Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Friday, 8 November 2013

Phytochemicals - 12 Health Benefits of Delphinidin

Delphinidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, eggplant, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the testing whether anthocyanidins exerted cytotoxicity in primary (Caco-2) and metastatic (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) colorectal cancer cell lines, found that Both cyanidin and delphinidin, though neither pelargonidin nor malvidin, were cytotoxic in metastatic cells only. The cell line most sensitive to anthocyanidins was the drug-resistant LoVo/ADR. There, cellular ROS accumulation, inhibition of glutathione reductase, and depletion of glutathione could be observed, according to "Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells" by Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S.(1)

2. Antifibrotic activity
In the investigation of the hepatoprotective effects of anthocyanidin delphinidin in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver fibrosis in mice, found that delphinidin has successfully attenuated oxidative stress, increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 and metallothionein I/II expression and restored hepatic architecture. Furthermore, the overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 has been withdrawn by delphinidin. Concomitantly, the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated returning of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) into inactive state. Our results suggest the therapeutic effects of delphinidin in CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by promoting extracellular matrix degradation, according to "Antifibrotic activity of anthocyanidin delphinidin in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice" by Domitrović R, Jakovac H.(2)

3. Angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE)
In the calssification of the isolated constituents which areresponsible of the ACE activity of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, found that the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (2) were isolated by bioassay-guided purification. These compounds showed IC(50) values (84.5 and 68.4 microg/mL, respectively), which are similar to those obtained by related flavonoid glycosides. Kinetic determinations suggested that these compounds inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the substrate for the active site, according to "Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa" by Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J, Alvarez L.(3)

4. Breast cancer
In the investigation of in vitro biological effects of delphinidin on established breast cancer cell lines of varying molecular subtypes in comparison to non-transformed breast epithelial cells, found that single agent delphinidin exhibits growth inhibitory activity in breast cancer cells of various molecular subtypes, but raise concerns regarding potential drug antagonism when used in combination with existing targeted therapies in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer., according to "Delphinidin Inhibits HER2 and Erk1/2 Signaling and Suppresses Growth of HER2-Overexpressing and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines" by Ozbay T, Nahta R.(4)

5. Antioxidants
In the determination of Antioxidant activity-guided fractionation based on three in vitro antioxidant assays (Folin-Ciocalteu, TEAC, and leucomethylene blue assays) was used to identify major antioxidants in blue wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.), found that after consecutive extractions with solvents of various polarities and multiple chromatographic fractionations, several potent antioxidants were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and cyanidin-3-rutinoside), tryptophan, and a novel phenolic trisaccharide (β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside) were the most active water-extractable constituents, according to "Antioxidant Activity-Guided Fractionation of Blue Wheat (UC66049 Triticum aestivum L.)" by Tyl CE, Bunzel M.(5)

6. Skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis
indicated that the impact of polyphenols on human health based on their structure-activity relationship and bioavailability. We then discussed in detail the photoprotective effects of some selected polyphenols on UV-induced skin inflammation, proliferation, immunosuppression, DNA damage and dysregulation of important cellular signaling pathways and their implications in skin cancer management. The selected polyphenols include: green tea polyphenols, pomegranate fruit extract, grape seed proanthocyanidins, resveratrol, silymarin, genistein and delphinidin. The new information on the mechanisms of action of these polyphenols supports their potential use in skin photoprotection and prevention of photocarcinogenesis in humans, according to "Polyphenols: Skin Photoprotection and Inhibition of Photocarcinogenesis" by Afaq F, Katiyar SK.(6)

7. Cytoprotective actions
In the evaluation of the potential mechanisms responsible for the cytoprotective actions of three common anthocyanins, namely cyanidin- delphinidin- and pelargonidin-3-glucoside, in dicated thet Beyond their antioxidant properties, all these flavonoids, possessing either catecholic or monophenolic structures, were able to counteract peroxynitrite-induced apoptotic effects in endothelial cells through the inhibition of several crucial signaling cascades. Actually, pre-incubation of cells with 25 μM anthocyanins prevented them from peroxynitrite-mediated apoptosis, which was evaluated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspases-9 and-3 activation, the increase in cytoplasmatic Bax levels and the inactivation of the PI3 K/Akt pathway, according to "Dietary anthocyanins protect endothelial cells against peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and Bax nuclear translocation: an in vitro approach" by Paixão J, Dinis TC, Almeida LM.(7)

8. Diuretic effect
In the evaluation of the diuretic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract on in vivo and in situ models, found that The yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extraction was 28.3% and the chemical standardization from 1g of extract was: 56.5mg delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside, 20.8mg/g cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, 3.2mg/g quercetin, 2.1mg/g rutin and 2.7mg/g chlorogenic acid. The diuretic and natriuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent behavior. The pharmacological constants of natriuretic effect was ED50=86mg/kg and Emax=0.9mEq/100g/5h. In the model of kidney in situ was observed that renal filtration increased 48% with the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa and an additive effect when was perfuse with furosemide, according to "Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract" by Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E(8)

9. Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells
In the demonstration of oLDL increased the generation of intracellular NADPH-dependent superoxide and impaired redox status in cultured porcine aortic EC (PAEC), found that treatment with oLDL significantly increased the abundances of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2, NOX4 and p22phox in PAEC. OLDL reduced cell viability and the protein content of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, but increased the content of caspase 3 in PAEC. Co-treatment with D3G prevented oLDL-induced increases in intracellular superoxide, the protein content of NOX2, NOX4, p22phox or caspase 3, inhibited the impairment of redox statues or cell viability, and prevented the attenuation of mitochondrial enzyme activities, the reductions of Bcl-2, ND1 or cytochrome b contents in PAEC, according to "Influence of Delphinidin-3-Glucoside on Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein- Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cultured Endothelial Cells" by Xie X, Zhao R, Shen GX.(9)

10. Anti inflammatory effects
In the identification of a novel HATi in Punica granatum L. known as delphinidin (DP). DP did not affect the activity of other epigenetic enzymes (histone deacetylase, histone methyltransferase, or sirtuin1), found that HATi efficiently suppresses cytokine-mediated immune responses. Together, these results show that the HATi activity of DP counters anti-inflammatory signaling by blocking p65 acetylation and that this compound may be useful in preventing inflammatory arthritis, according to "Delphinidin, a specific inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase, suppresses inflammatory signaling via prevention of NF-κB acetylation in fibroblast-like synoviocyte MH7A cells" by Seong AR, Yoo JY, Choi K, Lee MH, Lee YH, Lee J, Jun W, Kim S, Yoon HG.(10)

11. Anti cancers
In the discussion of numerous in vitro and animal model data suggest that flavonoids modulate important cellular and molecular mechanisms related to carcinogenesis, indicated that Epidemiological studies confirmed that, among many flavonoids, apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, delphinidin and genistein appear to be beneficial compounds in various stages of carcinogenesis, according to "Anticancer properties of flavonoids: roles in various stages of carcinogenesis" by Clere N, Faure S, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R.(11)

12. Periodontitis
In the investigation of the ability of a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside) in the inhibition of the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), neutrophil elastase and periodontopathogen (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) proteinases, showed that a blackcurrant extract and its major anthocyanins were able to inhibit the activity of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases. This suggests that such natural compounds may represent promising agents for use in adjunctive treatments for periodontitis, according to "Inhibition of host- and bacteria-derived proteinases by natural anthocyanins" by Santos J, La VD, Bergeron C, Grenier D.(12)

13. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals - 11 Health Benefits of Cyanidin

Cyanidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in red apple and pear, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, plum, hawthorn, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Colon cancer
In the testing whether anthocyanidins exerted cytotoxicity in primary (Caco-2) and metastatic (LoVo and LoVo/ADR) colorectal cancer cell lines, found that Both cyanidin and delphinidin, though neither pelargonidin nor malvidin, were cytotoxic in metastatic cells only. The cell line most sensitive to anthocyanidins was the drug-resistant LoVo/ADR. There, cellular ROS accumulation, inhibition of glutathione reductase, and depletion of glutathione could be observed, according to "Oxidative stress-based cytotoxicity of delphinidin and cyanidin in colon cancer cells" by Cvorovic J, Tramer F, Granzotto M, Candussio L, Decorti G, Passamonti S.(1)

2. Angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE)
In the calssification of the isolated constituents which areresponsible of the ACE activity of the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, found that the anthocyanins delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside (1) and cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside (2) were isolated by bioassay-guided purification. These compounds showed IC(50) values (84.5 and 68.4 microg/mL, respectively), which are similar to those obtained by related flavonoid glycosides. Kinetic determinations suggested that these compounds inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with the substrate for the active site, according to "Inhibition of angiotensin convertin enzyme (ACE) activity by the anthocyanins delphinidin- and cyanidin-3-O-sambubiosides from Hibiscus sabdariffa" by Ojeda D, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Herrera-Arellano A, Tortoriello J, Alvarez L.(2)

3. Neuroprotective effects
In the demostration of whether cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Cy-3G) can inhibit Abeta(25-35) spontaneous aggregation into oligomers and their neurotoxicity in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells, found that the pre- and co-treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Cy-3G reduced the neuronal death, in terms of apoptosis and necrosis, elicited by Abeta(25-35) oligomers. Cy-3G also shows the interesting ability to prevent the early events leading to neuronal death such as the Abeta(25-35) oligomer binding to plasma membrane and the subsequent membrane integrity loss. according to "Neuroprotective effects of cyanidin 3-O-glucopyranoside on amyloid beta (25-35) oligomer-induced toxicity" by Tarozzi A, Morroni F, Merlicco A, Bolondi C, Teti G, Falconi M, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P.(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the verification of the chemical properties included composition of anthocyanins and other polyphenols, antioxidant activity and profiles of antioxidants by HPLC post-column derivatization or TLC of Polish cultivars of blue-berried honeysuckles (Lonicera caerulea L.), wild and bog bilberr, found that The antioxidant activity of different blue-berried honeysuckle cultivars was similar to that of wild growing bilberries (range from 170 to 417 μmol TE/g dm in ABTS and from 93-166 μmol TE/g dm in DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu tests). The major anthocyanin in the blue-berried honeysuckle was cyanidin-3-glucoside that constituted 84-92% of the total anthocyanins. The TLC and HPLC post-column antioxidant profiles indicated that anthocyanins are the major antioxidants in all berries studied, according to "Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Polish Blue-Berried Honeysuckle Genotypes by HPLC-DAD-MS, HPLC Post-Column Derivatization with ABTS or FC, and TLC with DPPH Visualization" by Kusznierewicz B, Piekarska A, Mrugalska B, Konieczka P, Namiesnik J, Bartoszek A (4)

5. Antimicrobial activity
In the evaluation of the fruit of Lonicera caerulea L. (blue honeysuckle; Caprifoliaceae) and its phenolic fraction for nutrients and micronutrients, found that the phenolic fraction displayed Folin-Ciocalteu reagent reducing (335 +/- 15 microg of gallic acid equivalent/mg) and DPPH and superoxide scavenging activity (IC50 12.1 +/- 0.1 and 115.5 +/- 6.4 microg/mL) and inhibited rat liver microsome peroxidation (IC50 160 +/- 20 microg/mL). The freeze-dried fruit and its phenolic fraction reduced the biofilm formation and adhesion to the artificial surface of Candida parapsilosis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans, according to "Constituents and antimicrobial properties of blue honeysuckle: a novel source for phenolic antioxidants" by Palíková I, Heinrich J, Bednár P, Marhol P, Kren V, Cvak L, Valentová K, Růzicka F, Holá V, Kolár M, Simánek V, Ulrichová J.(5)

6. Fatty liver disease
In the investigation of cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside (Cy-3-g), a typical anthocyanin pigment and its effects on AMPK activation and fatty acid metabolism in human HepG2 hepatocytes,
found that Cy-3-g regulates hepatic lipid homeostasis via an AMPK-dependent signaling pathway. Targeting AMPK activation by anthocyanin may represent a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, according to "Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucoside regulates fatty acid metabolism via an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in human HepG2 cells" by
Guo H, Liu G, Zhong R, Wang Y, Wang D, Xia M.(6)

7. Short-term Spatial Recognition Memory
In the evaluation of the efficacy of chronic cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) on alleviation of learning and memory deficits in diabetic rats as a result of the observed antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of C3G, found that the alternation score of the diabetic rats was lower than that of control (p < 0.01) and C3G-treated diabetic rats showed a higher alternation score as compared to diabetic group (p < 0.05). Diabetic rats also developed a significant impairment in retention and recall in passive avoidance test (p < 0.01) and C3G treatment of diabetic rats did not produce any significant improvement. Meanwhile, increased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in diabetic rats was significantly reduced following C3G treatment (p < 0.05), according to "Chronic Cyanidin-3-glucoside Administration Improves Short-term Spatial Recognition Memory but not Passive Avoidance Learning and Memory in Streptozotocin-diabetic Rats" by Nasri S, Roghani M, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Balvardi M, Rabani T.(7)

8. Diabetes prevention and management
In the investigation of the protective effects of C3G-rich bayberry fruit extract (CRBFE) against pancreatic β cells against oxidative stress-induced injury as well as its hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mic, found that Pretreatment of β cells with CRBFE (containing 0.5 μmol/L C3G) prevented cell death, increased cellular viability, and decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and cell necrosis induced by 800 or 1,200 μmol/L H(2)O(2). CRBFE dose-dependently up-regulated pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 gene expression, contributing to increased insulin-like growth factor II gene transcript levels and insulin protein in INS-1 cells. In addition, administration of CRBFE (150 μg of C3G/10 g of body weight twice per day) significantly reduced blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mice and increased the glucose tolerance in an oral glucose tolerance test (P<.05), according to "Cyanidin-3-Glucoside-Rich Extract from Chinese Bayberry Fruit Protects Pancreatic β Cells and Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice" by

Sun CD, Zhang B, Zhang JK, Xu CJ, Wu YL, Li X, Chen KS.(8)

9. Diuretic effect
In the evaluation of the diuretic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract on in vivo and in situ models, found that The yield of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extraction was 28.3% and the chemical standardization from 1g of extract was: 56.5mg delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside, 20.8mg/g cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, 3.2mg/g quercetin, 2.1mg/g rutin and 2.7mg/g chlorogenic acid. The diuretic and natriuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa aqueous extract showed a dose-dependent behavior. The pharmacological constants of natriuretic effect was ED50=86mg/kg and Emax=0.9mEq/100g/5h. In the model of kidney in situ was observed that renal filtration increased 48% with the aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa and an additive effect when was perfuse with furosemide, according to "Pharmacological characterization of the diuretic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn (Malvaceae) extract" by Alarcón-Alonso J, Zamilpa A, Aguilar FA, Herrera-Ruiz M, Tortoriello J, Jimenez-Ferrer E(9)

10. Anti-inflammatory Effects
In the investigation of the cartilage-protecting and anti-inflammatory effects of a polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract (RRE; standardized to total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and ellagitannin contents), found that On treatment with RRE (50 μg/mL), there was a decrease in the rate of degradation of both proteoglycan and type II collagen. In the in vivo antigen-induced arthritis rat model, animals were gavaged daily with RRE (at doses of 30 and 120 mg/kg, respectively) for 30 days after adjuvant injection (750 μg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspension in squalene). At the higher dose, animals treated with RRE had a lower incidence and severity of arthritis compared to control animals, according to "Anti-inflammatory Effects of Polyphenolic-Enriched Red Raspberry Extract in an Antigen-Induced Arthritis Rat Model" by Jean-Gilles D, Li L, Ma H, Yuan T, Chichester CO, Seeram NP.(10)

11. Obesity
In the demonstration of Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (Cy-3-g)-rich foods have been reported to inhibit the onset of obesity, found that Cy-3-g improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice. The underlying mechanism is found to be partly related to the activation of LPL in plasma and skeletal muscle, and inhibition of LPL in adipose tissue following the activation of pAMPK, according to "Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside improves obesity and triglyceride metabolism in KK-Ay mice by regulating lipoprotein lipase activity" by Wei X, Wang D, Yang Y, Xia M, Li D, Li G, Zhu Y, Xiao Y, Ling W.(11)

12. Etc.

Pharmacy In Vegetables
Use the science behind the health benefits of vegetables
to improve your health, delay aging and cure major diseases.

Phytochemicals In Foods - 7 Health Benefits of Peonidin

Peonidin is an anthocyanins (flavonals), in the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in bilberry, blueberry, cherry, cranberry, peach, grape, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Lung cancer
In the demonstration of peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) could significantly inhibit the invasion (P < 0.001), motility (P < 0.05), secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) of lung cancer cells, found that the inhibitory effects of P3G may be at least partly through inactivation of ERK 1/2 and AP-1 signaling pathways as confirmed by abolishment of P3G-inhibited H1299 cell invasion by overexpression of MAPK kinase 1 (MEK1). Finally, P3G was evidenced by its inhibition on the metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in vivo (P < 0.001), according to "Peonidin 3-glucoside inhibits lung cancer metastasis by downregulation of proteinases activities and MAPK pathway" by Ho ML, Chen PN, Chu SC, Kuo DY, Kuo WH, Chen JY, Hsieh YS.(1)

2. Cognitive and motor functions
In the investigation of the fractions extracted using methanol (MEOH) and ethanol (ETOH) were particularly rich in anthocyanins such as cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin, and their effect on age-related diseases of the brain compromise memory, learning, and movement, found that the protection of microglial cells by açai pulp extracts, particularly that of MEOH, ETOH, and ACE fractions, was also accompanied by a significant concentration-dependent reduction in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The current study offers valuable insights into the protective effects of açai pulp fractions on brain cells, which could have implications for improved cognitive and motor functions, according to "Anthocyanin-rich Açai ( Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Fruit Pulp Fractions Attenuate Inflammatory Stress Signaling in Mouse Brain BV-2 Microglial Cells" by Poulose SM, Fisher DR, Larson J, Bielinski DF, Rimando AM, Carey AN, Schauss AG, Shukitt-Hale B.(2)

3. Diabetes
In the examination of the inhibitory effects of the Noble muscadine grape extracts and the representative phytochemicals for anthocyanins (i.e., cyanidin and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside) on two enzymes, that is, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase, found that the ethyl acetate (EtoAc) extract and the butanol (BuOH) extract exhibited much higher inhibitory activities against both enzymes than the CHCl(3) and water extracts, while the majority of anthocyanins existed in the BuOH fractions. Moreover, cyanidin exhibited a much stronger antidiabetic activity than cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, suggesting that anthocyanins may have higher inhibitory activities after being digested. Further chromatographic analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified five individual anthocyanins, including cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides. according to "Inhibitory effects of muscadine anthocyanins on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities" by You Q, Chen F, Wang X, Luo PG, Jiang Y.(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the investigation of BSSCs of 60 Chinese varieties examined for phenolic contents, anthocyanin profiles, and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic and condensed tannin contents ranged from 512.2 to 6057.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g and from 137.2 to 1741.1 mg (+)-catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. Six anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, and malvidin-3-glucoside) were detected by HPLC, found that antioxidant properties detected by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC methods all showed wide variations ranging from 4.8 to 65.3 μg/100 mL (expressed as EC(50)), from 17.5 to 105.8 units/g, and from 42.5 to 1834.6 μmol Trolox equivalent/g, respectively. Sixty varieties were classified into four groups by hierarchical clustering analysis, and group 4 consisting of nine varieties had the highest phytochemicals content and antioxidant activity, according to "Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity in seed coats of 60 Chinese black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties" by Zhang RF, Zhang FX, Zhang MW, Wei ZC, Yang CY, Zhang Y, Tang XJ, Deng YY, Chi JW.(4)

5. Hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease
In the evaluation of the effect of white and black rice consumption on lipid profile, hydroperoxides, thiobarbituric reactive substances and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by hypercholesterolemia was investigated in 24 male rabbits, found that serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was higher (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared with the PC and PCWR groups. Hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive substances were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the PCBR compared with PCWR and PC groups. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (Cy-3-Glu) and peonidin-3-glucoside have been tested in vitro against copper-mediated low-density lipoprotein. Cy-3-Glu was excelled peonidin-3-glucoside by increasing the lag time of NC from 80 to 500 minutes in the presence of 2.0 μM of Cy-3-Glu, according to "Switching to black rice diets modulates low-density lipoprotein oxidation and lipid measurements in rabbits" by Abdel-Moemin AR.(5)

6. Antimicrobial activity
In the examination of the accumulation of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry, including anthocyanin peonidin-3-galactoside and to assess their antibacterial activity, found that Investigation of the antimicrobial properties showed that European cranberry extracts inhibited the growth of wide range of human pathogenic bacteria, both gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis), according to "Phenolics and anthocyanins in berries of European cranberry and their antimicrobial activity" by Cesoniene L, Jasutiene I, Sarkinas A.(6)

7. Breast cancer
In the investigation of the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of JFE in estrogen dependent/aromatase positive (MCF-7aro), and estrogen independent (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells, found that JFE contained 3.5% anthocyanins (as cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents) which occur as diglucosides of five anthocyanidins/aglycons: delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin and malvidin. In the proliferation assay, JFE was most effective against MCF-7aro (IC(50) = 27 microg/mL), followed by MDA-MB-231 (IC(50) = 40 microg/mL) breast cancer cells. Importantly, JFE exhibited only mild antiproliferative effects against the normal MCF-10A (IC(50) > 100 microg/mL) breast cells, according to "Eugenia jambolana Lam. berry extract inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human breast cancer but not non-tumorigenic breast cells" by Li L, Adams LS, Chen S, Killian C, Ahmed A, Seeram NP.(7)

8. Etc.

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Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20432172
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224493
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21797278
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548651
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289511
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20173403
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19166352

Popular #Herbs - Dandelion(Taraxacum officinale)

Dandelion is a herbaceous perennial plant, genus Taraxacum, beloning to the family Asteraceae, native to temperate regions of the world. It has been used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat gout, eczema, acne, gall bladder, kidney, liver and urinary disorders, hypoglycemia, dyspepsia with constipation, edema, blood pressure and heart weakness, chronic joint, skin diseases, etc.

Health Benefits
1. HIV-1
In the evaluation of aqueous dandelion extract and it effects on Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), found that The dandelion extract showed strong activity against HIV-1 RT and inhibited both the HIV-1 vector and the hybrid-MoMuLV/MoMuSV retrovirus replication, according to the study of "Inhibitory effect of aqueous dandelion extract on HIV-1 replication and reverse transcriptase activity" by Han H, He W, Wang W, Gao B.(1)

2. Hepatoprotective effects
In the study of a poly-phytocompound EH-1501 (containing grape leaf, wild strawberry, dandelion and milk thistle, EuroHealth, Italy) and it effects on chronic fibrotizing liver injury, found that " EH-1501 showed a significantly higher degree of gene down-regulation as compared to silymarine (p < 0.05). Taken altogether, these data suggest that a natural antioxidant-containing phytocompound EH-1501 exerts an effective hepatoprotective property in experimental chronic fibrotizing liver injury to a significantly higher degree than silymarin, according to "Hepatoprotective activity of a phytotherapeutic formula on thioacetamide--induced liver fibrosis model" by Kantah MK, Kobayashi R, Sollano J, Naito Y, Solimene U, Jains S, Catanzaro R, Minelli E, Polimeni A, Marotta F.(2)

3. Digestion-enhancing properties
In the analyzing the traditional societies' plant lore and their effects in treating digestive disturbances and ailments found that plants belong to one of three groups: bitter, aromatic and pungent plants, including ginger, peppermint, aniseed and fennel, citrus fruits, dandelion and artichoke, melissa and chamomile have a substantial body of data in support of their digestion-enhancing activities, according to the study of "Functional foods with digestion-enhancing properties" by Valussi M.(3)

4. Anti-inflammatory effects
In the analyzing luteolin and chicoric acid, two abundant constituents of the common dandelion and their anti-inflammatory effects found that luteolin plays a central role in ameliorating LPS-induced inflammatory cascades via inactivation of the NF-κB and Akt pathways, and that chicoric acid strengthens the anti-inflammatory activity of luteolin through NF-κB attenuation, according to the study of "Luteolin and chicoric acid synergistically inhibited inflammatory responses via inactivation of PI3K-Akt pathway and impairment of NF-κB translocation in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells" by Park CM, Jin KS, Lee YW, Song YS.(4)

5. Diuretic effect
In the observation of high-quality fresh leaf hydroethanolic extract of the medicinal plant T. officinale (dandelion) and its Diuretic effect found that there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the frequency of urination in the 5-hour period after the first dose. There was also a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the excretion ratio in the 5-hour period after the second dose of extract. The third dose failed to change any of the measured parameters, according to "The diuretic effect in human subjects of an extract of Taraxacum officinale folium over a single day" by Clare BA, Conroy RS, Spelman K.(5)

6. Diabetes
in the research of aqueous extracts and their effect on alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity found that Urtica dioica, Taraxacum officinale, Viscum album, and Myrtus communis with alpha-glucosidase inhibitor activity was conducted to identify a prophylactic effect for diabetes in vitro. All plants showed differing potent alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, according to the study of "Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase by aqueous extracts of some potent antidiabetic medicinal herbs' by Onal S, Timur S, Okutucu B, Zihnioğlu F.(6)

7. Hepatoprotective effects
In the investigation of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) root against alcoholic liver damage were investigated in HepG2/2E1 cells and ICR mice found that ethanol plus hot water extract (TOH) from T. officinale root exhibited significant increases in hepatic antioxidant activities, including catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione. Furthermore, the amelioration of malondialdehyde levels indicated TOH's protective effects against liver damage mediated by alcohol in vivo, according to the study of "In vitro and in vivo hepatoprotective effects of the aqueous extract from Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) root against alcohol-induced oxidative stress" by You Y, Yoo S, Yoon HG, Park J, Lee YH, Kim S, Oh KT, Lee J, Cho HY, Jun W.(7)

8. Antifungal activity
In the analyzing seeds of 2S albumins of dandelion and it Antifungal effects found that dandelion 2S albumins possess inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi and the oomycete Phytophtora infestans at micromolar concentrations with various isoforms differing in their antifungal activity. Thus, 2S albumins of dandelion seeds represent a novel example of storage proteins with defense functions, according to the study of "Antifungal activity of storage 2S albumins from seeds of the invasive weed dandelion Taraxacum officinale Wigg" by Odintsova TI, Rogozhin EA, Sklyar IV, Musolyamov AK, Kudryavtsev AM, Pukhalsky VA, Smirnov AN, Grishin EV, Egorov TA.(8)

9. Etc.

Side effects
1. Overdoses of Taraxacum officinale may increase the risk of male infertility, as a result of aqueous extract, according to the study of "Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) decreases male rat fertility in vivo" by Tahtamouni LH, Alqurna NM, Al-Hudhud MY, Al-Hajj HA.(a)
2. Dandelion may cause allergic reaction
3. Do not use the herb, if you have obstruction of the bile ducts
4. Do not use the herb if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of related field specialist
5. Overdoses may cause gastrointestinal discomfort
6. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22078030
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22069962
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010973
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21513709
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19678785
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15704495
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347918
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19594427

(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21354287

Popular #Herbs - Cranberry

Cranberry is a evergreen dwarf shrubs, genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern America and Southern Asia. Because of health benefits, it has been cultivated in some parts of the world for

commercial profits and used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat wounds,
urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems.

Health Benefits
1. Infectious disease
In the investigation of cranberry Proanthocyanin constituents and it effects in infectious diseases found that mouthwash supplemented isolated cranberry derivative reduced significantly the caryogenic mutans streptococci, according to the study of "Cranberry components for the therapy of infectious disease" by Shmuely H, Ofek I, Weiss EI, Rones Z, Houri-Haddad Y.(1)

2. Urinary tract infection
In the observation of antiadherence properties in cranberry and it effects in preventing infection, found that it prevents fimbriated Escherichia coli from adhering to uroepithelial cells in the urinary tract, according "Cranberry juice and urinary tract infection" by Raz R, Chazan B, Dan M.(2)

3. Antibiotics
In the evaluation of Cranberry juice consumption taking along with low-dose oral antibiotics for prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) found that concurrent use of cranberry juice has no significant effect on the extent of oral absorption or the renal clearance of amoxicillin and cefaclor, but delays in the absorption of amoxicillin and cefaclor were observed, according to the study of"Effects of cranberry juice on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics following oral administration" by Li M, Andrew MA, Wang J, Salinger DH, Vicini P, Grady RW, Phillips B, Shen DD, Anderson GD.(3)

4. Antibacterial effects
In the examination of daily cranberry juice cocktail to those of placebo during pregnancy and it effects on asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections found that 27 urinary tract infections in 18 subjects in this cohort, with 6 in 4 group A subjects, 10 in 7 group B subjects and 11 in 7 group C subjects (p = 0.71). There was a 57% and 41% reduction in the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria and all urinary tract infections, respectively, according to the study "Daily cranberry juice for the prevention of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled pilot study" by Wing DA, Rumney PJ, Preslicka CW, Chung JH.(4)

5. Pathogenic microorganisms
In the determination of cranberry juice and its inhibitory effects of pathogenic microorganisms found that S. aureus was more susceptible to cranberry juice inhibition than the other microorganisms. L. monocytogenes was the most resistant to the inhibitory action of cranberry juice, showing a significant difference from the inhibition of P. aeruginosa, uropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella spp., and S. aureus, according to the study of "In vitro inhibitory effect of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpom Ait.) juice on pathogenic microorganisms" by Magariños HL, Sahr C, Selaive SD, Costa ME, Figuerola FE, Pizarro OA(5)

6. Antioxidant effects
In the determination of Cranberry products and especially cranberry juice (CJ) and its phenolic antioxidants found that the control High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) caused a slight decrease in plasma antioxidant capacity at all time points and thus an oxidative stress in spite of the presence of ascorbate. CJ produced an increase in plasma antioxidant capacity that was significantly greater than control HFCS at all time points, according to the study of "Cranberries and cranberry products: powerful in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo sources of antioxidants" by Vinson JA, Bose P, Proch J, Al Kharrat H, Samman N.(6)

7. Drug interaction
In the evaluation of cranbeery juice and its interaction on warfarin found that large volumes of cranberry juice destabilize warfarin therapy. Small amounts of juice are not expected to cause such an interaction, according to the study of "Interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice" by Aston JL, Lodolce AE, Shapiro NL.(7)

8. PH levels
In the research of cranberry juice and it effect on urinary pH, found that there were significant (.01 level) differences in mean urinary pH between each control group and its corresponding experimental group, according to the study of "Effect of cranberry juice on urinary pH" by

Kinney AB, Blount M.(8)

9. Lipoprotein oxidation
In the investigation of Cranberry juice consumptionand it effects on cholesterol found that when LDL oxidation took place in the presence of diluted cranberry extracts, the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and LDL electrophoretic mobility were reduced. LDL electrophoretic migration was also reduced when the cranberry extract had a pH of 7.00 prior to dilution. according to the study of "Cranberry extract inhibits low density lipoprotein oxidation" by Wilson T, Porcari JP, Harbin D.(9)

10. Skin conditions
In research of Cranberry juice and it effects on skin condition of urostomy patients found that while drinking cranberry juice did not appear to acidify the urine as expected, improvements were still seen in the skin conditions of the study participants, suggesting that drinking cranberry juice does positively impact the incidence of skin complications for these patients, according to the study of "Cranberry juice and its impact on peri-stomal skin conditions for urostomy patients" by Tsukada K, Tokunaga K, Iwama T, Mishima Y, Tazawa K, Fujimaki M.(10)

11. Etc.

Popular #Herbs - Cramp Bark(Viburnum opulus)

http://tryonfarm.org/share/files/images/Cramp%20bark%20Viburnum%20opulus.jpg

Cramp Bark is an ornamental plant, genus Viburnum, belonging to the family Adoxaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, nervine. hypotensive agent and to treat menstrual cramps and pain, afterbirth, postpartum pains, excessive blood loss in periods, bleeding associated with the menopause, etc.

Health benefits
1. Anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant effects
In the investigation of evaluate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate, methanol, and water extracts prepared from the branches, leaves, and fruits of Viburnum opulus and Viburnum lantana along with salicin, amentoflavone, and chlorogenic acid, found thatthe leaf methanol extract of V. opulus displayed a significantly high inhibitory effect against AChE (57.63 ± 1.23%, 87.41 ± 0.99%, and 93.19 ± 0.87% at 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, respectively), according to the study of "Anti-acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant assets of the major components (salicin, amentoflavone, and chlorogenic acid) and the extracts of Viburnum opulus and Viburnum lantana and their total phenol and flavonoid contents" by Erdogan-Orhan I, Altun ML, Sever-Yilmaz B, Saltan G.(1)

2. Gastroduodenoprotective effects
In the demonstration of the proanthocyanidins (PA), the polymers of flavan-3-ols and it effects gastroduodenoprotective effects found that Viburnum opulus PA (VOPA, Caprifoliaceae) exerts a potent gastroduodenoprotective activity via an increase in endogenous NO generation, suppression of lipid peroxidation and mobilization of antioxidant activity and changes in glycoconjugate content of the gastroduodenal mucosa of rat, according to "Influence of Viburnum opulus proanthocyanidins on stress-induced gastrointestinal mucosal damage" by Zayachkivska OS, Gzhegotsky MR, Terletska OI, Lutsyk DA, Yaschenko AM, Dzhura OR.(2)

3. Menstrual crampsAlthough there is No scientific studies have been done on whether these herbs can reduce menstrual pain, as it has been used in herbal medicine, some researchers think these herbs may have estrogen-like effects, according to the article of suggested The University of Maryland Medical Center recommends two tsps. of cramp bark, steeped in one cup of boiling-hot water, three times a day(3).

4. Excessive bleeding
Cramp bark quiets uterine cramping, and the high tannin content slows heavy bleeding, making this vibrurnums excellent choices, according to the article of " Way to stop menstrual bleeding"(4)

5. Etc.
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Side effects

1. Overdoses may cause allergic effect such as nausea, skin rash, etc.
2. Do not use the herb in children
3. Do not use the herb, if you are pregnant or breast feeding without permission of related filed specialist
4. Etc.

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21186982(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218766
(3) http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/menstrual-pain-000052.htm
(4) http://www.livestrong.com/article/96270-stop-menstrual-bleeding/

Popular #Herbs - Buckthorn

Buckthorn also known as Rhamnus frangula is shrub or small tree, a genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to the subtropical Southern Hemisphere in Africa and South America. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat Constipation, hemorrhoids, increase increase urine flow and to purify the blood, etc.

Health benefits
1. Anti-cancer
Extract of the seeds of Rhamnus frangula L. had exerted the activity of against the P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice as a result of isolation of aloe emodin, according to the study of "Tumor inhibitors. 114. Aloe emodin: antileukemic principle isolated from Rhamnus frangula L" by Kupchan SM, Karim A., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Colon enhancer
Anthranoids found abundant in Buckthorn activate the colon immune system by inducin the alterations in cellular shape and organelles consistent with increased metabolismmay, these may be as aresult of result of an interaction between apoptotic epithelial cells and the lamina propria cellular infiltrate, coording to the study of "Anthranoids and the mucosal immune system of the colon" by Geboes K, Spiessens C, Nijs G, de Witte P., posted in PubMed(2)

3. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity
Buckthorn contains measurable amount of anthranoid aglycones of which had demonstrated the notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, by activating the immune sytem fighting against forming of free radicals and foreign invasion of virus and bacteria, according to the study of "Anthraquinone profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of bark extracts of Rhamnus catharticus and R. orbiculatus" by Locatelli M, Epifano F, Genovese S, Carlucci G, Koncić MZ, Kosalec I, Kremer D., posted in PubMed(3)

4. Constipation
Anthranoids and glycosides, two chemical compounds found in a measurable amount in buckthorn exhibit a lower systemic availability than anthraquinone O-glycosides, intreating constipation, according to the study of "Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of anthranoids" by de Witte P., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Liver protection
Emodin, a chemical compound found in buckthorn had demonstrated the activity of protecting the rat liver from CCl(4)-induced fibrogenesis by inhibiting HSC activation, according to the study of "Emodin protects rat liver from CCl(4)-induced fibrogenesis via inhibition of hepatic stellate cells activation' by Dong MX, Jia Y, Zhang YB, Li CC, Geng YT, Zhou L, Li XY, Liu JC, Niu YC., posted in PubMed(5)

6. Obesity and cholesterolSea buckthorn, a genus Hippophael, belonging to the family Elaeagnaceae had significantly reduced visceral fat, and decreased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and lipid accumulation, according to the study of "Anti-visceral obesity and antioxidant effects of powdered sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf tea in diet-induced obese mice" by Lee HI, Kim MS, Lee KM, Park SK, Seo KI, Kim HJ, Kim MJ, Choi MS, Lee MK., posted in PubMed(6)

7. Hemorrhoids, Anal Fissures

The chemical compound of anthraquinones in Buckthorn Bark softenss the stools and allow them to pass more easily and without causing irritation to any present hemorrhoids or anal fissures, according to the article of "Buckthrone' bark", posted in Purisat Digest wellness center(7)

8. HIV-1 ribonuclease H activity

Anthraquinones, a chemical compound found in buckthorn has exerted the inhibition of the HIV-1 RT polymerase and integrase activities in biochemical assays according to the study of "Inhibition of HIV-1 ribonuclease H activity by novel frangula-emodine derivatives' by Tatyana K, Francesca E, Luca Z, Giovanni F, Cheng YC, Ginger ED, Enzo T., posted in PubMed(8)

9. Anti fugal Activity
Methanol extracts and the major anthraquinone aglycones, alizarin and emodin, of Rubia tinctorum and Rhamnus frangula in comparison with the antifungal activity of the anthraquinone-containing lichen Caloplaca cerina are report, according to the study of "Antifungal activity of Rubia tinctorum, Rhamnus frangula and Caloplaca cerina" by Manojlovic NT, Solujic S, Sukdolak S, Milosev M., posted in PubMed(9)

10. Etc.

Side effects
1. Buckthorn can interaction with digitalis and digoxin (Lanoxin) and others medications used to treat irrgular heartbeat.
2. Overdose may cause abdominal pain or discomfort for some people.
3. Do not it if you have digestive disorder
4. Always consult with your doctor, if you are pregnant or breast feeding
5. Anthranoid laxative abuse may result of Colon Cancer, according to the study of "Anthranoid laxative abuse--a risk for colorectal cancer" by Siegers CP, von Hertzberg-Lottin E, Otte M, Schneider B., posted in PubMed(a)
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/957911
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8234441
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21941897
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8234447
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19824107
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723364
(7) http://www.puristat.com/ingredients/buckthornbark.aspx
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19534674
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15752641

(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174962