Proctitis – Diseases associated with Proctitis

Proctitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) of that can lead to bowl discomfort, bleeding, a discharge of mucus or pus, etc.
B. Diseases associated with Proctitis
1. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and sexual transmitted infections
Proctitis is a common problem and is most frequently associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). However, in the last ten years the incidence of infectious proctitis appears to be rising, especially in men who have sex with men. This may be due to the rise of people participating in receptive anal sex as well as the increase in sexually transmitted infections, such as those from Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Herpes simplex virus and Treponema pallidum. Recent outbreaks of lymphogranuloma venereum among homosexual men throughout Europe highlight the need to consider sexually transmitted infections in the differential diagnosis of proctitis, according to the study by the University of Florence(23).
2. Procitis associated with chlamydial infection
According to the University of Sydney, New South Wales. an aged koala presented for euthanasia was found to have asymptomatic chronic proctitis, cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis and conjunctivitis associated with chlamydial infection. Inflammation was severe in the terminal rectum and extended into the proximal common vestibule. Chlamydial organisms were visualised in the rectal surface epithelium using Giminez’ stain and an immunoperoxidase staining method. Organisms were also detected in the epithelium of the bladder, prostate and urethra(24). Other in the study to investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among men who have sex with men (MSM), 145 MSM from two sauna settings in Shenzhen, China were invited to participate in this study during September 2008 and May 2009, showed that the prevalence of anorectal chlamydial infection was 24% in the study population and was significantly associated with proctitis symptoms(25).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus infection
There is a report of a of published cases and a recently managed patient is presented, which describes the clinical features of cytomegalovirus proctitis. About half of the reports describe sexually transmitted cytomegalovirus proctitis following anal intercourse, which typically presents with rectal bleeding and a mononucleosis-like syndrome. This condition resolves spontaneously and may be associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection(26).
4. Immune-mediated diseases
In the study to to evaluate the prevalence of pANCA expression and its association with clinical findings and disease course in Korean patients with UC, included 484 patients with UC who were diagnosed and treated between 1990 and 2006 at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, showed that the prevalence of pANCA expression in Korean patients with UC was relatively low compared to that in Western countries. Although UC patients with pANCA expression had more severe clinical findings at diagnosis and higher cumulative relapse rates in our study, further prospective studies are warranted to clarify whether pANCA positivity influences the initial clinical presentation or disease aggressiveness(27).
5. Hermansky Pudlak syndrome
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder consisting of oculocutaneous albinism, platelet dysfunction and systemic complications associated with lipofuscin deposition in the reticuloendothelial system. According to Auxilio Mutuo Hospital, Rio Piedras, there is a report of a series of two patients with HPS treated in Puerto Rico, and the results from medical and surgical intervention for gastrointestinal disease. Our experience with HPS patients has shown the difficult management of perineal disease similar in the management of Crohn’s. However, complications from the bleeding diathesis necessitate caution during surgery and potential anesthesia complications(28).
6. Crohn’s disease
There is a report of four patients with Crohn’s disease who underwent fecal diversion with an in situ rectum were observed in whom sigmoidoscopy was initially normal at the time of the diversion, became distinctly abnormal during the year after the diversion, and then returned to normal within 3 mo following reestablishment of intestinal continuity. The entity of nonspecific diversion proctitis might account for this phenomenon independently or by accelerating the Crohn’s disease process, according to the study(29).
7. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca    l Sources
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23007214
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8894023
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21519129
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21844745
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19507028
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18763399
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6745620

Proctitis – The Complications

Proctitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) of that can lead to bowl discomfort, bleeding, a discharge of mucus or pus, etc.
A. Complications
A.1. Diseases complications
1. Intractable bleeding, intestinal obstruction or intra-abdominal sepsis
In the review of 77 patients admitted for the treatment of radiation proctitis, with a median follow-up period of 14 (range 1-61) months. There were 23 male and 54 female patients, with a median age of 63.9 (range 37-89) years.the majority of the patients (72.5 percent) received non-surgical treatment, most commonly using topical 4 percent formalin solution to arrest the bleeding, with more than half the patients requiring repeat treatments. 14 (18.2 percent) patients required colorectal resections for intractable bleeding, intestinal obstruction or intra-abdominal sepsis(17).
2. Syphilis
There is a first report of a case of with simultaneous manifestations of proctitis, gastritis, and hepatitis. The diagnosis of syphilitic proctitis and gastritis was established by the demonstration of spirochetes with anti-Treponema pallidum antibody staining in biopsy specimens. Unusual manifestations of secondary syphilis completely resolved after 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy(18).
3. Bleeding areas in the rectum, internal and/or external hemorrhoids
According to the study by, Surgeons are appropriately concerned about using conventional methods of treatment in patients with radiation proctitis, such as cautery for complications of bleeding areas in the rectum, rubber band ligation, or excision of internal and/or external hemorrhoids, for fear of poor healing and possible exacerbation of the original problem(19).
4. Comstipation
According to the study by University La Sapienza, constipation in ulcerative proctitis (UP), may be correlated with rectal fibrosis, which reduces the transit of stools from the left colon. The concomitance of asymptomatic anorectal organic or functional alteration may contribute to worsen constipation(20).
5. Increased irritation to the anal and rectal area in patients with proctitis.
6. Etc.
A.2. Complications after treatment
1. Formalin installation treatment
Inn the study to evaluate the results of formalin installation treatment in terms of outcome and complications with a solution of 4% formalin was introduced in aliquots of 50 ml kept in contact with the mucosa for 30 s and then cleared away using saline irrigation; five to six aliquots were used in each session, showed that in a mean follow-up of 18 months (range 6-26), two patients had repeat episodes of bleeding, one underwent successful repeat irrigation, and the other refused further treatment. One patient suffered from severe anococcygeal pain and worsening of incontinence after the procedure. The pain was treated with lidocaine ointment and sitz baths with partial success. Another patient developed severe formalin-induced colitis 5 days after the procedure, which required intravenous antibiotics and hydration. Formalin installation may be effective in controlling refractory bleeding due to radiation induced proctitis(21).
2. Systemic isotretinoin therapy
Isotretinoin’s best-known and most dangerous side effect is birth defects due to in utero exposure. There is a report of complications of anal fissure, rectal bleeding and proctitis with the systemic isotretinoin therapy(22).
3. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca   
Sources
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505910
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998411
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22714783
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917226
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10855551
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17062102

Thyroid disease: Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Sepsis - The Diet

Euthyroid sick syndrome
Euthyroid sick syndrome is defined as a condition of  low T₃ low T₄ syndrome. According ot the study by the Mayo Clinic, in  other word this is the abnormalities of thyroid hormone concentrations seen commonly in a wide variety of nonthyroidal illnesses, resulting in low triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations(a). Decreased triiodothyronine (T₃) levels are most common. Patients with more severe or prolonged illness also have decreased thyroxine (T₄) levels. Serum reverse T₃ (rT₃) is increased. Patients are clinically euthyroid and do not have elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels(b). Causes of euthyroid sick syndrome include a number of acute and chronic conditions, including pneumonia, fasting, starvation, sepsis, trauma, cardiopulmonary bypass, malignancy, stress, heart failure, hypothermia, myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, and diabetic ketoacidosis and inflammatory bowel disease(c). Others, in the study of classified SES into 3 subgroups according to the different alterations seen in the values of T3, T4, FT3, FT4, TSH, rT3 and TBG suggested that in SES type I the diseases seen, in order of frequency, were: obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, neoplasms, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, liver diseases, acute cerebral vasculopathies, sepsis and collagenopathies. The disease seen in the 2 cases of SES type II was obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure. In SES type III the diseases seen were, in order of frequency: diabetic ketoacidosis, lung diseases, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, peripheral arteriopathies, acute cerebral vasculopathies, neoplasms, liver diseases, acute renal failure(d).

Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Sepsis  
 Sepsis is defined as a condition caused by chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammation throughout the body as a result of severe infection(a)(b). according to the study by the University of Utah, sepsis is the commonest cause of admission to medical ICUs across the world. Mortality from sepsis continues to be high. Besides shock and multi-organ dysfunction occurring following the intense inflammatory reaction to sepsis, complications arising from sepsis-related immunoparalysis contribute to the morbidity and mortality from sepsis(c).
Preventions
E.1. Diet to prevent Sepsic
1. Onions
The onion is a plants in the genus Allium, belongs to the family Alliaceae, a close relation of garlic. It It is often called the "king of vegetables" because of its pungent taste and found in a large number of recipes and preparations spanning almost the totality of the world's cultures. Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp, spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet. Since it contains high amount of antioxidants, onion enhances the immune system in fighting against the forming of free radicals and foreign invasion, thus eeducing the symptoms of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and gout and infection caused by bacteria, including E.coli and salmonella,etc., according to the study of Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of quercetin oxidation products from yellow onion (Allium cepa) skin." by Ramos FA, Takaishi Y, Shirotori M, Kawaguchi Y, Tsuchiya K, Shibata H, Higuti T, Tadokoro T, Takeuchi M., posted in PubMed(45).

2. Blueberries
Blueberry is a flower plant, belong to the family Eriaceae and native to Northern America. It can grows from 10 cm to 4 meters tall.
a. Antioxidant Capacity
In the investigation of Blueberry and blackberry wines commercially available in Illinois and theirs potential health benefits, found that fruit wines made from blueberries and blackberries may have potential health applications and therefore could contribute to the economy of the wine industry. Practical Application: The majority of wines are produced from grapes, but wine can also be produced from other fruits including blueberries and blackberries, which contain phenolic compounds that may contribute to human health, according to "Comparison of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Commercially Available Blueberry and Blackberry Wines in Illinois" by Johnson MH, Gonzalez de Mejia E.(46).

b. Inflammatory bowel diseases
In the study of blueberries and broccoli in mdr1a(-/-) mice (IBD mouse model) for theirs effect gastrointestinal tract, found that blueberry- and broccoli-supplemented diets increased colon crypt size and the number of goblet cells per crypt. Only the broccoli-supplemented diet significantly lowered colonic inflammation compared to mice fed the control diet, according to "Influence of dietary blueberry and broccoli on cecal microbiota activity and colon morphology in mdr1a(-/-) mice, a model of inflammatory bowel diseases" by Paturi G, Mandimika T, Butts CA, Zhu S, Roy NC, McNabb WC, Ansell J.(47).

3. Mushroom
Mushroom is a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on its food source, It is a genus A. Muscaria and belong to the family Amanitaceae and has been cultivation in many cultures all over the world for foods and health benefits.
In the analyzing White button mushrooms (WBM) and its effect in immune response, found that WBM promote DC maturation and enhance their antigen-presenting function. This effect may have potential in enhancing both innate and T cell-mediated immunity leading to a more efficient surveillance and defense mechanism against microbial invasion and tumor development, according to "White button mushroom enhances maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their antigen presenting function in mice" by Ren Z, Guo Z, Meydani SN, Wu D.(48).


4. Green Tea
a. Immune system 
 In the investigation of the immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea extract in rain bow of the study of "Immunomodulatory effects of decaffeinated green tea (Camellia sinensis) on the immune system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)" by Sheikhzadeh N, Nofouzi K, Delazar A, Oushani AK(49), researchers found that showed that decaffeinated green tea in lower doses of administration could be optimum to enhance the immunity of rainbow trout.  

b.  Antimicrobial activities
a. In the investigation of Antimicrobial activities of green of the study of "Antimicrobial activities of tea catechins and theaflavins and tea extracts against Bacillus cereus" by Friedman M, Henika PR, Levin CE, Mandrell RE, Kozukue N.(50), researchers found that flavonoids in green tea has exerted its ability in protective effects against Bacillus cereus.


2. Phytochemicals and antioxidants to prevent sepsis 
1. Vitamin A and  Immunity as antioxidants
Vitamin A occurs in the form retinol and is best known for its function in maintaining the health of cell membrane, hair, skin, bone, teeth and eyes. It also plays an important role as an antioxidant as it scavenges free radicals in the lining of the mouth and lungs; prevents its depletion in fighting the increased free radicals activity by radiation; boosts immune system in controlling of free radicals; prevents oxidation of LDL and enhances the productions of insulin pancreas(51).

2. High dose of vitamin C and Immune system
In the first comparative analysis of the ex vivo and in vitro molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of IFN-α and high-dose AA in HAM/TSP, found that in comparison to IFN-α, high-dose AA treatment has superior ex vivo and in vitro cell death-inducing, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory anti-HTLV-1 effects. Differential pathway activation by both drugs opens up avenues for targeted treatment in specific patient subsets(52).

3. Vitamin E and Immunity
Vitamin E is the most important chain-breaking, lipid-soluble antioxidant present in body tissues of all cells and is considered the first line of defense against lipid peroxidation and it is important for normal function of the immune cells. However, vitamin E deficiency is rare in well-nourished healthy subjects and is not a problem, even among people living on relatively poor diets, both T- and B-cell functions are impaired by vitamin E deficiency. While immune cells are particularly enriched in vitamin E because of their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, this point puts them at especially high risk for oxidative damage, according to the study by Dr. Pekmezci D. at the University of Ondokuz Mayıs(53).

4. Allyl sulfides and Immune system
According to the article of "GARLICTHE BOUNTIFUL BULB" by Carmia Borek, Ph.D. posted in Life extension magazine, the author indicated that human studies confirm immune stimulation by garlic. Subjects receiving aged garlic extract at 1800 mg a day for three weeks showed a 155.5% increase in natural killer immune cell activity that kills invaders and cancer cells. Other subjects receiving large amounts of fresh garlic of 35g a day, equivalent to 10 cloves, showed an increase of 139.9%. In six weeks, patients with AIDS receiving aged garlic extract showed an enhancement of natural killer cells from a seriously low level to a normal level(54).

5. Allicin is phytochemical containing sulfur in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in onion and garlic.
Antibacterial activities
In the comparison of those of allicin and several clinically useful antibiotics using two representative bacteria commonly found in the human environment, Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, indicated that The garlic extract had more potent anti-staphylococcal activity than an equal amount of allicin. In terms of antibiotic potency against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, authentic allicin had roughly 1-2% of the potency of streptomycin (vs. S. aureus), 8% of that of vancomycin (vs. S. aureus), and only 0.2% of that of colistin (vs. E. coli), according to "Antibacterial potential of garlic-derived allicin and its cancellation by sulfhydryl compounds" by Fujisawa H, Watanabe K, Suma K, Origuchi K, Matsufuji H, Seki T, Ariga T.(54). 

6. Cinnamon
a. Immunomodulatory effect
In administration of popular herb used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders such as chronic gastric symptoms, arthritis, and the common cold and its immunomodulatory effect found that observations provided evidence that CWE was able to down-regulate IFN-γ expression in activated T cells without altering IL-2 production, involving inhibition of p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and STAT4, according to the study of "Immunomodulatory effect of water extract of cinnamon on anti-CD3-induced cytokine responses and p38, JNK, ERK1/2, and STAT4 activation" by Lee BJ, Kim YJ, Cho DH, Sohn NW, Kang H.(55)

b. Antimicrobial Activities
In the observation of three natural essential oils (i.e., clove bud oil, cinnamon oil, and star anise oil) and their antimicrobal effects found that the cinnamon oil-chitosan film had also better antimicrobial activity than the clove bud oil-chitosan film. The results also showed that the compatibility of cinnamon oil with chitosan in film formation was better than that of the clove bud oil with chitosan, according to the study of "Synergistic Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Essential Oils with Chitosan Films" by Wang L, Liu F, Jiang Y, Chai Z, Li P, Cheng Y, Jing H, Leng X.(56)

c. Anti-inflammatory activity
In the investigation of Myristicin (1-allyl-5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) is an active aromatic compound found in nutmeg (the seed of Myristica fragrans), carrot, basil,cinnamon, and parsley and it anti-inflammatory effects found that Myristicin significantly inhibited the production of calcium, nitric oxide (NO),interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, interferon inducible protein-10, monocyte chemotactic protein(MCP)-1, MCP-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α, MIP-1β, and leukemia inhibitory factor in dsRNA[polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid]-induced RAW 264.7 cells (P < 0.05), according to the study of "Anti-inflammatory effect of myristicin on RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid" by Lee JY, Park W.(57)   

Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca      

Sources
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis
(b) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sepsis/DS01004 
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082613   
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127724
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22182198
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22113065
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18287364
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21985858
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496576
(51) http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca/2012/01/antioxidants-and-common-free-radical.html
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848768  
(53) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419272
(54) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19734685  
(55) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053946
(56) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034912
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21991618  

Proctitis – The Symptoms

Proctitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) of that can lead to bowl discomfort, bleeding, a discharge of mucus or pus, etc.
II. The Symptoms
1. Rectal bleeding and anal discomfort
There is a report of a A 45-year-old man was referred to our surgical clinic for investigation of rectal bleeding and anal discomfort. is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. There are few reports describing rectal stricture as a late complication of chronic proctitis associated with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) infection. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)proctitis is often mild, but chronic cases can be associated with serious complications. If LGV is misdiagnosed or partially treated, the natural history of chronic long-lasting inflammation of the rectum may include the development of fissures, perianal abscess and strictures of the rectum(11).
2. Change of Singapore General Hospital
According to the Singapore General Hospital study of review, 77 patients were admitted for the treatment of radiation proctitis, with a median follow-up period of 14 (range 1-61) months. There were 23 male and 54 female patients, with a median age of 63.9 (range 37-89) years, the most common presenting symptom was bleeding per rectum (89.6 percent), with a change in bowel habits a distant second (10.4 percent)(12).
2. Constipation
There is a report of a 72-year-old white woman presenting with a large abdominal mass, who had at least 4 episodes of radiographically demonstrated fecal impaction over the previous year without adequate treatment. The patient required hospitalization for a bleeding rectal ulcer during the second episode of fecal impaction. Computed tomography (CT) scans on this admission revealed a dilated colon up to 16 x 14 cm in maximal dimensions extending over 30 cm, filled with massive fecal material, according to the study by the College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens(13).
3. Urgency, diarrhea, and tenesmus
According to the study of 50 patients to compare colonic irrigation and oral antibiotics (irrigation group) versus 4% formalin application (formalin group) for treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis by Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, showed that treatment with daily self-administered colonic irrigation with 1 L of tap water and a 1-week period of oral antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and metronidazole) indicated a a significant improvement in rectal bleeding and bowel frequency in both treatment groups, but significant improvement in urgency, diarrhea, and tenesmus was demonstrated only in the irrigation group(15).
4. Anorectal pain, discharge and change in stool frequency
The University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland report a study since 2003, there are twelve cases of proctitis, all in men having sex with men (MSM), caused by the LGV serovar L2 C. In the observation of trachomatis, of the overall 11 patients the majority were HIV positive and only 2 were HIV negative. Only one patient reported previous sexual contacts outside Europe (Thailand) as the likely place of infection. The clinical presentation was characterised by anorectal pain, discharge, tenesmus and change in stool frequency(16).
5. Blood in stool
In most cases, blood in stool is presented for patient with ulcerative proctitis.
6. Ulcers, and occasionally lymphadenopathy and fever
Symptoms of infectious proctitis can include rectal blood and mucous discharge, anorectal pain, ulcers, and occasionally lymphadenopathy and fever, according to the study by the University of Chicago Medical Center(14)
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca    Sources
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386211/
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505910
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17570316
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21994137
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965404
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20131124

Proctitis – The Risk Factors

Proctitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) of that can lead to bowl discomfort, bleeding, a discharge of mucus or pus, etc.
B. Rick factors
1. Low abdominal pain, high inflammatory lesions and an family history
According to the study by Hôpital Pontchaillou, of the Endoscopic information obtained for 52 patients with ulcerative proctitis (23 F, 29 H) seen during a ten-year period. The median follow-up was 68 +/- 8 months, showed that low abdominal pain, an family history of ulcerative colitis, and high inflammatory lesions at referral were significantly associated with a higher risk of extension(5).
2. Young age of onset of symptoms, smoking and appendectomy
According to the study of “Course and natural history of idiopathic ulcerative proctitis in adults” by Università degli Studi di Brescia Cattedra di Chirurgia Generale, Young age of onset of symptoms, smoking and appendectomy are associated with an increased risk of extension of the disease(6).
3. Sexual behavior(7)
a. Men having sex with men (MSM)
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening programmes are implemented in many countries to decrease burden of STI and to improve sexual health. In a study of a total of 1455 consultations in MSM showed that the prevalence of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae per anatomic site was: urethral infection 4.0% respectively and 2.8%, oropharynx 1.5% and 4.2%, and anorectum 8.2% and 6.0%. The majority of chlamydia cases (72%) involved a single anatomic site, which was especially manifest for anorectal infections (79%), while 42% of gonorrhoea cases were single site. Twenty-six percent of MSM with anorectal chlamydia and 17% with anorectal gonorrhoea reported symptoms of proctitis; none of the oropharyngeal infections were symptomatic. Most cases of anorectal infection (83%) and oropharyngeal infection (100%) would have remained undiagnosed with a symptom-based protocol.
b. Others
If you have multiple partners, , don’t use condoms and have sex with a partner who has an STI, you are as an increased risk to develop proctitis.
4. Inflammatory bowel diseases
Risk of proctitis is increased with patient with IBD. In the study of a total of 1,255 filled questionnaires received with 96 were rejected and 1,159 (92.3 %), this comprised data on 745 (64.3 %) patients with UC, 409 (35.3 %) with CD, and 5 with indeterminate colitis. The median duration of illness was longer in patients with CD (48 months) compared to those with UC (24 months) (p = 0.002), found that more than one half of patients (UC 51.6 %, CD 56.9 %) had one or more extraintestinal symptoms. A definite family history of IBD was present in 2.9 % (UC 2.3 % and CD 4.6 %; p = 0.12). The extent of disease in UC was pancolitis 42.8 %, left-sided colitis 38.8 %, and proctitis alone in 18.3 %(8).
5. Cancer radiation therapy
According to the study by the University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinics, a high posterior rectal dose (> 5,000 cGy) is associated with increased prevalence of proctitis after radiation therapy(9).
6. Socioeconomic factors, dietary and other personal habits, and medical history
In the study of the risk factors for extensive ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis of a total of 167 (98%) of all prevalent cases of ulcerative colitis diagnosed in Uppsala county from 1945 to 1964 and 167 age and sex matched population, showed that ulcerative colitis patients were less likely than controls to be current cigarette, pipe, or cigar smokers (odds ratio (OR) = 0.44; 95% confidence limits (CL) = 0.25-0.78), but more likely to have symptoms induced by drinking milk (OR = 4.63; 95% CL = 2.15-9.93). Patients with ulcerative colitis do not differ in most of the socioeconomic, dietary and personal habits compared with the background population(10).
7. Frequent fecal impactions
Frequent fecal impactions without proper treatment are associated toincreased risk of proctitis, according to the study by the Ohio University(10a).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca    l Sources
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2060743
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12197289
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791061
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23073755
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7753997
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1773960
(10a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17570316

Proctitis – Types of Cause of Proctitis

Proctitis is is defined as a condition of inflammation of the anus and the lining of the rectum (i.e., the distal 10–12 cm) of that can lead to bowl discomfort, bleeding, a discharge of mucus or pus, etc.
A. Types of Cause of Proctitis
Types of Proctitis are depending to the underlined causes of the diseases
1. Radiation proctitis
The condition is the result of exposure to x-rays or other ionizing radiation
2. Ischemic proctitis
According to the study by the University of Illinois at Chicago/Metropolitan Group Hospitals-St. Francis Hospital, Ischemic injury to the rectum is rare owing to its rich vascular supply, and is seldom seen in clinical practice(1). There is a report of Six patients with acute ischemic proctitis; four cases occurred after direct arterial interruption, one after accidental embolization of the blood supply to the rectum, and one from tumor edema. Bloody diarrhea was the most common symptom. Loss of anal sphincter tone was also an early sign in three patients(2).
3. Ulcerative proctitis
Epidemiological studies have shown that ulcerative proctitis represents 25-55% of ulcerative colitis. In western countries, the incidence of ulcerative proctitis has been increased, while the incidence of more extensive colitis remained unchanged. Ulcerative proctitis has shown to be a benign disease, with a prevalence of local symptoms, less systemic and extraintestinal manifestations, and low endoscopic grades of activity(3).
4. Sexually transmitted proctitis
Gastrointestinal manifestations of sexually transmitted infections (STI) are common. Proctitis, or inflammation of the rectum, has several infectious and non‐infectious causes, the infectious pathogens typically being sexually acquired. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, herpes simplex virus and syphilis are among the STI that can cause anorectal disease, and more recently outbreaks of less common infections such as lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)(4).
5. Autoimmune disease
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, due to the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Ischaemic colitis is relatively uncommon in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is a report of a a 38-year-old woman, who presented with haematochezia which subsequently proved to be due to ischaemic proctitis with a large rectal ulcer in a case that was subsequently diagnosed as SLE, according to the study by the Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College(4a).
6. Non-sexually transmitted infection
The classical example of non-sexually transmitted infection occurs in children and is caused by the same bacteria that cause strep throat(4b).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca    Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17216829
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1582361
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12197289
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660501/
(4a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21300684
(4b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002124/

Diverticulitis Treatments In traditional Chinese medicine perspective

Diverticulitis is defined as a condition of inflammation of the small, bulging sacs or pouches of the inner lining of the intestine that bulge outward through weak spots as a result of small pieces of stool (feces) trapped in these pouches. In most cases, the disease is found in the large intestine (colon). According to the statistic, approximately, About 10 percent of Americans older than 40 have diverticulosis.
In the examination of the data fom January 2004 to June 2005 of 796 consecutive patients referred for total colonoscopy to 17 physicians included age, gender, presence and localization of diverticula. This population was compared with a cohort of 133 consecutive patients who were admitted for colonic diverticular bleeding, showed that the prevalence of colonic diverticula increased from less than 10% in adults under 40 to about 75% in those over 75 years. Of these patients, nearly one third presented with right-sided involvement(1).
VI. Treatments
C. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Acupuncture
According to the article by Dr. Shan Kong, the aim of acupuncture treatment is to improve the immune function to decrease inflammation and reduce bacterial counts, enhance blood flow to bowel that speeds healing and strengthens mucosa. The treatments also reduce transit time (amount of time stool remains in colon), of that lead to reduction of irritation/inflammation, and strengthen bowel muscle and decreases the likelihood of forming diverticula(64).
Beside acupuncture, the below Chinese herbs may be suggested to reduce inflammation with patients of diverticular disease depending to differentiation, according to the article at Acupuncture.com(65).
1. Tumeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used in trditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.
a.Anti inflammatory effects
In a systematic review of the literature was to summarize the literature on the safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin, found that curcumin has been demonstrated to be safe in six human trials and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. It may exert its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of a number of different molecules that play a role in inflammation, according to “Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: a component of tumeric (Curcuma longa)” by Chainani-Wu N (66)
b. Antioxidants
In the research of a literature search (PubMed) of almost 1500 papers dealing with curcumin, most from recent years, with ll available abstracts were read and pproximately 300 full papers were reviewed, found that curcumin, a component of turmeric, has been shown to be non-toxic, to have antioxidant activity, and to inhibit such mediators of inflammation as NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipooxygenase (LOX), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Significant preventive and/or curative effects have been observed in experimental animal models of a number of diseases, including arteriosclerosis, cancer, diabetes, respiratory, hepatic, pancreatic, intestinal and gastric diseases, neurodegenerative and eye diseases, “Curcumin, an atoxic antioxidant and natural NFkappaB, cyclooxygenase-2, lipooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: a shield against acute and chronic diseases” by Bengmark S.(67).
c. Gastrointestinal diseases
In the explore more systematically in various diseases of curcumin’s therapeutic promise,
indicated that curcumin may be particularly suited to be developed to treat gastrointestinal diseases. This review summarizes some of the current literature of curcumin’s anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer potential in inflammatory bowel diseases, hepatic fibrosis and gastrointestinal cancers, according to “Therapeutic potential of curcumin in gastrointestinal diseases” by Rajasekaran SA.(68)
2. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
In the classification of the effect of ginger extract on the expression of NFκB and TNF-α in liver cancer-induced rats found that ginger extract significantly reduced the elevated expression of NFκB and TNF-α in rats with liver cancer. Ginger may act as an anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent by inactivating NFκB through the suppression of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α, according to “Ginger Extract (Zingiber Officinale) has Anti-Cancer and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Ethionine-Induced Hepatoma Rats” by Shafina Hanim Mohd Habib,I Suzana Makpol, Noor Aini Abdul Hamid, Srijit Das, Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah, and Yasmin Anum Mohd Yusof (69)
3. Bromelain
Bromelain, a proteolytic enzymes found in pineapples (Ananas comosus) has been used in traditional medicine as inflammatory agent and to treat pains, strains, and muscle aches and pains and ease back pain and chronic joint pain, skin diseases, etc.
a. Digestive system and Diabetes
Bromelain (BR), a cysteine protease has shown the inhibitory effects on intestinal secretion and inflammation, such function throught the induction of the antispasmodic effect. In vivo, BR preferentially inhibited motility in pathophysiologic states in a PAR-2-antagonist-sensitive manner as the result researchers suggested that bromelain could be a lead compound for the development of new drugs, able to normalize the intestinal motility in inflammation and diabetes according to the study of “Inhibitory effects of bromelain, a cysteine protease derived from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus), on intestinal motility in mice” by Borrelli F, Capasso R, Severino B, Fiorino F, Aviello G, De Rosa G, Mazzella M, Romano B, Capasso F, Fasolino I, Izzo AA., posted in PubMed(70)
b. Anti-inflammatory activity
In rat study, bromelain inhibits plasma exudation through inhibiting the generation of bradykinin at the inflammatory site via depletion of the plasma kallikrein system, according to the study of “Effect of bromelain on kaolin-induced inflammation in rats” by Kumakura S, Yamashita M, Tsurufuji S., posted in PubMed(71).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve 
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca    Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23350931
(64) http://www.shankongacupuncture.com/recurring_diverticulitis.php
(65) http://www.acupuncture.com/Conditions/divertic.htm
(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12676044
(67) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16387899
(68) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21607160
(69) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664283/?tool=pmcentrez
(70) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21689210
(71) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3046953

About kylenorton

All rights reserved. Any reproducing of this article must have the author name and all the links intact. "Let Take Care Your Health, Your Health Will Take Care You" Kyle J. Norton I have been studying natural remedies for disease prevention for over 20 years and working as a financial consultant since 1990. Master degree in Mathematics, teaching and tutoring math at colleges and universities before joining insurance industries. Part time Health, Insurance and Entertainment Article Writer.