectal cancer(d).
According to Dr. Belanger JT, Perillyl alcohol,a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of celery seeds was active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells and can revert tumor cells back to a differentiated state, including colon cancer cells(e).
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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K1, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound luteolin by Lim do Y1, Jeong Y, Tyner AL, Park JH.(PubMed)
(c) Carotenoids and colon cancer by Slattery ML1, Benson J, Curtin K, Ma KN, Schaeffer D, Potter JD.(PubMed)
(d) Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China by Hu JF1, Liu YY, Yu YK, Zhao TZ, Liu SD, Wang QQ.(PubMed)
(e) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and Colon Cancer
Colon cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progress cancer and in predictable way and is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in developed countries, including US and Canada.
Luteolin is 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone found abundantly in celery showed in regulation of cell cycle progression and apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line, through inhibited CDK2, decreased levels of Cyclin D1 levels and promoted G2/M arrest via certain mechanisms(b)(c). In the study of a total of 336 incident cases of histologically confirmed colorectal cancer (111 colon cancer and 225 rectal cancer in Harbin city, the Harbin Medical College found that increased consumption of green vegetables, including celery, have a strong protective effect against colorectal cancer(d).
According to Dr. Belanger JT, Perillyl alcohol,a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of celery seeds was active in inducing apoptosis in tumor cells without affecting normal cells and can revert tumor cells back to a differentiated state, including colon cancer cells(e).
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K1, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)
(b) Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT-29 human colon cancer cells by the dietary compound luteolin by Lim do Y1, Jeong Y, Tyner AL, Park JH.(PubMed)
(c) Carotenoids and colon cancer by Slattery ML1, Benson J, Curtin K, Ma KN, Schaeffer D, Potter JD.(PubMed)
(d) Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China by Hu JF1, Liu YY, Yu YK, Zhao TZ, Liu SD, Wang QQ.(PubMed)
(e) Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology by Belanger JT.(PubMed)
Tuesday 8 April 2014
Retinitis pigmentosa in Herbs, Foods and antioxidants Points of View
By Kyle J. Norton
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic degenerative of eye diseases characteristic of slowly progressive damage of the retina, affecting about 1 in 4,000 people in the United States(1) and about 1in 3500 Canadians.(2).
Epidemiological studies, linking certain herbs, foods and vitamins in delay and alleviation of symptoms of the disease have produced certain success, but large sample size and multi centers studies are necessary to improve the validation of the claims.
A. The herbs
Limitation of research in finding the natural treatment for Retinitis pigmentosa, may be due to its genetically mutative nature.
Bilberry is low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to
the temperate and subarctic regions of the world(3). The herb has been used in folk medicine for its astringent action, an antihistamine effect, and it is also believe to posses anti-microbial as well as anti-diarrheal effects(4), due to its antioxidants effects of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, etc.(5). According to epidemiological studies. although with limitation, bilberry may be beneficiary in delayed progression and alleviated symptoms of Retinitis pigmentosa due to its effectiveness in protection of vision against many forms of eye diseases.(6)(7)(8)(9). According to 1Johns Hopkins University, in Ninety-six Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with any level of vision completed an anonymous internet survey. bilberry supplement was used in 32% of the correspondents, who were experiencing some impact on vision and physical/emotional well-being(10). In a blue light, a high-energy or short-wavelength visible light induced retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and genetic related retinitis pigmentosa, bilberry extract (B-ext), containing high amounts of polyphenols (anthocyanins, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins) exhibited its effects in improved the viability of 661 W cells and inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS induced by blue LED light irradiation, probably through inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB and caspase-3/7 activation and autophagy(11). Other herbs may also contain similar effects as bilberry such as lingo berry or cowberry(11).
B. The foods
1. The fatty fish and fish oil
Linseed oil or fish oil may have a potential in delay the progression in genetic eye disorder of Retinitis pigmentosa, In retinas of RP rat model, the combination of linseed and fish oil exhibited lower-than-normal levels of ROS DHA may reflect an adaptive, possibly protective, mechanism in the P23H(12). In the University of Ottawa study, Onega 3 fatty acid found abundantly in fish oil showed in improvement of some retinitis pigmentosa outcomes in Clinical preliminary research in this field, further studies are necessary(13). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an other chemical derived from Omega 3 fatty acid, found abundantly in cold water fatty fish, such as salmon, in the study by the Harvard Medical School, showed a positive effect in among patients who were not taking vitamin A prior to entry, those in the DHA + A group had a slower decline in field sensitivity and electroretinogram amplitude than those in the control + A group over the first 2 years(14). Due to the influences of membrane phospholipid fatty acid abnormalities(15), some researchers suggested Fatty acid content alterations in membrane phospholipids of red blood cells of patients with Retinitis pigmentosa may be considered as markers for abnormalities in the lipid metabolism which disturb the retina integrity(16). Unfortunately, according to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in the review of the existent data of 394 titles and abstracts and nine ClinicalTrials.gov records and included three RCTs that met eligibility criteria, indicated a no clear evidence for benefit of treatment with DHA for people with RP(13).
2. The coffee
Chlorogenic acid, found in green coffee extract or Coffee, in this prospective, non-comparative, single-arm study, showed a beneficial effect on the peripheral area at the margins of retinal degeneration, and should be considered as an anti-oxidant for the management of retinitis pigmentosa(17)
C. The antioxidants
Antioxidants, may be potential in delay the progression and management of retinitis pigmentosa, according to aster University, when initial signs of vision health deterioration are observed, the appropriate nutritional supplement products may be recommended but only to augment the primary medical treatments(18). Dr. Baumgartner WA and Dr. Baumgartner AM. in one patient study to test a developed and tested a treatment regimen with a range of antioxidants in combination with the off-label use of deprenyl (1 mg/day), a safe antiapoptotic agent, for 140 months indicated a significant improvement as patient's right eye visual field showed 0% decline and left eye 13.3% decline of which defianted to the rate constants for logarithmic decline of visual field measured prior to treatment as visual fields would have decreased by 64% and 70%, respectively by month 140 in the absence of treatment(19).
1. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
Suggestion of the pathology of 11-cis-retinal deficiency caused by gene mutations may result in human retinal diseases that cause blindness, such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)(20) due to involvement in the interaction of light with rhodopsin rather than with free chromophore or bleached rhodopsin(21). In autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa patients, vitamin A supplements may be beneficiary for some patients with retinitis pigmentosa, especiallt in patients with autosomal dominant, according to Dr. Roberts L and research team(22). In the regard of Vitamin A's effectiveness in delaying progression of the disease, researchers at the 1Centro di Ricerca in Nutrizione suggested " a lifetime generous supplementation of retinol is advisable, together with a vitamin A-rich diet and/or a dietary supplement (e.g. carrot flour) or pharmacologic supplement of vitamin A. Supply of vitamin A in doses up to 25000 IU (7500 igr/day), even for several years, has so far proved safe from risk of occurrence of liver disease"(23). Although it is controversial, some researchers suggested 15,000 IU of vitamin A palmitate per day may slow the progression, Low vision rehabilitation, long wavelength pass filters, and pedigree counseling remain the mainstay of management(24).
2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..
Vitamin E supplementation may improve symptoms and prevent the progression of Retinitis pigmentosa as its variant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) inhibited proliferation of human RPE in culture without exerting cytotoxic effects.(25). According to the National University of Mexico, in the study of the formula taurine/diltiazem/vitamin E on the progression of visual field loss in retinitis pigmentosa indicated a improving changes in the, slope values with decreasing the rate of visual field loss, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors(26). Unfortunately, the study of supplements of vitamin A or vitamin E alone or in combination in the affect of the course of retinitis pigmentosa, suggested a positive effect in delay and progress of the diseases with 15,000 IU/d of vitamin A but an adverse effect of 400 IU/d of vitamin E on the course of retinitis pigmentosa(27) and vitamin E should be avoided(28).
3. Lutein
Lutien a xanthophyll, belonging to the family of carotenoids, found abundantly in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, yellow carrots, etc., plays an important role in modulation of light energy and protection of retina against damage of free radicals produced by blue light. Lutein supplementation may be effective in slowing visual function decline in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A, according to the Harvard Medical School, dietary intake of Lutein supplementation of 12 mg/d slowed loss of midperipheral visual field on average among nonsmoking adults with retinitis pigmentosa taking vitamin A(29). The randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289] conducted by the Johns Hopkins University, suggested that lutein supplementation improves visual field and also might improve visual acuity slightly, although these results should be interpreted cautiously(30). The study at the University of Pennsylvania showed no change no in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation, but suggested that a long-term influences on the natural history of these retinal degenerations require further study(31).
Other study also showed the potential effect in the combination application of Lutein and vitamin A in patient of Retinitis pigmentosa, as lutein improved short-term vision improvements in age-related macular degeneration--also occur in RP, especially in blue-eyed individuals; vitamin A may also increase visual field benefits(32).
Taken altogether, excluding vitamin E, even with limitation of data, herbal bilberry, fatty fish and fish oil and antioxidants vitamin A and Lutein may be effective in delay the progression of genetic degenerative eye disease, retinitis pigmentosa, but larger sample size and multi centers studies to improve their validation are necessary. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
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References
(1) Retinitis pigmentosa (PubMed)
(2) Retinitis Pigmentosa ~ Overview(The foundation fighting blindness)
(3) Bilberry(Wikipedia)
(4) Bilberry(Herbs2000.com)
(5) Bilberry and its Constituents(MDidea)
(6) Effect of fermented bilberry extracts on visual outcomes in eyes with myopia: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study by Kamiya K1, Kobashi H, Fujiwara K, Ando W, Shimizu K.(PubMed)
(7) Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) by Chu W, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF.(PubMed)
(8) Vision preservation during retinal inflammation by anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract: cellular and molecular mechanism by Miyake S1, Takahashi N, Sasaki M, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y.(PubMed)
(9) Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (HCLEC) by Song J1, Li Y, Ge J, Duan Y, Sze SC, Tong Y, Shaw PC, Ng TB, Tsui KC, Zhuo Y, Zhang KY.(PubMed)
(10) Reported effects of non-traditional treatments and complementary and alternative medicine by retinitis pigmentosa patients by Kiser AK1, Dagnelie G.(PubMed)
(11) Protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro by Ogawa K, Kuse Y, Tsuruma K, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, Hara H.(PubMed)
(12) Alterations in retinal rod outer segment fatty acids and light-damage susceptibility in P23H rats by Bicknell IR1, Darrow R, Barsalou L, Fliesler SJ, Organisciak DT.(PubMed)
(13) The evidence for efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing or slowing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa: a systematic review, by Hodge WG1, Barnes D, Schachter HM, Pan YI, Lowcock EC, Zhang L, Sampson M, Morrison A, Tran K, Miguelez M, Lewin G.(PubMed)
(14) Further evaluation of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A treatment: subgroup analyses by Berson EL1, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Moser A, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson CA, Anderson EJ, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ.(PubMed)
(15) Red blood cell membrane phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acid content in various forms of retinitis pigmentosa by Schaefer EJ1, Robins SJ, Patton GM, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco CA, Rosner B, Berson EL.(PubMed)
(16) Evaluation of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids of erythrocytes in retinitis pigmentosa patients by Simonelli F1, Manna C, Romano N, Nunziata G, Voto O, Rinaldi E.(PubMed)
(17) Vitamin A and fish oils for retinitis pigmentosa by Rayapudi S1, Schwartz SG, Wang X, Chavis P.(PubMed)
(18) Antioxidants and vision health: facts and fiction by Grover AK1, Samson SE.(PubMed)
(19) Rationale for an experimental treatment of retinitis pigmentosa: 140-month test of hypothesis with one patient by Baumgartner WA1, Baumgartner AM(PubMed)
(20) Vitamin A derivatives as treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases by Perusek L1, Maeda T.(PubMed)
(21) The dependence of retinal degeneration caused by the rhodopsin P23H mutation on light exposure and vitamin a deprivation by Tam BM1, Qazalbash A, Lee HC, Moritz OL.(PubMed)
(22) Management of a South African family with retinitis pigmentosa-should potential therapy influence translational research protocols? by Roberts L, Rebello G, Ramesar R, Greenberg J.(PubMed)
(23) [Diet and management of degenerative diseases of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa)].[Article in Italian] by Miggiano GA1, Falsini B(PubMed)
(24) Sector retinitis pigmentosa by Van Woerkom C1, Ferrucci S.(PubMed)
(25) Vitamin E inhibits retinal pigment epithelium cell proliferation in vitro by Mojon D1, Boscoboinik D, Haas A, Bohnke M, Azzi A(PubMed)
(26) Treatment with taurine, diltiazem, and vitamin E retards the progressive visual field reduction in retinitis pigmentosa: a 3-year follow-up study by Pasantes-Morales H1, Quiroz H, Quesada O.(PubMed)
(27) A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa by Berson EL1, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Hayes KC, Nicholson BW, Weigel-DiFranco C, Willett W.(PubMed)
(28) Antioxidants and vision health: facts and fiction by Grover AK1, Samson SE.(PubMed)
(29) Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A by Berson EL1, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ, Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ.(PubMed)
(30) Lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa: PC-based vision assessment in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289] by Bahrami H1, Melia M, Dagnelie G.(PubMed)
(31) Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome by Aleman TS1, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, de Castro E, Marks DA, Gardner LM, Steinberg JD, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, Jacobson SG.(PubMed)
(32) Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet by Dagnelie G1, Zorge IS, McDonald TM.(PubMed)
Retinitis pigmentosa is a genetic degenerative of eye diseases characteristic of slowly progressive damage of the retina, affecting about 1 in 4,000 people in the United States(1) and about 1in 3500 Canadians.(2).
Epidemiological studies, linking certain herbs, foods and vitamins in delay and alleviation of symptoms of the disease have produced certain success, but large sample size and multi centers studies are necessary to improve the validation of the claims.
A. The herbs
Limitation of research in finding the natural treatment for Retinitis pigmentosa, may be due to its genetically mutative nature.
Bilberry is low-growing shrubs in the genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to
the temperate and subarctic regions of the world(3). The herb has been used in folk medicine for its astringent action, an antihistamine effect, and it is also believe to posses anti-microbial as well as anti-diarrheal effects(4), due to its antioxidants effects of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin, etc.(5). According to epidemiological studies. although with limitation, bilberry may be beneficiary in delayed progression and alleviated symptoms of Retinitis pigmentosa due to its effectiveness in protection of vision against many forms of eye diseases.(6)(7)(8)(9). According to 1Johns Hopkins University, in Ninety-six Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) patients with any level of vision completed an anonymous internet survey. bilberry supplement was used in 32% of the correspondents, who were experiencing some impact on vision and physical/emotional well-being(10). In a blue light, a high-energy or short-wavelength visible light induced retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and genetic related retinitis pigmentosa, bilberry extract (B-ext), containing high amounts of polyphenols (anthocyanins, resveratrol, and proanthocyanidins) exhibited its effects in improved the viability of 661 W cells and inhibited the generation of intracellular ROS induced by blue LED light irradiation, probably through inhibited the activation of p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB and caspase-3/7 activation and autophagy(11). Other herbs may also contain similar effects as bilberry such as lingo berry or cowberry(11).
B. The foods
1. The fatty fish and fish oil
Linseed oil or fish oil may have a potential in delay the progression in genetic eye disorder of Retinitis pigmentosa, In retinas of RP rat model, the combination of linseed and fish oil exhibited lower-than-normal levels of ROS DHA may reflect an adaptive, possibly protective, mechanism in the P23H(12). In the University of Ottawa study, Onega 3 fatty acid found abundantly in fish oil showed in improvement of some retinitis pigmentosa outcomes in Clinical preliminary research in this field, further studies are necessary(13). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an other chemical derived from Omega 3 fatty acid, found abundantly in cold water fatty fish, such as salmon, in the study by the Harvard Medical School, showed a positive effect in among patients who were not taking vitamin A prior to entry, those in the DHA + A group had a slower decline in field sensitivity and electroretinogram amplitude than those in the control + A group over the first 2 years(14). Due to the influences of membrane phospholipid fatty acid abnormalities(15), some researchers suggested Fatty acid content alterations in membrane phospholipids of red blood cells of patients with Retinitis pigmentosa may be considered as markers for abnormalities in the lipid metabolism which disturb the retina integrity(16). Unfortunately, according to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in the review of the existent data of 394 titles and abstracts and nine ClinicalTrials.gov records and included three RCTs that met eligibility criteria, indicated a no clear evidence for benefit of treatment with DHA for people with RP(13).
2. The coffee
Chlorogenic acid, found in green coffee extract or Coffee, in this prospective, non-comparative, single-arm study, showed a beneficial effect on the peripheral area at the margins of retinal degeneration, and should be considered as an anti-oxidant for the management of retinitis pigmentosa(17)
C. The antioxidants
Antioxidants, may be potential in delay the progression and management of retinitis pigmentosa, according to aster University, when initial signs of vision health deterioration are observed, the appropriate nutritional supplement products may be recommended but only to augment the primary medical treatments(18). Dr. Baumgartner WA and Dr. Baumgartner AM. in one patient study to test a developed and tested a treatment regimen with a range of antioxidants in combination with the off-label use of deprenyl (1 mg/day), a safe antiapoptotic agent, for 140 months indicated a significant improvement as patient's right eye visual field showed 0% decline and left eye 13.3% decline of which defianted to the rate constants for logarithmic decline of visual field measured prior to treatment as visual fields would have decreased by 64% and 70%, respectively by month 140 in the absence of treatment(19).
1. Vitamin A
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity as causes of dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
Suggestion of the pathology of 11-cis-retinal deficiency caused by gene mutations may result in human retinal diseases that cause blindness, such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP)(20) due to involvement in the interaction of light with rhodopsin rather than with free chromophore or bleached rhodopsin(21). In autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa patients, vitamin A supplements may be beneficiary for some patients with retinitis pigmentosa, especiallt in patients with autosomal dominant, according to Dr. Roberts L and research team(22). In the regard of Vitamin A's effectiveness in delaying progression of the disease, researchers at the 1Centro di Ricerca in Nutrizione suggested " a lifetime generous supplementation of retinol is advisable, together with a vitamin A-rich diet and/or a dietary supplement (e.g. carrot flour) or pharmacologic supplement of vitamin A. Supply of vitamin A in doses up to 25000 IU (7500 igr/day), even for several years, has so far proved safe from risk of occurrence of liver disease"(23). Although it is controversial, some researchers suggested 15,000 IU of vitamin A palmitate per day may slow the progression, Low vision rehabilitation, long wavelength pass filters, and pedigree counseling remain the mainstay of management(24).
2. Vitamin E
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..
Vitamin E supplementation may improve symptoms and prevent the progression of Retinitis pigmentosa as its variant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) inhibited proliferation of human RPE in culture without exerting cytotoxic effects.(25). According to the National University of Mexico, in the study of the formula taurine/diltiazem/vitamin E on the progression of visual field loss in retinitis pigmentosa indicated a improving changes in the, slope values with decreasing the rate of visual field loss, likely through a protective action from free radical reactions in affected photoreceptors(26). Unfortunately, the study of supplements of vitamin A or vitamin E alone or in combination in the affect of the course of retinitis pigmentosa, suggested a positive effect in delay and progress of the diseases with 15,000 IU/d of vitamin A but an adverse effect of 400 IU/d of vitamin E on the course of retinitis pigmentosa(27) and vitamin E should be avoided(28).
3. Lutein
Lutien a xanthophyll, belonging to the family of carotenoids, found abundantly in green leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, yellow carrots, etc., plays an important role in modulation of light energy and protection of retina against damage of free radicals produced by blue light. Lutein supplementation may be effective in slowing visual function decline in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A, according to the Harvard Medical School, dietary intake of Lutein supplementation of 12 mg/d slowed loss of midperipheral visual field on average among nonsmoking adults with retinitis pigmentosa taking vitamin A(29). The randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289] conducted by the Johns Hopkins University, suggested that lutein supplementation improves visual field and also might improve visual acuity slightly, although these results should be interpreted cautiously(30). The study at the University of Pennsylvania showed no change no in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation, but suggested that a long-term influences on the natural history of these retinal degenerations require further study(31).
Other study also showed the potential effect in the combination application of Lutein and vitamin A in patient of Retinitis pigmentosa, as lutein improved short-term vision improvements in age-related macular degeneration--also occur in RP, especially in blue-eyed individuals; vitamin A may also increase visual field benefits(32).
Taken altogether, excluding vitamin E, even with limitation of data, herbal bilberry, fatty fish and fish oil and antioxidants vitamin A and Lutein may be effective in delay the progression of genetic degenerative eye disease, retinitis pigmentosa, but larger sample size and multi centers studies to improve their validation are necessary. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Retinitis pigmentosa (PubMed)
(2) Retinitis Pigmentosa ~ Overview(The foundation fighting blindness)
(3) Bilberry(Wikipedia)
(4) Bilberry(Herbs2000.com)
(5) Bilberry and its Constituents(MDidea)
(6) Effect of fermented bilberry extracts on visual outcomes in eyes with myopia: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study by Kamiya K1, Kobashi H, Fujiwara K, Ando W, Shimizu K.(PubMed)
(7) Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) by Chu W, Cheung SCM, Lau RAW, Benzie IFF.(PubMed)
(8) Vision preservation during retinal inflammation by anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract: cellular and molecular mechanism by Miyake S1, Takahashi N, Sasaki M, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y.(PubMed)
(9) Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (HCLEC) by Song J1, Li Y, Ge J, Duan Y, Sze SC, Tong Y, Shaw PC, Ng TB, Tsui KC, Zhuo Y, Zhang KY.(PubMed)
(10) Reported effects of non-traditional treatments and complementary and alternative medicine by retinitis pigmentosa patients by Kiser AK1, Dagnelie G.(PubMed)
(11) Protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro by Ogawa K, Kuse Y, Tsuruma K, Kobayashi S, Shimazawa M, Hara H.(PubMed)
(12) Alterations in retinal rod outer segment fatty acids and light-damage susceptibility in P23H rats by Bicknell IR1, Darrow R, Barsalou L, Fliesler SJ, Organisciak DT.(PubMed)
(13) The evidence for efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in preventing or slowing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa: a systematic review, by Hodge WG1, Barnes D, Schachter HM, Pan YI, Lowcock EC, Zhang L, Sampson M, Morrison A, Tran K, Miguelez M, Lewin G.(PubMed)
(14) Further evaluation of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A treatment: subgroup analyses by Berson EL1, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Moser A, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson CA, Anderson EJ, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ.(PubMed)
(15) Red blood cell membrane phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acid content in various forms of retinitis pigmentosa by Schaefer EJ1, Robins SJ, Patton GM, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco CA, Rosner B, Berson EL.(PubMed)
(16) Evaluation of fatty acids in membrane phospholipids of erythrocytes in retinitis pigmentosa patients by Simonelli F1, Manna C, Romano N, Nunziata G, Voto O, Rinaldi E.(PubMed)
(17) Vitamin A and fish oils for retinitis pigmentosa by Rayapudi S1, Schwartz SG, Wang X, Chavis P.(PubMed)
(18) Antioxidants and vision health: facts and fiction by Grover AK1, Samson SE.(PubMed)
(19) Rationale for an experimental treatment of retinitis pigmentosa: 140-month test of hypothesis with one patient by Baumgartner WA1, Baumgartner AM(PubMed)
(20) Vitamin A derivatives as treatment options for retinal degenerative diseases by Perusek L1, Maeda T.(PubMed)
(21) The dependence of retinal degeneration caused by the rhodopsin P23H mutation on light exposure and vitamin a deprivation by Tam BM1, Qazalbash A, Lee HC, Moritz OL.(PubMed)
(22) Management of a South African family with retinitis pigmentosa-should potential therapy influence translational research protocols? by Roberts L, Rebello G, Ramesar R, Greenberg J.(PubMed)
(23) [Diet and management of degenerative diseases of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa)].[Article in Italian] by Miggiano GA1, Falsini B(PubMed)
(24) Sector retinitis pigmentosa by Van Woerkom C1, Ferrucci S.(PubMed)
(25) Vitamin E inhibits retinal pigment epithelium cell proliferation in vitro by Mojon D1, Boscoboinik D, Haas A, Bohnke M, Azzi A(PubMed)
(26) Treatment with taurine, diltiazem, and vitamin E retards the progressive visual field reduction in retinitis pigmentosa: a 3-year follow-up study by Pasantes-Morales H1, Quiroz H, Quesada O.(PubMed)
(27) A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa by Berson EL1, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Hayes KC, Nicholson BW, Weigel-DiFranco C, Willett W.(PubMed)
(28) Antioxidants and vision health: facts and fiction by Grover AK1, Samson SE.(PubMed)
(29) Clinical trial of lutein in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A by Berson EL1, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, Weigel-DiFranco C, Brockhurst RJ, Hayes KC, Johnson EJ, Anderson EJ, Johnson CA, Gaudio AR, Willett WC, Schaefer EJ.(PubMed)
(30) Lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa: PC-based vision assessment in a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled clinical trial [NCT00029289] by Bahrami H1, Melia M, Dagnelie G.(PubMed)
(31) Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome by Aleman TS1, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, de Castro E, Marks DA, Gardner LM, Steinberg JD, Cideciyan AV, Maguire MG, Jacobson SG.(PubMed)
(32) Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet by Dagnelie G1, Zorge IS, McDonald TM.(PubMed)
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