Phytochemical Beta-Sitosterol Inhibits the Multi-Factorial Drug-Resistant cancer cells

By Kyle J. Norton

Cancer is a class of chronic and medical conditions caused by the alternation of cell DNA.

Most cases of cancer start in the cells on the surface of the inner lining of specific tissues and organs.

At the early stage due to the very small size of the tumor, most cancers are asymptomatic. However, at the advanced stage, cancer only can induce general symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomfort, unintended weight loss, fatigue, and loss but also lead to specific symptoms, such as localized bleeding and pain, depending on the location of the cancer.

Also, at this stage, primary cancer cells can travel a distance away from the original site to infect other healthy tissues and organs, leading to secondary metastasis through the circulation of blood and fluids.

Some cancers can be slow-growth, including prostate and colon cancer. Primary cancer at stages 0 and 1 may not induce any symptoms. However, at the later stage, a larger size tumor can induce specific symptoms depending on the affected organ accompanied by some general symptoms found in all types of cancer.

According to the statistic provided by the American Cancer Society, in the US in 2019, approximately 1,762,450 new cancer cases will be diagnosed and 606,880 deaths as are the result of cancer.

The multifactorial nature of tumor drug resistance refers to the limited ability of cancer drugs to penetrate tumor tissue and reach tumor cells in a potentially lethal concentration to induce toxicity.

In other words, cancer cell resistance to chemo drugs contributes to significantly low efficacy of cancer therapy with often reoccurrence.

Dr. Solyanik GI, in the study of chemo drug resistance, wrote, "Tumor drug resistance (TDR) remains a major obstacle for successful treatment of cancer. Till the ninetieth years of the past century, the resistance of tumors to anticancer drugs was most often ascribed to gene mutations, gene amplification, or epigenetic changes that influence the uptake, metabolism or export of drugs from single cells".

Beta-Sitosterol is a phytochemical in the class of Phytosterols, belonging to the group of Lipids, found abundantly in avocados, rice bran, wheat germ, corn oils, fennel, peanuts, soybeans, hawthorn, basil, buckwheat. etc.

On finding a potential phytochemical for the treatment of cancer, researchers examined the cytotoxic effects of the crude extract (FTB), fractions (FTBa-d), and compounds isolated from the bark of Fagara tessmannii, namely lupeol (1), fagaramide (2), zanthoxyline (3), hesperidin (4), nitidine chloride (5), fagaridine chloride (6), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7) on multi-factorial drug-resistant cancer cells.

The compound 6, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside showed a strong effect in inducing cytotoxicity on 9 tested cancer cell lines in a doses-depending manner, depending on the types of cancer.

Furthermore, compound 6 demonstrated anticancer activity with 1.69 µM against CCRF-CEM cells and 22.06 µM against HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells, compared to 0.02 µM against CCRF-CEM cells to 122.96 µM against CEM/ADR5000 cells for doxorubicin.

Moreover, compound 6 also induced apoptosis mediated by caspases activation associated with cell death programming, MMP alteration in enhancing the ROS production to induce cancer cell cytotoxicity.

Based on the results, researchers said, "... (compound) 6 revealed considerable cytotoxicity and may be suitable candidates deserving to be further explored to develop new anticancer drugs to combat sensitive and resistant phenotypes".

Taken altogether, beta-Sitosterol may be considered a functional food for the prevention and treatment of multi-factorial drug-resistant cancers, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of beta-Sitosterol in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Cytotoxicity of the crude extract and constituents of the bark of Fagara tessmannii towards multi-factorial drug resistant cancer cells by Mbaveng AT1, Damen F2, Çelik İ3, Tane P2, Kuete V4, Efferth T. (PubMed)
(2) Multifactorial nature of tumor drug resistance by Solyanik GI. (PubMed)