Kyle J. Norton
Antioxidants are stable atom that plays a critical role in protecting the body against the attack of free radicals.
In other words, antioxidants inhibit the onset of free radicals before they can cause a chain reaction in facilitating protein, lipid, and cell damage.
Antioxidants can either be produced by the liver or taken from dietary sources. Under normal conditions, antioxidant enzymes produced by the body in a healthy individual are good enough to counter the bombardment of free radical attacks.
However, in people with a weakened immune system, intake of dietary sources of antioxidants may be necessary.
There are 3 main types of antioxidants found in nature, including
* Antioxidant enzymes produced by the host, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalases.
* Antioxidants vitamins, that may be injected from dietary sources such as fruits and vegetables, including vitamins A, C, D, and E. Most antioxidant vitamins are considered free radical scavengers that gobble up free radicals before they can induce a cascade of damage.
* Antioxidant Phytochemicals found in the plant including second metabolites.
Antioxidants keep our bodies functioning properly by reducing the risk of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Dr. Esra Birben, the lead scientist in the evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense wrote, "Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism and environmental factors, such as air pollutants or cigarette smoke. ROS are highly reactive molecules and can damage cell structures such as carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins and alter their functions. The shift in the balance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants is termed “oxidative stress".
And, "Aerobic organisms have integrated antioxidant systems, which include enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants that are usually effective in blocking the harmful effects of ROS. However, in pathological conditions, the antioxidant systems can be overwhelmed. Oxidative stress contributes to many pathological conditions and diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/perfusion, diabetes, acute respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma".
In other words, we can say goodbye to the diseases involved in oxidative stress by maintaining the proper ratio of free radicals and antioxidants in the body.
Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, the tomato is grown worldwide for the commercial purpose
and often in the greenhouse.
With an aim to find a natural ingredient with the best antioxidant activity, researchers compared the parental line, for antioxidant levels in fresh and hot break fruit, and the bioaccessibility of antioxidants from the puree.
Believe it or not, there are Differences found in the concentrations of antioxidants between the wild-type and the genetically modified raw tomatoes.
However, compared to the parent of BM tomatoes, GM tomatoes were found to maintain antioxidant levels to a greater extent in the puree and in vitro digestion model, the levels of antioxidants showed an increase in the genetically modified samples, according to the bioaccessibility of the analysis of the compounds.
Although researchers found that GM tomatoes processed similar or better antioxidant levels compared to the parent, they do not mention the possibility of toxicity of the genetically modified samples.
In vivo, the antioxidant activity of several types of tomato taken from the Andean valleys was tested on Caenorhabditis Elegans subjected to thermal stress, researchers found the metabolite composition of tomatoes are totally depending on the geographical origin and fruit size.
The antioxidant activity of tomatoes also depends on the phenolic compounds, such as caffeoylquinic acids, ferulic acid-O-hexoses, and rutin which are associated with the fruit size, and geographical origin.
The findings suggested that all tomatoes process different levels of phytochemicals that may affect the antioxidant properties, depending on the size and type.
Taken together, tomatoes processed with abundantly bioactive compounds may be considered an antioxidant supplement against oxidative stress, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Antioxidant compounds and their bioaccessibility in tomato fruit and puree obtained from a DETIOLATED-1 (DET-1) down-regulated genetically modified genotype by Talens P1, Mora L2, Bramley PM2, Fraser PD. (PubMed)
(2) Hydrophilic antioxidants from Andean tomato landraces assessed by their bioactivities in vitro and in vivo by Di Paola Naranjo RD1, Otaiza S2, Saragusti AC2, Baroni V3, Carranza Adel V2, Peralta IE4, Valle EM5, Carrari F6, Asis R. (PubMed)
(3) Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense by Esra Birben, PhD,1 Umit Murat Sahiner, MD,1 Cansin Sackesen, MD,1 Serpil Erzurum, MD,2and Omer Kalayci, MD. (PMC)
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