Polycystic kidney disease in Herbs Points of View

Kyle J. Norton

Polycystic kidney disease, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome is a cystic genetic disorder (a)(b)(c) of the kidneys, classified into:
A. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) affects all ethnic groups with a prevalence of 1:400-1:1000 live births. The disease induced formation of  numerous cysts in the kidneys with progressively expand and eventually destroy normal kidney structure and function. And may be associated to other disease complications(1)
B. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is genetic disorder due to mutation of gene in chromosomal locus 6p12.2., causing up to 50% of affected neonates die of pulmonary hypoplasia and specific changes in the kidney and liver. Children who survive neonatal period (from birth to 28 days of age)may be experience with decrease in kidney size (not affect the kidney function) and change in echogenicity occurs, producing a pattern similar to patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(2).
Although the disease is due to gene mutation, according to the study by the West Virginia University, certain phytochemicals in foods and herbs have found effectively in  to attenuation of cyst pathogenesis in animal studies(3).

1. Thunder God Vine (Lei Gong Teng)
Lei Gong Teng is also known as Thunder god vine. The bitter and very toxic herb has been used in TCM as an anti-inflammatiory and immunosuppressive agent and to resolve toxins, treat proteinuric renal disease, etc., as it expels Wind-Damp, resolves edema, calms pain, etc., by enhancing the functions of Liver and kidney channels.
Triptolide, is a diterpenoid epoxide found in the Thunder God Vine or Tripterygium wilfordii. according to the study at Yale University, daily injections of a model of ADPKD with triptolide beginning on Day P16 significantly reduced the total number of cysts per kidney, with a pronounced effect on the number of microcysts and the overall cystic burden. At P22 and P35, the chemical compound also improve blood urea nitrogen levels(4),  renal function at postnatal day 8 by inhibition of the early phases of cyst growth(5).

2. Turmeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used in trditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.
Curcumin, a major chemical constituent found in turmeric, showed a profound effect in inhibition of  cyst progression, by improved renal histology and reduced STAT3 activation, proliferation index, cystic index, and kidney weight/body weight ratios, as well as significantly postponed renal failure in mice with severe PKD(6). Other study at the Peking University, showed to inhibit renal cyst formation through inhibited forskolin-promoted cell proliferation and promoted the tubule formation in MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells(a possible tool for assessing the membrane permeability properties of early drug discovery compounds), which indicates curcumin promotes MDCK cell differentiation(7). Berberine, another chemical compound found in turmeric and palnts in berberis family exerted its AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) property in suppression of the over expression of rapamycin (mTOR) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in patients with Polycystic kidney disease(8)(9).

3. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
Ginkgolide B, a major chemical constituent of Ginkgo biloba, significantly inhibited MDCK cyst formation dose dependently and cyst enlargement in the MDCK cyst model, embryonic kidney cyst model, and PKD mouse mode, through induced cyst cell differentiation and altered the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway(10).

4. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni (Sweetleaf) 
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, also known as sweetleaf is agenus of Stevia, belonging to the family  Asteraceae, native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America.The herb has been used in folk medicine in treating obesity, hypertension and heartburn, and to help lower uric acid levels(11). According to the joint study by the Mahidol University and Yale University School of Medicine, steviol found in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, suppressed CFTR and mTOR/S6K expression in renal cyst-lining epithelial cells, through stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)(12).Other study also showed a positive effect of steviol in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cyst enlargement by inhibiting CFTR channel activity and promoting proteasomal-mediated CFTR degradation(13).

5. San Leng
San Leng, a Chines herb, is also known as sparganum stoloniferum buch.-hams. The acrid, bitter and neutral herb has been used in TCM to promote blood clots, inhibit thrombosis, lower the  blood viscosity, etc. as it breaks up the Blood,  eliminates Blood accumulation, moves Qi. calms pain, etc. by enhancing the functions of liver and spleen channels. According to study by University of Alberta, the herb has also been used as a trial drug to treat polycystic kidney disease (PKD) patients in China. A recently study showed a positive effect against Polycystic kidney disease through reduced the proliferation of renal epithelial cells stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF), and inhibited the phosphorylation of the EGF receptor and possibly through inhibition of polycystin-L channel(14).

Taking altogether, the herbs above may be effective in reduced formation of renal cyst, inhibited  progression of the disease in patients with Polycystic kidney disease through some mechanisms, but large sample size and multi centers studies to identify the principle ingredients to validate these effectiveness are necessary. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

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References
(a) Loss of Polycystin-1 Inhibits Bicc1 Expression during Mouse Development by Lian P¹, Li A¹, Li Y², Liu H², Liang D³, Hu B³, Lin D⁴, Jiang T⁵, Moeckel G⁶, Qin D⁷, Wu G⁸.(PubMed)
(b) Reduced ciliary polycystin-2 in induced pluripotent stem cells from polycystic kidney disease patients with PKD1 mutations by Freedman BS¹, Lam AQ, Sundsbak JL, Iatrino R, Su X, Koon SJ, Wu M, Daheron L, Harris PC, Zhou J, Bonventre JV.(PubMed)
(c) Polycystin-1 but not polycystin-2 deficiency causes upregulation of the mTOR pathway and can be synergistically targeted with rapamycin and metformin by Mekahli D¹, Decuypere JP, Sammels E, Welkenhuyzen K, Schoeber J, Audrezet MP, Corvelyn A, Dechênes G, Ong AC, Wilmer MJ, van den Heuvel L, Bultynck G, Parys JB, Missiaen L, Levtchenko E, De Smedt H.(PubMed)
(1) Metabolic abnormalities in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by Mao Z¹, Xie G, Ong AC.(PubMed)
(2)  decrease in kidney size and change in echogenicity occurs, producing a pattern that is similar to that seen on sonograms of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by Blickman JG¹, Bramson RT, Herrin JT.(PubMed)
(3) Evidence for a role of proteins, lipids, and phytochemicals in the prevention of polycystic kidney disease progression and severity by Maditz KH¹, Gigliotti JC, Tou JC.(PubMed)
(4) Triptolide reduces cyst formation in a neonatal to adult transition Pkd1 model of ADPKD by Leuenroth SJ¹, Bencivenga N, Chahboune H, Hyder F, Crews CM.(PubMed)
(5) Triptolide reduces cystogenesis in a model of ADPKD by Leuenroth SJ¹, Bencivenga N, Igarashi P, Somlo S, Crews CM(PubMed)
(6) Curcumin inhibits cystogenesis by simultaneous interference of multiple signaling pathways: in vivo evidence from a Pkd1-deletion model by Leonhard WN¹, van der Wal A, Novalic Z, Kunnen SJ, Gansevoort RT, Breuning MH, de Heer E, Peters DJ.(PubMed)
(7) Curcumin inhibits renal cyst formation and enlargement in vitro by regulating intracellular signaling pathways by Gao J¹, Zhou H, Lei T, Zhou L, Li W, Li X, Yang B.(PubMed)
(7a) Activation of AMP-activated kinase as a strategy for managing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by McCarty MF¹, Barroso-Aranda J, Contreras F.(PubMed)
(7b) Berberine slows cell growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cells by Bonon A¹, Mangolini A, Pinton P, Del Senno L, Aguiari G.(PubMed)
(10) Ginkgolide B inhibits renal cyst development in in vitro and in vivo cyst models by Zhou H¹, Gao J, Zhou L, Li X, Li W, Li X, Xia Y, Yang B.(PubMed)
(11) Tanvir, Ashraf (24 May 2005). "Sugar Leav – A new breed of 'sweetener'". Pakistan Agricultural Research Council. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
(12) Steviol retards renal cyst growth through reduction of CFTR expression and inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease by Yuajit C¹, Muanprasat C², Gallagher AR³, Fedeles SV³, Kittayaruksakul S⁴, Homvisasevongsa S⁵, Somlo S⁶, Chatsudthipong V⁷.(PubMed)
(13) Steviol reduces MDCK Cyst formation and growth by inhibiting CFTR channel activity and promoting proteasome-mediated CFTR degradation by Yuajit C¹, Homvisasevongsa S, Chatsudthipong L, Soodvilai S, Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V.(PubMed)
(14) Inhibition of polycystin-L channel by the Chinese herb Sparganum stoloniferum Buch.-Ham by Li F¹, Dai XQ, Li Q, Wu Y, Chen XZ.(PubMed)

Polycystic kidney disease in Foods' Points of View

By Kyle J. Norton

Polycystic kidney disease, also known as polycystic kidney syndrome is a cystic genetic disorder(a)(b)(c) of the kidneys, classified into:
A. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) affects all ethnic groups with a prevalence of 1:400-1:1000 live births. The disease induced formation of  numerous cysts in the kidneys with progressively expand and eventually destroy normal kidney structure and function. And may be associated to other disease complications(1)
B. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is genetic disorder due to mutation of gene in chromosomal locus 6p12.2., causing up to 50% of affected neonates die of pulmonary hypoplasia and specific changes in the kidney and liver. Children who survive neonatal period (from birth to 28 days of age)may be experience with decrease in kidney size (not affect the kidney function) and change in echogenicity occurs, producing a pattern similar to patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(2).
Although the disease is due to gene mutation, according to the study by the West Virginia University, certain phytochemicals in foods and herbs have found effectively in attenuation of cyst pathogenesis in animal studies(3).

1. Dietary Flax seeds
Flax is native to the region of the eastern Mediterranean to India and also known as common flax or linseed. Flax is an erect annual plant, it can grow to 1.2 m tall. The leaves are 20–40 mm long and 3 mm broad. According to the study by the University of Manitoba, Han:SPRD-cy rats fed flaxseed, showed to preserve renal function and reduce histologic injury, through tissue retention of succinate and betaine which may have a metabolic role in the reduction of chronic renal injury(4). Other study suggested that flax seed diet alters renal content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and promotes the formation of less inflammatory classes of renal prostanoides(5).

2. Organic soybean
Soybean is genus Glycine, the family Fabaceae, one of the legumes that contains twice as much protein per acre as any other major vegetable or grain crop, native to Southeast Asia. Now, it is grown worldwide with suitable climate for commercial profit and a healthy foods.
Soy protein may be effective in slow progression of renal injury in the Han:SPRD-cy rat, according to the study by theUniversity of Manitoba. The study with Han:SPRD-cy rat, fed with soy protein diet showed to associate with reduced cystic change, epithelial cell proliferation, macrophage infiltration  and fibrosis and prevented a significant elevation in serum creatinine in diseased versus normal animals(6). In Normal (+/+) and affected (cy/+) weanling male and female Han:SPRD-cy rats, soy protein is found to lower IGF-I in +/+ animals, of that supported a role for IGF-I in the pathogenesis of disease in the Han:SPRD-cy rat and an ameliorating role for dietary soy protein(7). Other researchers suggested that isocaloric diets based on 20% casein or 20% heat-treated soy protein at weaning ad libitum for 8 wk, showed a significant effect in  lower serum creatinine (66 vs. 125 mumol/l; P = 0.002), lower urinary ammonium excretion (0.080 vs. 0.173 mmol/kg; P = 0.01), reduced renal cysts, renal fibrosis, macrophage infiltration, renal tubular cell proliferation, and apoptosis(8)

3. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) derived from ruminants, found abundantly in diary produces and meats. In  Han:SPRD-cy rat model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) fed with CLA, showed an reduction of renal production of PGE2, without reduced availability of the precursor fatty acid, AA. Short-term feeding also exhibited significant renal anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects(9). Other in the study of Male and female offspring of Han:SPRD-cy heterozygotes fed diets with 0, 1 or 2% CLA isomer mixture for 12 weeks, showed that both CLA diets reduced body fat content in both genders but did not change lean body mass, renal cystic change in female, fibrosis, macrophage infiltration, tissue oxidized LDL content and proliferation of epithelial cells. The study also found significantly increase of serum creatinine in female rat. and with a  significant negative correlation with renal content of the 18:2 c9,t11 isomer and the sum of histologic effects(10).

4. Fish oil
Fish oil containing a large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids may be associated to reduced risk of Polycystic kidney disease.Dietary fish oil (FO) and soy protein (SP) was found to slow Polycystic kidney disease progression in the Han:SPRD-Cy rat model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), with fish oil through inhibition of both COX and LOX products produced from n-6 fatty acids and increased 3-series prostanoids in both normal and diseased cortex and medulla(11). The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, study showed a potential benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the progression of kidney disease and patient survival, as the acids decrease blood pressure, a known accelerant of kidney disease progression(12). But the study at the Kyorin University School of Medicine indicated that Eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), one of omega3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, show no significant benefits in the testing of non-azotemic patients(13).

Taking altogether, the above list has been found effectively in reduced the progression of inherited Polycystic kidney disease through many different mechanisms. Further studies are necessary to validate theirs effectiveness. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying



Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

References
(a) Loss of Polycystin-1 Inhibits Bicc1 Expression during Mouse Development by Lian P¹, Li A¹, Li Y², Liu H², Liang D³, Hu B³, Lin D⁴, Jiang T⁵, Moeckel G⁶, Qin D⁷, Wu G⁸.(PubMed)
(b) Reduced ciliary polycystin-2 in induced pluripotent stem cells from polycystic kidney disease patients with PKD1 mutations by Freedman BS¹, Lam AQ, Sundsbak JL, Iatrino R, Su X, Koon SJ, Wu M, Daheron L, Harris PC, Zhou J, Bonventre JV.(PubMed)
(c) Polycystin-1 but not polycystin-2 deficiency causes upregulation of the mTOR pathway and can be synergistically targeted with rapamycin and metformin by Mekahli D¹, Decuypere JP, Sammels E, Welkenhuyzen K, Schoeber J, Audrezet MP, Corvelyn A, Dechênes G, Ong AC, Wilmer MJ, van den Heuvel L, Bultynck G, Parys JB, Missiaen L, Levtchenko E, De Smedt H.(PubMed)
(1) Metabolic abnormalities in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by Mao Z¹, Xie G, Ong AC.(PubMed)
(2)  decrease in kidney size and change in echogenicity occurs, producing a pattern that is similar to that seen on sonograms of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease by Blickman JG¹, Bramson RT, Herrin JT.(PubMed)
(3) Evidence for a role of proteins, lipids, and phytochemicals in the prevention of polycystic kidney disease progression and severity by Maditz KH¹, Gigliotti JC, Tou JC.(PubMed)
(4) The effect of dietary flaxseed supplementation on organic anion and osmolyte content and excretion in rat polycystic kidney disease by Ogborn MR¹, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, Buist R, Peeling J(PubMed)
(5) [Effect of a modified low protein and low fat diet on histologic changes and metabolism in kidneys in an experimental model of polycystic kidney disease].[Article in Serbian] by Banković-Calić N¹, Ogbori MR, Nicman E.(PubMed)
(6) Modification of polycystic kidney disease and fatty acid status by soy protein diet by Ogborn MR¹, Nitschmann E, Weiler HA, Bankovic-Calic N.(PubMed)
(7) Dietary soy protein effects on disease and IGF-I in male and female Han:SPRD-cy rats by Aukema HM¹, Housini I.(PubMed)
(8) Soy protein modification of rat polycystic kidney disease by Ogborn MR¹, Bankovic-Calic N, Shoesmith C, Buist R, Peeling J.(PubMed)
(9) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid reduces PGE2 release and interstitial injury in rat polycystic kidney disease by Ogborn MR¹, Nitschmann E, Bankovic-Calic N, Weiler HA, Fitzpatrick-Wong S, Aukema HM.(PubMed)
(10) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid renal benefits and possible toxicity vary with isomer, dose and gender in rat polycystic kidney disease by Ogborn MR¹, Nitschmann E, Goldberg A, Bankovic-Calic N, Weiler HA, Aukema HM.(PubMed)
(11) Renal cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products are altered in polycystic kidneys and by dietary soy protein and fish oil treatment in the Han:SPRD-Cy rat by Ibrahim NH¹, Jia Y, Devassy JG, Yamaguchi T, Aukema HM.(PubMed)
(12) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of kidney disease by Fassett RG¹, Gobe GC, Peake JM, Coombes JS.(PubMed)
(13) he effect of eicosapentaenoic acid on renal function and volume in patients with ADPKD by Higashihara E¹, Nutahara K, Horie S, Muto S, Hosoya T, Hanaoka K, Tuchiya K, Kamura K, Takaichi K, Ubara Y, Itomura M, Hamazaki T.(PubMed)

Ovarian Cancer in Vitamin C Points of View

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of  abnormal ovarian cells growth of ovaries.  It is one of most common cancer in US, According to the information of national cancer institute, in 2013 Us alone 22,240 women were diagnosed with the incidence of the disease with death of 14030.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.

The conflict results
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk of Ovarian cancer have produced inconsistent results. The Robert Wood Johnson Medical School study, indicated a little evidence of an association with dietary TAC or the others individual antioxidants, including vitamin C in reduced risk of epithelial ovarian cancer(1) But the University of Kansas Medical Center, showed a positive effects of vitamin C in inhibition and death in ovarian cancer cells. through multiple pathways. Composition of vitamin C and the conventional chemotherapeutic agents carboplatin, synergistically inhibited ovarian cancer in mouse models and reduced chemotherapy-associated toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer(2) and  AA at ≥250 μmol/L showed to completely inhibit serum-stimulated cell proliferation in all cell lines tested, including IOSE-385, OVCAR-3, and OVCA-432 which were was partially (∼10%-20%) countered by E2β and its metabolites(3). Other researchers suggested that ascorbic acid at the normal plasma concentration has an essential role in maintaining the NK cytotoxicity against ovarian cancer cells in mouse model and depletion of ascorbic acid may impair NK cell activity(4).

The effects
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a novel compound generated from the oxidation of arsenic routinely, and pharmacological doses of Ascorbic acid(AA), showed to inhibited ovarian cancer cells through manipulation of cellular glutathione (GSH) levels via enhancement of AA's cytotoxicit. These result indicated that depletion of GSH may promote the progression of the disease(5).In  in mice bearing glioblastoma xenograft, oral ascorbate administration, exhibited the production of sustained ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide formation selectively within interstitial fluids of tumors but not in blood and significantly decreased growth rates of ovarian cancer(6). In human ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3, the composition of lysine, proline, arginine, ascorbic acid and green tea extract inhibited the cancer development and invasion, possibly through MMP expression(7). According to American University of the Caribbean, combined treatments of  VC (ascorbic acid), VK3 (menadione) on the cellular and nuclear morphology and DNA content of a human ovarian carcinoma cell line (MDAH 2774), showed to inhibit the cancer cell line through generalized DNA degradation(8)(9).

Taking altogether, Vitamin C and its composition may b4 effective in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer through activation of its antioxidant cytotoxicity in enhancement the effectiveness of either novel agents or chemical compounds. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.



Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

References
(1) Total and individual antioxidant intake and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer by Gifkins D¹, Olson SH, Paddock L, King M, Demissie K, Lu SE, Kong AN, Rodriguez-Rodriguez L, Bandera EV.(PubMed)
(2) High-dose parenteral ascorbate enhanced chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer and reduced toxicity of chemotherapy by Ma Y¹, Chapman J, Levine M, Polireddy K, Drisko J, Chen Q.(PubMed)
(3) Estradiol 17β and its metabolites stimulate cell proliferation and antagonize ascorbic acid-suppressed cell proliferation in human ovarian cancer cells by Li HH¹, Zhao YJ, Li Y, Dai CF, Jobe SO, Yang XS, Li XF, Patankar MS, Magness RR, Zheng J.(PubMed)
(4) Depletion of ascorbic acid impairs NK cell activity against ovarian cancer in a mouse model.

Kim JE¹, Cho HS, Yang HS, Jung DJ, Hong SW, Hung CF, Lee WJ, Kim D.(PubMed)

(5) Differential augmentative effects of buthionine sulfoximine and ascorbic acid in As2O3-induced ovarian cancer cell death: oxidative stress-independent and -dependent cytotoxic potentiation by Ong PS¹, Chan SY, Ho PC.(PubMed)
(6) Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice by Chen Q¹, Espey MG, Sun AY, Pooput C, Kirk KL, Krishna MC, Khosh DB, Drisko J, Levine M.(PubMed)
(7) Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 secretion and invasion by human ovarian cancer cell line SK-OV-3 with lysine, proline, arginine, ascorbic acid and green tea extract by Roomi MW¹, Ivanov V, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M.(PubMed)
(8) Autoschizis: a new form of cell death for human ovarian carcinoma cells following ascorbate:menadione treatment. Nuclear and DNA degradation by Gilloteaux J¹, Jamison JM, Lorimer HE, Jarjoura D, Taper HS, Calderon PB, Neal DR, Summers JL.(PubMed)
(9) The in vitro antitumor activity of vitamins C and K3 against ovarian carcinoma by von Gruenigen VE¹, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Lorimer HE, Summers M, Pollard RR, Gwin CA, Summers JL.(PubMed)

Ovarian Cancer in Herbs' Points of View

  Kyle J. Norton

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of  abnormal ovarian cells growth of ovaries.  It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.
Depending to the stage and grade of the cancer, chemotherapy such as cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, liposomal doxorubicin may be necessary to prevent the spread and recurrence of the cancer. Epidemiological studies focusing in vegetables and fruits in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer have not been conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d), but some herbs have showed to inhibit the progression of cancer with little or no side effects.

1. Licorice
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) also known as sweetwood, is the genus Glycyrrhiza, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin diseases, coughs, constipation, bronchitis, inflammation, arthritis, etc. Isoliquiritigenin (ISL), a licorice chalconoid, induced apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma SKOV-3 cells and increased intracellular ROS levels through ER stress-triggered signaling pathways, according to Shihezi University(1). 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, another compound found in the same herb, potentiated the effectiveness of Hsp90(heat shock protein 90) in induced apoptosis-related protein activation, nuclear damage, and cell death, through the activation of the caspase-8- and Bid-dependent pathways and the mitochondria-mediated cell death pathway(2). Licochalocone , a natural phenol licorice compounds, enhanced 3-(5'-Hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzyl indazole (YC-1), a anticancer drugs, in exhibition of apoptosis in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3 cell lines, through decreased pro proliferative and increased apoptotic protein expression(3).

2. Cascara sagrada
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America, it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc., effect.
Emodin, a chemical compound found in the herb, inhibited  drug resistant ovarian tumor growth through increasing cellular concentration of anti cancer drug paclitaxel and re-sensitizing the resistant cells to paclitaxel(4). The study of the effect of tamoxifen, emodin, and plumbagin in BRCA1(tumor suppressor genes)-blocked ER-positive BG-1 ovarian cancer cells inhibited ovarian cancer cell line through a induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and morphological changes(5). In human ovarian carcinoma HO-8910PM cell lines, emodin and apigenin, induced cytotoxicity on HO-8910PM cells, through inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis(6).

3. Aloe vera
Aloe Vera is species of succulent plant in the genus Aloe, belonging to the Family Xanthorrhoeaceae, native to Sudan. It has become very popular for commercial cultivation due to its health benefits. Aloe vera has been used in herbal medicine in treating many kinds of disease, including wound, burn healing, minor skin infections, sebaceous cysts, diabetes, and elevated of cholesterol, etc. It is also one of many popular herb studied in scientific ways with some conflicted results.
Aloe-emodin, a major compound of herbal Aloe Vera, in composition with Reih exhibited anti  human ovarian cancer SK-OV-3, effect in half inhibitory concentration (IC50)(7). Aloe-emodin (AE) alone, showed the effective in significant inhibition of  invasion, migration, and adhesion capacities of HO-8910PM cells(human ovarian cancer )(8). Aloin, a natural anthraquinone, extract from Aloe Vera, did not inhibit initiation of DNA synthesis and  cells replicated a full complement of DNA but had difficulty in M phase of cell cycle(9).

4. Garlic
Garlic is a natural superfood healer for its natural antibiotic with antiviral, antifungal, anticoagulant and antiseptic properties. Allium vegetables have been found in many studies to have an inverse association between the frequency of use of and the risk of several common cancers(10). In Human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line A2780, S-allylcysteine (SAC), , an antioxidant and chemical compound extracted from garlic, SAC  induced apoptosis through G1/S phase arrest by decreased the proliferative expression and increased expression of active of pro apoptosis(11). In other human ovarian cancer cell lines, SAC and SAMC induced apoptosis through activation of E-cadherin(12).

5. Ginseng
Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng (root). ginsenoside Rg3, a major chemical compound found in Ginseng, inhibited of SKOV-3 cell line through inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis and decrease of invasive ability and MMP-9(13).
Composition of ginsenoside Rg3 and cyclophosphamide CTX, significantly inhibited growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer(14). Ginsenoside Rh2, another chemical compound of the herb, inhibited the cancer cells through induction of apoptosis in addition to augmentation of the natural killer activity in spleen cells from tumor-hearing nude mice(15).  

6. Lingzhi (LZ)
Ling Zhi is also known as Lucid Ganoderma. The sweet and netral herb has been used in TCM to treat cough, asthma, tinnitus, deafness and lassitude of the loins and knees, palpitation, insomnia and amnesia, hepatitis B, etc. as it nourishes Yin and Blood, strengthens the Spleen tonifies Qi and Body Fluids, calms the Mind, strengthens the Stomach, etc., by enhancing the functions of Lung, Kidney, Liver, Heart, Spleen and Stomach channels.
Lingzhi (LZ),  also known as Ganoderma lucidum, inhibited the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3, through  suppressing cell growth and inducing antioxidative/detoxification activity(16). Other study suggested that LingZhi also strongly decreased cell numbers in a dose-dependent manner. through inhibition of colony formation, cell migration and spheroid formation(17).

7. Cranberry
Cranberry is a evergreen dwarf shrubs, genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family  Ericaceae, native to Northern America and Southern Asia. Because of health benefits, it has been cultivated in some parts of the world forcommercial profits and used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat wounds,urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems.
Proanthocyanidin (PAC)-rich isolate from cranberry (PAC-1), inhibited ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cell line through blocked cell cycle progression through the G2/M phase, increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induced apoptosis through activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathway components(18). Treatment with Proanthocyanidin in SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells  exhibited classic apoptotic changesnd pretreatment of SKOV-3 cells with PACs (106 microg/ml) resulted in a significant reduction of the paraplatin IC50 value(19).

8. Rosemary
Rosemaryis a perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves, the genus Rosmarinus, belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Its fresh and dried leaves has been used frequently in traditional Mediterranean cuisine and as flavor foods while barbecuing. Rosnary has been used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic, antioxidant, and antispasmodic agent to treat circulatory problem, eczema, rheumatism, muscle pain, etc.
Crude extracts of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L), has been found to consist anti-proliferative property on several human cancer cell lines and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties(20).
Carnosol (CS), carnosic acid (CA) and rosmarinic acid (RA), the main ingredients in rosemary extract, exhibited the significant antiproliferation activity on human ovarian cancer A2780 and its CDDP resistant daughter cell line A2780CP70, with IC(50) (50% inhibitory concentration)(21).

9. Devil's Club 
Devil's Club is a large shrub, genus Oplopanax, belonging to the family Aralioideae, native to the cool moist forests of western North America. The herb has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as Adaptogen, Antipyretic, Pain Reliever, Antitussive, Antibacterial agent and to treat Arthritis, Diabetes, Colds, Cough, Sore throat, Chest congestion, Stomach pain, Constipation, Gall stones, Influenza, Cancer, etc.
Ethanolic extract of Devil club dry root bark powder, showed to inhibit the proliferation of some cancer cell lines including K562, HL60, MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cell growth with the 50% inhibition (IC(50))(22). Water, 70% ethanol, 100% ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of OH exhibited significant anti-proliferation effect against both cisplatin sensitive and resistant human ovarian cell lines, including human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780, A2780CP70, OVCAR3, and OVCAR10, according the University of British Columbia(23). In comparison with stem and berry, researchers found that stem extract after administration of 72 h, increased cells apoptosis cells through cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis on different human cancer cell lines (SW-480, HCT-116, HT-29, MCF-7 and NSCLC)(24).

10. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
Ginkgolide B (GB), a major component of Ginkgo biloba extracts, significantly inhibited SKOV3 and CAOV3 cell proliferation by 57.3% and 63.1% compared with control cells with treatment of with 100 µM GB for 3 days, through the upregulation of p21(promoted cell cycle arrest), p27(regulation of cell proliferation, cell motility and apoptosis), cleaved capase-3(activated antibody), and cleaved caspase-8(activation and cell death) and downregulation of cyclin D1(regulation of cell cycle progression)(25). In BRCA1 mutations risk of developing ovarian cancers, bioinformatics software analysis indicated that GB treatment involved multiple mechanisms and signal pathways in anticancer activities in BRCA1-mutant cells(26). According to Harvard Medical School, in vitro experiments, Ginkgo extract and its components, quercetin and ginkgolide A and B, have significant anti-proliferative effects ( approximately 40%) in normal and ovarian cancer cells(27).

11. Grape seed extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including Resveratrol, vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), etc..The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring, allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.
Resveratrol, a major compound found in grape seed extract showed to prevent Cisplatin-induced EMT in ovarian cancer cells, through increased cell death, and reduced the risk of metastasis(28). The
University of Michigan, in the study of the effects of Resveratrol in response of ovarian cancer cells, indicated that Resveratrol inhibits the growth and induces death in a panel of five human ovarian carcinoma cell lines, associated with mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, formation of the apoptosome complex, and caspase activation(29). The Seoul National University suggested that Resveratrol retards the growth of PA-1 cell xenograft and the expression of eEF1A2 (the gene may be critical in the development of ovarian cancer) in athymic nude mice(30).

12. Valerian is a perennial flowering plant, in the genus Valeriana, belonging to the family Valerianaceae, native to Europe and parts of Asia. The herb has been used as a sedative and relaxing agent and to treat the liver, the urinary tract, the digestive tract problem, nerve conditions, etc.
IVHD-valtrate, one of the most active Valeriana jatamansi or Indian Valerian derivatives, inhibited the growth and proliferation of the A2780 and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cell lines, through  G2/M phase arrest and induced apoptosis, and significantly suppressed the growth of A2780 and OVCAR3 xenograft tumors in a dose-dependent manner(31). 

13. Phyllanthus niruri L. 
Phyllanthus niruri L., also known as stonebreaker or seed-under-leaf, is a widespread tropical plant the genus Phyllanthus, belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae, native to to China, India and South/Central America. The herb has been used in folk medicine to treat kidney stones and in Indian medicine which is for problems of the stomach, genitourinary system, liver, kidney and spleen(32).
Corilagin, a major chemical constituent from Phyllanthus niruri L., inhibited the growth of the ovarian cancer cell lines SKOv3ip and Hey associated with cell cycle arrest at the G2/M stage and enhanced apoptosis(33). Other researchers suggested that Corilagin inhibited into the culture supernatant of all tested ovarian cancer cell lines through blocking the secretion of TGF-β(involved in many cellular processes)(34).

15. Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud) 
Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud)  is a species of fernin the genus of Thelypteris, belonging to the family Thelypteridaceae native to China. The herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of treatment of hydropsy and traumatic bleeding (Institute of Botany, 1976; Ding, 1982).
The total flavonoid fraction from the roots of M. torresiana shows significant antitumor activity(35).
Protoapigenone, a novel flavonoid isolated from the whole plant Thelypteris torresiana (Gaud), exhibited a significant cytotoxicity on human ovarian cancer cells MDAH-2774 and SKOV3 but not on the immortalized non-cancer ovarian epithelial cells HOSE 6-3 and HOSE 11-12, through S and G2/M phases arrest via decreasing the expression of p-Cdk2, Cdk2(the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A) and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B).), p-Cyclin B1 and Cyclin B1(activity is restricted to the G1-S phase, and is essential for cell cycle G1/S phase transition). This protein associates with and is regulated by the regulatory subunits of the complex including cyclin A or E, CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 (CDKN1A) and p27Kip1 (CDKN1B)(36)), as well as increasing the expression of inactive p-Cdc25C(antibody)(37).

Taking altogether, Certain herbs have been found effectively in reduced risk and treatment of ovarian cancer, through cell cycle arrest, up and down regulation of some mechanisms, but large sample size and multi centers studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness of principle ingredients. As always, All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.

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References
(a) Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition by Schulz M¹, Lahmann PH, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Allen N, Key TJ, Bingham S, Wirfält E, Berglund G, Lundin E, Hallmans G, Lukanova A, Martínez Garcia C, González CA, Tormo MJ, Quirós JR, Ardanaz E, Larrañaga N, Lund E, Gram IT, Skeie G, Peeters PH, van Gils CH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Pasanisi P, Galasso R, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Trichopoulou A, Kalapothaki V, Trichopoulos D, Chang-Claude J, Linseisen J, Boutron-Ruault MC, Touillaud M, Clavel-Chapelon F, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Tetsche M, Jenab M, Norat T, Kaaks R, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(b) Fruits and vegetables and ovarian cancer risk in a pooled analysis of 12 cohort studies by Koushik A¹, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Arslan AA, Beeson WL, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Cerhan JR, Colditz GA, Fraser GE, Freudenheim JL, Genkinger JM, Goldbohm RA, Hankinson SE, Koenig KL, Larsson SC, Leitzmann M, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Patel A, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Smit E, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA(PubMed).
(c) Epidemiologic evidence of the protective effect of fruit and vegetables on cancer risk by Riboli E¹, Norat T.(PubMed)
(d) Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: a prospective analysis by Fairfield KM¹, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(1) Involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in isoliquiritigenin-induced SKOV-3 cell apoptosis by Yuan X¹, Yu B, Wang Y, Jiang J, Liu L, Zhao H, Qi W, Zheng Q.(PubMed)
(2) 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid potentiates Hsp90 inhibition-induced apoptosis in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells via activation of death receptor and mitochondrial pathway by Yang JC¹, Myung SC, Kim W, Lee CS(PubMed)
(3) Guanylate cyclase activator YC-1 potentiates apoptotic effect of licochalcone A on human epithelial ovarian carcinoma cells via activation of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways by Lee CS¹, Kwak SW, Kim YJ, Lee SA, Park ES, Myung SC, Kim W, Lee MS, Lee JJ.(PubMed)
(4) Emodin sensitizes paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in vitro by Li J¹, Liu P, Mao H, Wanga A, Zhang X.(PubMed)
(5) Antisense blocking of BRCA1 enhances sensitivity to plumbagin but not tamoxifen in BG-1 ovarian cancer cells by Srinivas G¹, Annab LA, Gopinath G, Banerji A, Srinivas P.(PubMed)
(6) [Effect of emodin and apigenin on invasion of human ovarian carcinoma HO-8910PM cells in vitro].[Article in Chinese] by Zhu F¹, Liu XG, Liang NC.(PubMed)
(7) Synthesis and anti-tumor activity evaluation of rhein-aloe emodin hybrid molecule by Yuan YF¹, Hu XY, He Y, Deng JG.(PubMed)
(8) Inhibitory effect of aloe-emodin on metastasis potential in HO-8910PM cell line by He TP¹, Yan WH, Mo LE, Liang NC.(PubMed)
(9) DNA ploidy and S phase fraction of breast and ovarian tumor cells treated with a natural anthracycline analog (aloin) by Esmat AY¹, El-Gerzawy SM, Rafaat A.(PubMed)
(10) Onion and garlic use and human cancer by Galeone C, Pelucchi C, Levi F, Negri E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, La Vecchia C.(PubMed)
(11) S-allylcysteine, a garlic derivative, suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells in vitro by Xu YS¹, Feng JG², Zhang D³, Zhang B⁴, Luo M³, Su D⁵, Lin NM(PubMed)
(11) A novel anticancer effect of garlic derivatives: inhibition of cancer cell invasion through restoration of E-cadherin expression by Chu Q¹, Ling MT, Feng H, Cheung HW, Tsao SW, Wang X, Wong YC.(PubMed)
(12) Cytotoxic components from the dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe by Kim JS¹, Lee SI, Park HW, Yang JH, Shin TY, Kim YC, Baek NI, Kim SH, Choi SU, Kwon BM, Leem KH, Jung MY, Kim DK.(PubMed)
(13) Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on ovarian cancer metastasis by Xu TM¹, Cui MH, Xin Y, Gu LP, Jiang X, Su MM, Wang DD, Wang WJ.(PubMed)
(14) Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg3 combined with cyclophosphamide on growth and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer by Xu TM¹, Xin Y, Cui MH, Jiang X, Gu LP.(PubMed)
(15) Inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on tumor growth in nude mice bearing human ovarian cancer cells by Nakata H¹, Kikuchi Y, Tode T, Hirata J, Kita T, Ishii K, Kudoh K, Nagata I, Shinomiya N.(PubMed)
(16) Suppression of proliferation and oxidative stress by extracts of Ganoderma lucidum in the ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3 by Hsieh TC¹, Wu JM.(PubMed)
(17) Ganoderma lucidum exerts anti-tumor effects on ovarian cancer cells and enhances their sensitivity to cisplatin by Zhao S¹, Ye G, Fu G, Cheng JX, Yang BB, Peng C.(PubMed)
(18) Anti-angiogenic activity of cranberry proanthocyanidins and cytotoxic properties in ovarian cancer cells by Kim KK¹, Singh AP, Singh RK, Demartino A, Brard L, Vorsa N, Lange TS, Moore RG.(PubMed)
(19) Cranberry proanthocyanidins are cytotoxic to human cancer cells and sensitize platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells to paraplatin by Singh AP¹, Singh RK, Kim KK, Satyan KS, Nussbaum R, Torres M, Brard L, Vorsa N.(PubMed)
(20) Anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis.by Cheung S¹, Tai J.(PubMed)
(21) Antiproliferation effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on human ovarian cancer cells in vitro by Tai J¹, Cheung S, Wu M, Hasman D.(PubMed)
(22) In vitro anti-proliferative and antioxidant studies on Devil's Club Oplopanax horridus by Tai J¹, Cheung S, Cheah S, Chan E, Hasman D.(PubMed)
(23) Inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell lines by devil's club Oplopanax horridus by Tai J¹, Cheung S, Chan E, Hasman D.(PubMed)
(24) High performance liquid chromatographic analysis and anticancer potential of Oplopanax horridus: comparison of stem and berry extracts by Wang CZ¹, Aung HH, Mehendale SR, Shoyama Y, Yuan CS.(PubMed)
(25) Ginkgo May Sensitize Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cisplatin: Antiproliferative and Apoptosis-Inducing Effects of Ginkgolide B on Ovarian Cancer Cells by Jiang W¹, Cong Q, Wang Y, Ye B, Xu C.(PubMed)
(26) Ginkgo may prevent genetic-associated ovarian cancer risk: multiple biomarkers and anticancer pathways induced by ginkgolide B in BRCA1-mutant ovarian epithelial cells by Jiang W¹, Qiu W, Wang Y, Cong Q, Edwards D, Ye B, Xu C.(PubMed)
(27) Ginkgo biloba and ovarian cancer prevention: epidemiological and biological evidence by Ye B¹, Aponte M, Dai Y, Li L, Ho MC, Vitonis A, Edwards D, Huang TN, Cramer DW.(PubMed)
(28) Resveratrol Inhibits Cisplatin-Induced Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines by Baribeau S, Chaudhry P, Parent S, Asselin E.(PubMed)
(29) Resveratrol-induced autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells by Opipari AW Jr¹, Tan L, Boitano AE, Sorenson DR, Aurora A, Liu JR.(PubMed)
(30) Resveratrol suppresses growth of human ovarian cancer cells in culture and in a murine xenograft model: eukaryotic elongation factor 1A2 as a potential target by Lee MH¹, Choi BY, Kundu JK, Shin YK, Na HK, Surh YJ.(PubMed)
(31) Valeriana jatamansi constituent IVHD-valtrate as a novel therapeutic agent to human ovarian cancer: in vitro and in vivo activities and mechanisms.

Li X¹, Chen T, Lin S, Zhao J, Chen P, Ba Q, Guo H, Liu Y, Li J, Chu R, Shan L, Zhang W, Wang H.(PubMed)

(32) "Keelanelli". Tamilnadu.com. 21 January 2013.

(33) A potential anti-tumor herbal medicine, Corilagin, inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through blocking the TGF-β signaling pathways by Jia L¹, Jin H, Zhou J, Chen L, Lu Y, Ming Y, Yu Y.(PubMed)

(34) A potential anti-tumor herbal medicine, Corilagin, inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth through blocking the TGF-β signaling pathways by Jia L¹, Jin H, Zhou J, Chen L, Lu Y, Ming Y, Yu Y.(PubMed) 

(35) In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of Macrothelypteris torresiana and its acute/subacute oral toxicity by Huang XH¹, Xiong PC, Xiong CM, Cai YL, Wei AH, Wang JP, Liang XF, Ruan JL(PubMed) 

(36) Bioworld

(37) Protoapigenone, a novel flavonoid, inhibits ovarian cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo by Chang HL¹, Su JH, Yeh YT, Lee YC, Chen HM, Wu YC, Yuan SS.(PubMed)

Alzheimer's disease in Foods, Herbs and Vitamins Points of View

By Kyle J. Norton

Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder correlated with major reductions of neurons to the respective target areas, named after German physician Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's destroys brain cells, causing cognitive modalities severe enough to affect language communication, memory, lifelong hobbies or social life. Alzheimer's gets worse over time, and it is fatal. 
According to statistic, over 25 million people in the world today are affected by dementia and most are suffering from Alzheimer's disease. It may be a result of  cigarette smoking, midlife high blood pressure and obesity, diabetes, and cerebrovascular lesions and psychosocial factors (eg, high education, active social engagement, physical exercise, and mentally stimulating activity)(1) Strong evidences emerged in epidemiological studies suggested that certain foods(2) may have potential in reduced risk and treatments of Alzheimer's disease.

I. Types of Foods Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease

1. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables are the group of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae, including cauliflower, cabbage, cress, bok choy, broccoli etc..
Epidemiological studies has demonstrated reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease in cruciferous consumption. The study of 2148 community-based elderly subjects (aged > or = 65 years) without dementia in New York, after 3.9 years,  253 subjects developed AD during a follow-up. Dietary pattern (DP) analysis of food combination indicated that higher intakes of salad dressing, nuts, fish, tomatoes, poultry, cruciferous vegetables, fruits, and dark and green leafy vegetables and a lower intake of high-fat dairy products, red meat, organ meat, and butter are associated to reduced risk of  AD.(1)

2. Tomatos
Tomato is a red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, tomato is grown world wide for commercial purpose and often in green house.
Lycopene and alpha carotene found in tometos inhibited symptoms of AD through inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) formation, deposition and fibril formation either by reducing the levels of p35 or inhibiting corresponding enzymes(2). In the study of Antioxidants, such as tocopherols and carotenoids,  implicated in the prevention of degenerative diseases showed that aging population exhibit a age related decline of levels retinol, total tocopherols, total xanthophylls and total carotenoids(3).

3. Garlic
Garlic is a natural superfood healer for its natural antibiotic with antiviral, antifungal, anticoagulant and antiseptic properties.
 S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), an active chemical constituents of garlic, showed to inhibit several pathological cascades related to the synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammatory pathways associated with AD. through up and down regulations(4) with intervention to prevent free radicals causes of deterioration of cognitive functions and neurobehavioral activities(5). The Central Food Technological Research Institute supported the binding ability of SAC to Abeta, inducing a partially folded conformation in Abeta.(6) and suggested that consumption of garlic may reduced risk of AD, due to inhibition of Abeta aggregation in human brain(7).

4. Ginger
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) or ginger root is the genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Tamil. It has been used in traditional and Chinese medicine to treat dyspepsia, gastroparesis, constipation, edema, difficult urination, colic, etc.
In the Alzheimer disease (AD) rat model, ginger root extract (GRE) administered intra-gastrically to rats after 35 days, exhibited the protective effect against AD through reversed behavioral dysfunction and prevented AD-like symptoms(8).  [6]-gingerol, a pungent ingredient of ginger, pretreatment protected against Aβ(25-35)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death such as DNA fragmentation, disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and activation of caspase-3 via augmentation of antioxidant capacity(9) and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities and prevention of lipid peroxidation in the brain(10).

5. Turmeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence, bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc. 
Evidences of epidemiological studies suggestion of curcumin in reduced risk of Ad progression. Suggestion of curcumin in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) depended on the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier(11) and on inhibited progression of deposit of  beta-amyloid aggregation.(12).
A novel polymeric nanoparticle (PEG-PLGA) encapsulated curcumin, induced adult neurogenesis through activation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway(secreted signalling proteins  released by one cell population will trigger concentration-dependent responses in other cells located some distance away)(13) and brain self-repair mechanis(14).  Unfortunately, a 24-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study conducted by the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, oral administration showed no biochemical evidence of efficacy of Curcumin C3 Complex® in AD(15).

6. Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice derived from the inner bark of tree, native to South East Asia, of over 300 species of the genus Cinnamomum, belonging to the family Lauraceae.. The herb has been use in herbal and traditional medicine as anti-fungal and bacteria level to improve reproductive organ, prevent flatulence and intestinal cramping, treat indigestion, diarrhea, bad breath, headache, migraine, etc.
Aqueous extract of cinnamon showed to inhibit tau aggregation in vitro and can even induce dissociation of tangles isolated from AD brain and cinnamaldehyde (CA). The organic compound of cinnamon
protected tau from oxidation caused by the reactive oxygen species, H2O2, and prevented subsequent formation of high molecular weight species that are considered to stimulate tangle formation(16) and inhibited tau aggregation associated with Alzheimer's disease in vitro(17). Other study insisted that cinnamon extract (CEppt), markedly inhibits the formation of toxic Aβ oligomers and prevents the toxicity of Aβ on neuronal PC12 cells and oral administration in AD patients, showed to reduce longevity, fully recovered their locomotion defects and totally abolished tetrameric species of Aβ in the brain(18).

7. Black pepper
Black pepper is a  is a flowering vine in the genus Pipper, belonging to the family Piperaceae. It has been used in folk medicine in treating constipation, diarrhea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, etc.
Piperine, a main active alkaloid in black pepper exhibited significantly improved memory impairment and neurodegeneration in hippocampus associated with the decrease lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase enzyme(19). In the evaluation the Piperine therapeutic effects in Alzheimer's Disease, at 2 mg/kg dose, reduced the SOD values, immobility and has shown superior results than Donepezil (5 mg/kg), AD drug and increased the acetylcholenesterase values(20).

8. Green Tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis, undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China. Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years. Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for commercial purposes all over the world.
Green tea polyphenols (GTPs) may be a next potential agent in protection of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). GTPs have found to inhibit amyloid fibril formation and protect neurons from toxicity induced by β-amyloid and OA-induced neurotoxicity by enhancing the amelioration of learning and memory impairments and also reduction of tau hyperphosphorylation(21). Epigallocatechin gallate polyphenols, isolated from green tea, a selective inhibitor of PKC., combination of EGCG and resveratrol protected against GF 109203X-induced cell death and cytoskeleton degeneration, with a maximal effect at 1 and 3 μM, respectively and cells treated increased PKC gamma (γ) activation and promoted neuronal interconnections(22). (-)-epigallocatechin-3 gallate (EGCG) alone also showed to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) production in both neuronal and mouse Alzheimer's disease (AD) models(23).

9. Coffee
Coffee made from the roasted seeds of the genus Coffee, belonging to the family Rubiaceae native to southern Arabia. Coffee may consist certain substances, effecting the risk of Alzheimers' disease. AD mice given caffeine in their drinking water from young adulthood into older age showed to inhibit memory and cognitive impairment and lower brain levels of amyloid-beta; Abeta)(24)(25). In mice with Alzheimers' disease caused by dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium (Ca ²⁺), induced deletion of RyanR3, showed the enhancement of coffee in activation of RyanRs which protected AD neurons from synaptic and network dysfunction(26). Intake of 5 cups of coffee per day(moderate caffeine intake) found to protect against the development of certain cognitive impairment and decreased hippocampal amyloid-beta (Abeta) levels through suppression of both beta-secretase (BACE1), a beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 and presenilin 1 (PS1)/gamma-secretase expression(mutations in the presenilin proteins)(27)(28).

10. Red wine
Red wine made from made  dark-coloured (black) grape varieties as a result of anthocyan pigments  present in the skin of the grape.
Red wine may be a therapeutic potential  for treating AD patients through reduction of forming of beta-amyloid peptid. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), black grape skin extract inhibited the ROS production, protected the cellular membrane from oxidative damage, and consequently prevented DNA fragmentation(29).  Red wine extract resveratrol, in another study inhibited the expression of soluble oligomers of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cause of neurotoxicity, synaptic dysfunction, and memory impairments(30). Polyphenols derived from red wine, according to Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, may protect against cognitive deterioration of Alzheimer's disease, thriugh generation and assembly of β-amyloid peptides into neurotoxic oligomeric aggregated species(31).

10. Olive oil
Olive is belongs to the the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin and south end of the Caspian Sea. Its fruit, is also called the olive and the source of olive oil.
Oleuropein aglycone, the main polyphenol derived from extra virgin olive oil, in the study of the double transgenic TgCRND8 mice, showed to improve the cognitive performance and reduce ß-amyloid levels and plaque deposits, through  increase of autophagic markers expression and of lysosomal (break down waste materials and cellular debris)activity(32), induction of the Aβ transgene expression(33) and enhancement of Aβ clearance from the brain(34). The study by VA Medical Center, also found that EVOO inhibited learning and memory deficits found in aging and diseases, due to overproduction of amyloid-β protein, and reversed oxidative damage in the brain(35).

11. Fish oil
Fish oil derived from the tissues of oily fish, contains high amount of omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), etc.
Epidemiological studies suggested that higher dietary intake of ω-3 PUFA reduced risk of incident AD and slower cognitive decline(36) through reduction of plasma levels of Aβ42(37) and may be through induced the PTEN expression(ova tumor suppressor gene) by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor(regulating the expression of genes)(38). Genetically, defection of the ε4 allele of the APOE gene (APOE4), according to the Central Michigan University, in the mu-p75 saporin (SAP)-induced mouse model of AD, daily treatments of Cerise(®) Total-Body-Rhythm™ (TBR; containing tart cherry extract, Nordic fish oil, and refined emu oil), reduced the severity of cognitive deficits in disorders involving cholinergic deficits(39). 

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, The list of foods above may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of Alzheimers' disease through improvement of cognitive function, via reduced plasma levels of Aβ42 and ß-amyloid and plaque deposits. Some researchers suggested that larger sample and multi centers studies are necessary to identify the principle ingredients for validation of their effectiveness. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.


Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html

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References
(1) Food combination and Alzheimer disease risk: a protective diet by Gu Y¹, Nieves JW, Stern Y, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N.(PubMed)
(2) Carotenoids and Alzheimer's disease: an insight into therapeutic role of retinoids in animal models by Obulesu M¹, Dowlathabad MR, Bramhachari PV.(PubMed)
(3) Carotenoid, tocopherol, and retinol concentrations in elderly human brain by Craft NE¹, Haitema TB, Garnett KM, Fitch KA, Dorey CK.(PubMed)
(4) The "aged garlic extract:" (AGE) and one of its active ingredients S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) as potential preventive and therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease (AD) by Ray B¹, Chauhan NB, Lahiri DK.(PubMed)
(5) S-allyl cysteine attenuates oxidative stress associated cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in mouse model of streptozotocin-induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's type by Javed H¹, Khan MM, Khan A, Vaibhav K, Ahmad A, Khuwaja G, Ahmed ME, Raza SS, Ashafaq M, Tabassum R, Siddiqui MS, El-Agnaf OM, Safhi MM, Islam F.(PubMed)
(6) Anti-amyloidogenic activity of S-allyl-L-cysteine and its activity to destabilize Alzheimer's beta-amyloid fibrils in vitro by Gupta VB¹, Rao KS.(PubMed)
(7) Garlic extract exhibits antiamyloidogenic activity on amyloid-beta fibrillogenesis: relevance to Alzheimer's disease by Gupta VB¹, Indi SS, Rao KS(PubMed)
(8) Protective effects of ginger root extract on Alzheimer disease-induced behavioral dysfunction in rats by Zeng GF¹, Zhang ZY, Lu L, Xiao DQ, Zong SH, He JM.(PubMed)
(9) [6]-Gingerol attenuates β-amyloid-induced oxidative cell death via fortifying cellular antioxidant defense system by Lee C¹, Park GH, Kim CY, Jang JH.(PubMed)
(10) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activities and some pro-oxidant induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain by two varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) by Oboh G¹, Ademiluyi AO, Akinyemi AJ.(PubMed)
(11) Highly stabilized curcumin nanoparticles tested in an in vitro blood-brain barrier model and in Alzheimer's disease Tg2576 mice by Cheng KK¹, Yeung CF, Ho SW, Chow SF, Chow AH, Baum L.(PubMed)
(12) Oral curcumin for Alzheimer's disease: tolerability and efficacy in a 24-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study by Ringman JM¹, Frautschy SA, Teng E, Begum AN, Bardens J, Beigi M, Gylys KH, Badmaev V, Heath DD, Apostolova LG, Porter V, Vanek Z, Marshall GA, Hellemann G, Sugar C, Masterman DL, Montine TJ, Cummings JL, Cole GM.(PubMed)
(13) Curcumin-Loaded Nanoparticles Potently Induce Adult Neurogenesis and Reverse Cognitive Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model via Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Tiwari SK¹, Agarwal S, Seth B, Yadav A, Nair S, Bhatnagar P, Karmakar M, Kumari M, Chauhan LK, Patel DK, Srivastava V, Singh D, Gupta SK, Tripathi A, Chaturvedi RK, Gupta KC.(PubMed)
(14) Curcumin-Loaded Nanoparticles Potently Induce Adult Neurogenesis and Reverse Cognitive Deficits in Alzheimer's Disease Model via Canonical Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway by Tiwari SK¹, Agarwal S, Seth B, Yadav A, Nair S, Bhatnagar P, Karmakar M, Kumari M, Chauhan LK, Patel DK, Srivastava V, Singh D, Gupta SK, Tripathi A, Chaturvedi RK, Gupta KC.(PubMed)
(15) Oral curcumin for Alzheimer's disease: tolerability and efficacy in a 24-week randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study by Ringman JM¹, Frautschy SA, Teng E, Begum AN, Bardens J, Beigi M, Gylys KH, Badmaev V, Heath DD, Apostolova LG, Porter V, Vanek Z, Marshall GA, Hellemann G, Sugar C, Masterman DL, Montine TJ, Cummings JL, Cole GM.(PubMed)
(16) Interaction of cinnamaldehyde and epicatechin with tau: implications of beneficial effects in modulating Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by George RC¹, Lew J, Graves DJ.(PubMed)
(17) Cinnamon extract inhibits tau aggregation associated with Alzheimer's disease in vitro by Peterson DW¹, George RC, Scaramozzino F, LaPointe NE, Anderson RA, Graves DJ, Lew J.(PubMed)
(18) Orally administrated cinnamon extract reduces β-amyloid oligomerization and corrects cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease animal models by Frydman-Marom A¹, Levin A, Farfara D, Benromano T, Scherzer-Attali R, Peled S, Vassar R, Segal D, Gazit E, Frenkel D, Ovadia M(PubMed)
(19) Piperine, the main alkaloid of Thai black pepper, protects against neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment in animal model of cognitive deficit like condition of Alzheimer's disease. by Chonpathompikunlert P¹, Wattanathorn J, Muchimapura S.(PubMed)
(20) Preparation, characterization, in vivo and biochemical evaluation of brain targeted Piperine solid lipid nanoparticles in an experimentally induced Alzheimer's disease model by Yusuf M¹, Khan M, Khan RA, Ahmed B.(PubMed)
(21) Green tea polyphenols protect against okadaic acid-induced acute learning and memory impairments in rats by Li H¹, Wu X¹, Wu Q¹, Gong D¹, Shi M¹, Guan L¹, Zhang J¹, Liu J¹, Yuan B¹, Han G², Zou Y³(PubMed)
(22) Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate polyphenols are mediated by the activation of protein kinase C gamma. Menard C¹, Bastianetto S², Quirion R³(PubMed)
(23) Octyl gallate markedly promotes anti-amyloidogenic processing of APP through estrogen receptor-mediated ADAM10 activation by Zhang SQ¹, Sawmiller D, Li S, Rezai-Zadeh K, Hou H, Zhou S, Shytle D, Giunta B, Fernandez F, Mori T, Tan J.(PubMed)
(24) Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease by Arendash GW¹, Cao C.(PubMed)
(25) Caffeine reverses cognitive impairment and decreases brain amyloid-beta levels in aged Alzheimer's disease mice by Arendash GW¹, Mori T, Cao C, Mamcarz M, Runfeldt M, Dickson A, Rezai-Zadeh K, Tane J, Citron BA, Lin X, Echeverria V, Potter H.(PubMed)
(26) The role of ryanodine receptor type 3 in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease by Liu J¹, Supnet C², Sun S¹, Zhang H¹, Good L³, Popugaeva E⁴, Bezprozvanny I⁵.(PubMed)
(27) Caffeine reverses cognitive impairment and decreases brain amyloid-beta levels in aged Alzheimer's disease mice by Arendash GW¹, Mori T, Cao C, Mamcarz M, Runfeldt M, Dickson A, Rezai-Zadeh K, Tane J, Citron BA, Lin X, Echeverria V, Potter H.(PubMed)
(28) Caffeine and coffee as therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease by Arendash GW¹, Cao C.
(PubMed)
(29) Red wine micronutrients as protective agents in Alzheimer-like induced insult by Russo A¹, Palumbo M, Aliano C, Lempereur L, Scoto G, Renis M.(PubMed)
(30) rion protein-mediated toxicity of amyloid-β oligomers requires lipid rafts and the transmembrane LRP1 by Rushworth JV¹, Griffiths HH, Watt NT, Hooper NM(PubMed)
(31) Novel role of red wine-derived polyphenols in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease dementia and brain pathology: experimental approaches and clinical implications by Pasinetti GM.(PubMed)
(32) The polyphenol oleuropein aglycone protects TgCRND8 mice against Aß plaque pathology by Grossi C¹, Rigacci S, Ambrosini S, Dami TE, Luccarini I, Traini C, Failli P, Berti A, Casamenti F, Stefani M(PubMed)
(33) Oleuropein aglycone protects transgenic C. elegans strains expressing Aβ42 by reducing plaque load and motor deficit by Diomede L¹, Rigacci S, Romeo M, Stefani M, Salmona M(PubMed)
(34) Olive-oil-derived oleocanthal enhances β-amyloid clearance as a potential neuroprotective mechanism against Alzheimer's disease: in vitro and in vivo studies by Abuznait AH¹, Qosa H, Busnena BA, El Sayed KA, Kaddoumi A(PubMed).
(35) Extra virgin olive oil improves learning and memory in SAMP8 mice by Farr SA¹, Price TO, Dominguez LJ, Motisi A, Saiano F, Niehoff ML, Morley JE, Banks WA, Ercal N, Barbagallo M.(PubMed)
(36) Current evidence for the clinical use of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease by Dacks PA¹, Shineman DW, Fillit HM.(PubMed)
(37) Nutrient intake and plasma β-amyloid by Gu Y¹, Schupf N, Cosentino SA, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N.(PubMed)
(38) Diets involved in PPAR and PI3K/AKT/PTEN pathway may contribute to neuroprotection in a traumatic brain injury by Kitagishi Y¹, Matsuda S.(PubMed)
(39) Combinatorial treatment of tart cherry extract and essential fatty acids reduces cognitive impairments and inflammation in the mu-p75 saporin-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Matchynski JJ¹, Lowrance SA, Pappas C, Rossignol J, Puckett N, Sandstrom M, Dunbar GL.(PubMed)

II. Types of Herbs Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease

Strong evidences emerged in epidemiological studies suggested that certain herbs(2) may have potential in reduced risk and treatments of Alzheimer's disease but geographic source of the plant material, climatation, and time of harvest may effect their effectiveness. It is understandable that commercially available herbal medicinal products with the same herbal ingredients vary in their content and concentration of chemical constituents when compared between manufacturers.

1. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in treating impotence, memory loss,respiratory diseases, circulatory disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and bedwetting.
 Extracts of the leaves of the maidenhair tree, Ginkgo biloba, in identified trails on 26 June 2002 through a search of the CDCIG Specialized Register which contains records from all main medical databases, showed a positive effect of Ginkgo biloba in improvement of cognition and function(3). Study from Hospital St. Naum, Sofia, in enrolled 96 outpatients, aged 50 years or above, who met the NINCDS/ADRDA criteria for probable AD, showed no significance effect in either EGb 761(R)(Ginkgo biloba extract) and donepezil, but the result of the combination of 2 both substances are efficacy in treatment in patients with AD and neuropsychiatric features(4). But in the study of the same extract, Maria-Hilf Hospital Krefeld, Krefeld indicated that EGb 761® improved cognitive functioning, neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional abilities in both types of dementia namely Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia(5)(6).

2. Ginseng
Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng (root).
In an open-label study, conducted by Seoul National University Hospital, Ginseng improved ADAS and MMSE scores declined and may be considered as clinically effective in the cognitive performance of AD patients(7). Other study also showed the effect of KRG on cognitive functions which was sustained for 2 yr follow-up and may be an indication of  a feasible efficacy of long-term follow-up for Alzheimer's disease(9). Korean red ginseng (KRG) in high doses, significant improved on the ADAS and CDR after 12 weeks(8). Unfortunately, Study by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, on Mini-Mental Status and the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)-cognitive, showed inconclusive in the result of the efficacy of Ginseng(10).

3. Gotu Kola
Gotu Kola also known as centella, is a annual plant of the genus, belonging to the family Mackinlayaceae, native to India, Sri Lanka, northern Australia, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat nervous disorders, epilepsy, senility, premature aging, etc.
Centella asiatica (CA), commonly named gotu kola water extract of CA (GKW), in the Tg2576 mouse, a murine model of AD with high β-amyloid burden, showed to attenuated β-amyloid-associated behavioral abnormalities and protected SH-SY5Y cells and MC65 human neuroblastoma cells from toxicity(11) through the impact of the amyloid cascade altering amyloid beta pathology(12) and colchicine-induced memory impairment and oxidative damage(13).

4. Lemon Balm
Lemon Balm is is a perennial plant in the genus Melissa, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat nervous complaints, lower abdominal disorders and as anti-inflammatory, antivirus, antibacterial agent.
 Aromatherapy consisted of the use of rosemary and lemon essential oils in the morning, and lavender and orange in the evening showed significant improvement in personal orientation related to cognitive function on both the GBSS-J and TDAS after therapy(14). In a study of 20 healthy, young participants received single doses of 600, 1000, and 1600 mg of encapsulated dried leaf at 7-day intervals, indicated that doses of Melissa officinalis at or above the maximum employed here can improve cognitive performance and mood(15). Other study of a standardized M. officinalis extract (300 mg, 600 mg), indicated a significantly increased self-ratings of calmness and reduced self-ratings of alertness and negated the negative mood effects of the DISS(16)(17).

5. Rosemary
Rosemary is a perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves, the genus Rosmarinus, belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Its fresh and dried leaves has been used frequently in traditional Mediterranean cuisine and as flavor foods while barbecuing. Rosnary has been used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic, antioxidant, and antispasmodic agent to treat circulatory problem, eczema, rheumatism, muscle pain, etc.
Carnosic acid (CA), a chemical compound found in rosemary and sage, reduces Aβ production, at least partially, by activating TACE in human astroglial cells(18) and  the University of Tlemcen, also indicated that CA may be potential against Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which gradual and irreversible declines in cognitive functions in AD patients(19). In an aromatherapy consisted of the use of rosemary and lemon essential oils in the morning, and lavender and orange in the evening, showed that the combination may have some potential for improving cognitive function, especially in AD patients(20).

6. Chinese Cat's claw 
Chinese Cat's claw also known as Gou Teng, Uncaria rhynchophylla, a genus of Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae, native to China. The herb is said to consist neuroprotective, anticonvulsive, sedative and antipsychotic effect.
Mice given a subcutaneous injection of D-gal (50 mg/kg) and orally administered  Uncaria rhynchophylla (EUR) (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) daily for 8 weeks, significantly increased exploratory behavior (assessed by an open-field test) and improved spatial learning and memory function (assessed by the Morris water maze test) as well as increasing the levels of acetylcholine and glutathione and decreasing the activity of acetylcholinesterase and the level of malondialdehyde in the brains through enhancement of the antioxidant status of brain tissue(21. Center for Asian Traditional Medicine Research, Tohoku University also indicated that Uncaria rhynchophylla has remarkably inhibitory effects on the regulation of Abeta fibrils(22), a significant step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. 

7. Polygala tenuifolia
 Polygala tenuifolia also known as Yuan Zhi is a genus Polygala, belonging to family Polygalaceae, native to China. The herb has been used in TCM to insomnia, forgetfulness, emotional and disorientation with abundance of phlegm, seizures, anxiety, listlessness, boils, abscesses, sores,etc.
Extract of dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow was found to provide some protective effects against neuronal death and cognitive impairments in Alzheimer's disease (AD), in the study by the Seoul National University(23). Tenuigenin, a crude extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. significantly decreased Abeta secretion from COS-7 cells without altering the ratio of Abeta1-40 and Abeta-42 (in differentiation of change in Abeta metabolism) probably through inhibition of the deposit of beta-site APP cleaving enzyme(causing increased levels of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease)(24) or inhibited the secretion of A beta in SH-SY5Y APP 695 cells (amyloid precursor protein (APP)) via BACE1 inhibition(reduced risk of the build up of beta-amyloid and slow or stop Alzheimers disease)(25). Ninjin-yoei-to (NYT; Ren-shen-yang-rong-tang in Chinese formula, among 14 kinds of component herbs in NYT, the roots of Polygala tenuifolia  extracts increased nerve growth factor NGF levels from the astrocytes(star shaped glial cells with function of support to neurons and clean up debris within the brain)(26).

8. Salvia officinalis (Sage)
Sage is a ornamental plant of the genus Salvia, belonging to family Lamiaceae, native to the Central and South America, Central, Eastern Asia and Mediterranean. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as carminative, antiperspirant, antispasmodic, astringent, antiseptic, and antibiotic agent and to calm the central nervous system, treat spasms in smooth and skeletal muscles, relieve digestive problems, regulate menstruation, etc.
According to the Northumbria University, extracts Salvia officinalis exerted its anti-oxidant, estrogenic, anti-inflammatory properties, to inhibited butyryl- and acetyl-cholinesterase (to prevent impeded neurotransmission)(27). Rosmarinic acid from Sage, in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD), enhanced the neuroprotective effect of sage against Abeta-induced toxicity, through inhibition of reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation(cell apoptosis), and tau protein hyperphosphorylation(neurofibrillary degeneration)(28)

9. Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy)
Papaver somniferum is a genus of Papaver, belonging to the family Papaveraceae, native to the Mediterranean Basin, Southeastern Europe, and Western Asia. The herb has been used in folk medicine for treating asthma, stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight.
Opium poppy exerted it neuroprotective effect through interaction of alkaloid opioids of herb with endogenous opiate receptors in the brain, according to Medical Research Council, Newcastle General Hospital(29). Some alkaloids isolated from plants, or are derived from templates of compounds from plant sources have been in clinical use for treatment of cognitive disorders(30).

10. saffron (Crocus sativus) 
Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus which is a genus Crocus, belonging to the family Iridaceae, native to Southeast Asia.
Saffron extract, showed moderated AChE inhibitory activity, verified by in silico docking studies(31) and some promising effects in clinical studies with dementia patients(32). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled Tehran University of Medical Science study, suggested a positive mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease effect through inhibition of the aggregation and deposition of amyloid β in the human brain(33). Crocin isolated from Saffron, in Alzheimer's disease induced by intracerebroventricular (icv) streptozocin (STZ) in male rats, significantly attenuated learning and memory impairment(34).

11. Bacopa  monnieri
Bacopa  monnieri  is a genus Bacopa, belonging to family Plantaginaceae, native to the wetlands of southern India and Australia. The herb has been used in Indian traditional medicine as a neurological tonic and cognitive enhancer.
In intracerebroventricular administration of colchicine induced cognitive impairment in rats, Bacopa  monnieri decreased in activity of antioxidant enzyme, reversed memory impairment and altered activity of membrane bound enzymes(35). Other study of Bacopa monnieri extract indicated an improvement of   the escape latency time (p<.01) in Morris water maze test with reduction of neurons and cholinergic neuron densities were also mitigated(36). Researchers at the suggested that Bacopa monnieri may be effective in improving memory performance and exerted protective effects against AD by increasing expression or activity of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase.Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase which plays an important role in AD, and may be a potent neuroprotective modulator against AD(37).

12. Alpinia galanga
Alpinia galanga is the genus Alpinia, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, native to Indonesia and South Asia. The herb has been used in folk medicine in treating arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, relieving discomfort caused due to inflammation of the abdomen and ulcers, etc.
On oxidative stress induced Alzheimer's type amnesia in mice, Alphinia galanga attenuated the elevated levels of acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase enzymes in amnesia induced mic(38) and acted as Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors which are widely used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD)(39). The Lalitha College of Pharmacy study suggested that Alpinia galanga fractions increases habituation memory and decreased escape latency in Alzheimer's type of amnesia in mice induced by Aβ((25-35), through increment in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and antioxidant activity depicts brain membrane integrity improvement and free radical scavenging property(40).

13. Calabar bean
 Calabar bean is the seed of climbing perennial plant, a genus Physostigma, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to the tropical Africa. The herb has been used in folk medicine in contract the pupil, manage ocular pressure in glaucoma, etc.
Physostigmine, a major alkaloids from Physostigma venenosum exhibited its neuroprotective affect in Alzheimers' disease through inhibition of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities(41) and alleviated of AD pathology and associated symptoms, for cognitive and for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)(42). The University of Massachusetts study showed that Calabar bean in dose-response relationships, enhances memory, and improves drug discovery activities(42).

14. The Compositions
14.1. Yi-Gan San
Yi-Gan San also known as Yokukansanin Japan, is a Bupleurum Formula consisting Chai Hu,  Fu Ling,  Chuan Xiong, Gan Cao, Dang Gui, Gou Teng and Cang Zhu. The composition has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of calm impatience, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Yi-Gan San exhibited a clinically significant decrease in terms of hallucinations, agitation, anxiety, irritability or abnormal behavior(44)(45) and improved behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and activities of daily living (ADL)(46). In olfactory bulbectomized (OBX) mice, The composition reversed spatial working memory and non-spatial working memory impairments, through reversed OBX-induced down-regulation of choline acetyltransferase and muscarinic muscarinic M1 receptor expression without affecting muscarinic M₃ receptor expression or AChE activity(47). But the Kanto Central Hospital study reported a case of 81 years of age patient with symptoms of metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia, due to intake of Yokukansan for 6 months(48).

14.2.  Ba Wei Di Huang Wan (BDW)
Ba Wei Di Huang Wan (BDW) is also known as Rehmannia Eight Formula, cosisting, Chinese herbs Fu Zi, Rou Gui, Shu Di Huang, Shan Yao, Shan Zhu Yu, Mu Dan Bi, Fu Ling and Ze Xie. The formula has been used in traditional Chniese medicine in tonifying Kidney and enhancing kidney Qi.
In the search combined the terms Alzheimer disease, dementia, cognition disorders, Herbal, Phytotherapy, the composition found to be effective in treating cognitive impairment of AD(49). The Tohoku University suggested that Ba Wei Di Huang Wan (BDW) improved Cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADLs)(50).

Taking altogether, without going into reviews. the list of herbs above may be effective in alleviating symptoms and treating Alzheimer's disease through inhibition of of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities. Some researchers suggested that the use of herbal medicines in the treatment of AD should be comparable to the pharmacological treatment currently in use, including the identification of the active ingredients in order to improve the validation of the clinical trial with large-scale, multicenter studies(51).
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Xian YF, Lin ZX, Zhao M, Mao QQ, Ip SP, Che CT(PubMed)

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(38) Neurotransmitter metabolic enzymes and antioxidant status on Alzheimer's disease induced mice treated with Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd by Hanish Singh JC, Alagarsamy V, Sathesh Kumar S, Narsimha Reddy Y.(PubMed)
(39) Galangin, a flavonol derived from Rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum, inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in vitro by Guo AJ, Xie HQ, Choi RC, Zheng KY, Bi CW, Xu SL, Dong TT, Tsim KW.(PubMed)
(40) Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia galanga (L.) fractions on Aβ(25-35) induced amnesia in mice by Hanish Singh JC, Alagarsamy V, Diwan PV, Sathesh Kumar S, Nisha JC, Narsimha Reddy Y.(PubMed)
(41) Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease by Konrath EL, Passos Cdos S, Klein LC Jr, Henriques AT(PubMed)
(42) Ethnobotanical treatment strategies against Alzheimer's disease.

Howes MJ, Houghton PJ(PubMed)
(43) Alzheimer's disease drugs: an application of the hormetic dose-response model by Calabrese EJ.(PubMed)

(44) Treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer-type dementia with Yokukansan in clinical practice by Hayashi Y, Ishida Y, Inoue T, Udagawa M, Takeuchi K, Yoshimuta H, Kiue K, Ninomiya Y, Kawano J, Sameshima T, Kawahara T, Goto I, Shudo K, Kurayama S, Nakamura J, Okahara K, Mitsuyama Y.(PubMed)
(45) Effects of Yokukansan on behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in regular treatment for Alzheimer's disease by Okahara K, Ishida Y, Hayashi Y, Inoue T, Tsuruta K, Takeuchi K, Yoshimuta H, Kiue K, Ninomiya Y, Kawano J, Yoshida K, Noda S, Tomita S, Fujimoto M, Hosomi J, Mitsuyama Y.(PubMed)
(46) A randomized, observer-blind, controlled trial of the traditional Chinese medicine Yi-Gan San for improvement of behavioral and psychological symptoms and activities of daily living in dementia patients by Iwasaki K, Satoh-Nakagawa T, Maruyama M, Monma Y, Nemoto M, Tomita N, Tanji H, Fujiwara H, Seki T, Fujii M, Arai H, Sasaki H.(PubMed)
(47) Ameliorative effects of yokukansan on learning and memory deficits in olfactory bulbectomized mice by Yamada M, Hayashida M, Zhao Q, Shibahara N, Tanaka K, Miyata T, Matsumoto K.(PubMed)
(48) [A case of severe hypokalemia caused by a Chinese herbal remedy (Yokukansan) in an 81-year-old woman with dementia].[Article in Japanese]by Nishiyama N, Takeshita M, Tanaka K, Miyao M, Mizuno Y.(PubMed)
(49) The use of herbal medicine in Alzheimer's disease-a systematic review by Dos Santos-Neto LL, de Vilhena Toledo MA, Medeiros-Souza P, de Souza GA.(PubMed)
(50) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the Chinese herbal medicine "ba wei di huang wan" in the treatment of dementia by Iwasaki K, Kobayashi S, Chimura Y, Taguchi M, Inoue K, Cho S, Akiba T, Arai H, Cyong JC, Sasaki H.(PubMed)
(51) The Use of Herbal Medicine in Alzheimer's Disease—A Systematic Review by Leopoldo Luiz dos Santos-Neto,¹ Maria Alice de Vilhena Toledo,² Patrícia Medeiros-Souza,³ and Gustavo Almeida de Souza(PubMed)³

III. Types of Vitamins Reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease

1. Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity, causing dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.

1. Retinols
Retinoids, derived from Vitamin A involve in cellular regulatory processes including cell differentiation, neurite outgrowth and defense against oxidative stress. In patients with Alzheimers; disease, plasma levels including retinols were found to be significantly lower of that may suggested the vascular comorbidities of patients with AD possibly as a result of certain degrees of depletion of the antioxidant defense system(1). The study of Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, indicated that vitamin A (retinol, retinal and retinoic acid) inhibited the formation, extension and destabilizing effects of β-amyloid fibrils and  the oligomerization of Aβ (Aβ40 and Aβ42)(2) and Aβ1-16 and Aβ25-35(3). According to University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Retinoids may influence Amyloid beta processing upregulation of alpha secretase via ADAM10 and inhibit formation of Amyloid fibrils(4) with these properties of retinoids are relevant to theories of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α systemactivated by both all-trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid sginalling is found downreguated by amyloid beta (Aβ) in Alzheimers patients. There fore stimulation of the RARα signalling pathway using a synthetic agonist may be effective reverse the the cognitive impairment caused by amyloid beta (Aβ)(5). In Streptozotocin (STZ) induced mice, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) treatment significantly attenuated STZ-induced memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations(6).

2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin)
Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
The study of Plasma Levels of HDL and Carotenoids in Alzheimer's patients indicated the protective effects of elevating HDL alone compared with elevating carotenoids alone or elevating both to reduce risk for dementia(7). The study of Rayalaseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh showed the anti oxidant effects of carotenoids in reduced symptoms of Alzheimer's diseases through inhibition of amyloid beta (Aβ) formation, deposition and fibril(8). Plasma of carotenoids may be used as a marker to determine the severity of AD. According to Oregon Health and Science University, an association between higher carotenoids levels and DHA and higher MMSE (tests that screen for Alzheimer's,)scores, supported a protective role of both types of nutrients in AD(9)(10). In a community-dwelling elderly study indicated that use of supplemental antioxidants (vitamins A, C, or E, plus selenium or zinc) is associated with reduction of cognitive decline(11) and vitamin A is found to be destabilization of beta-amyloid fibrils (fAbeta)(12).

Taking altogether, plasma levels of vitamin A may be an indication of marker in identification of the early onset of Alzheimer's disease. Regardless to its forms, overdoses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.


References
(1) [Influence of vascular comorbidities on the antioxidant defense system in Alzheimer's disease].

[Article in German by Polidori MC¹, Stahl W, De Spirt S, Pientka L(PubMed)

(2) Vitamin A and Alzheimer's disease by Ono K¹, Yamada M.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamin A has anti-oligomerization effects on amyloid-β in vitro by Takasaki J¹, Ono K, Yoshiike Y, Hirohata M, Ikeda T, Morinaga A, Takashima A, Yamada M(PubMed)

(4) Retinoids for treatment of Alzheimer's disease by Lerner AJ¹, Gustaw-Rothenberg K, Smyth S, Casadesus G(PubMed)
(5) Amyloid β inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer disease pathology which can be attenuated by an retinoic acid receptor α agonist by Goncalves MB¹, Clarke E, Hobbs C, Malmqvist T, Deacon R, Jack J, Corcoran JP(PubMed)
(6) All-trans retinoic acid rescues memory deficits and neuropathological changes in mouse model of streptozotocin-induced dementia of Alzheimer's type by Sodhi RK¹, Singh N.(PubMed)
(7) Plasma Levels of HDL and Carotenoids are Lower in Dementia Patients with Vascular Comorbidities by Dias IH¹, Polidori MC², Li L¹, Weber D³, Stahl W⁴, Nelles G⁵, Grune T³, Griffiths HR¹.(PubMed)
(8) Carotenoids and Alzheimer's disease: an insight into therapeutic role of retinoids in animal models by Obulesu M¹, Dowlathabad MR, Bramhachari PV.(PubMed)
(9) Nutritional biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: the association between carotenoids, n-3 fatty acids, and dementia severity by Wang W¹, Shinto L, Connor WE, Quinn JF.(PubMed)
(10) Plasma levels of antioxidants are not associated with Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline by Engelhart MJ¹, Ruitenberg A, Meijer J, Kiliaan A, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM.(PubMed)
(11) Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly? by Gray SL¹, Hanlon JT, Landerman LR, Artz M, Schmader KE, Fillenbaum GG.(PubMed)
(12) Vitamin A exhibits potent antiamyloidogenic and fibril-destabilizing effects in vitro by Ono K¹, Yoshiike Y, Takashima A, Hasegawa K, Naiki H, Yamada M.(PubMed)

B. B Vitamins 

The B Vitamin are a group of water-soluble vitamins found abundantly in whole grains, potatoes, bananas, lentils, chili peppers, tempeh, beans, nutritional yeast, brewer's yeast,  molasses, etc. The vitamins are essential for normal cellular growth and function and best known for converting energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism.

1. B vitamins and elevated plasma homocysteine
Hyperhomocysteinemia is one of the risk factors of AD.(1). B vitamins showed to slow the atrophy of specific brain regions which contribute to cognitive decline and influenced the progression of Alzheimer's' disease, through lowering elevated plasma homocysteine, according to the University of Oxford(2). A ingle-center, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of high-dose folic acid, vitamins B(6) and B(12) in 271 individuals (of 646 screened) over 70 y old with mild cognitive impairment confirmed that the homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins through inhibition of accelerated brain atrophy in prevention of mild cognitive impairment conversion to Alzheimer's disease.(3)(4). Raising plasma total homocysteine may be a strong prognostic marker of future cognitive decline, by targeting the low-normal concentrations of the B vitamins in lowering the levels of elevated of homocysteine concentrations, but large-scale randomized trials of homocysteine-lowering vitamins are necessary to validate these effectiveness(5).

2. The conflict results
Epidemiological studies, linking dietary supplementation of B vitamin in reduced risk of Alzheimers' diseases have been inconclusive. According to the study at the School of Medicine, Qingdao University, dietary supplementation of antioxidants, including B vitamins, are beneficial to AD(6). Other study suggest that a formula of shilajit with B complex vitamins, may emerge as novel nutraceutical with potential uses against this brain disorder(7). Some researchers suggested that nutritional compositions, including B vitamins to stimulate synapse formation (between neurons in the nervous system) effectively reduce Alzheimer Disease neuropathology. These preclinical models provides a solid basis to predict potential to modify the disease process, especially during the early phases of Alzheimer Disease(8).
 On the other hand, the study by University of California in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial, indicated that high-dose B vitamin supplements does not slow cognitive decline in individuals with mild to moderate AD and In 89 patients (45 men, 44 women; all Taiwanese; mean [SD] age, 75 [7.3] years) randomized study, no statistically significant beneficial effects on cognition or change in performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) function between multivitamin and placebo at 26 weeks(8).

Taking altogether, B vitamins may be effective in reduced levels of Hyperhomocysteinemia of which indicated an early onset of Alzheimers' disease. Combination use of B vitamins and other micronutrients and antioxidants may be associated in reduced risk and treatment of the disease. As always, All articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only, please consult your Doctor & Related field specialist before applying.


References
(1) [The clinical studies of hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease].[Article in Chinese]by Li YL¹, Hou Y, Niu C, Yu LX, Cheng YY, Hong Y.(PubMed)
(2) Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment by Douaud G¹, Refsum H, de Jager CA, Jacoby R, Nichols TE, Smith SM, Smith AD(PubMed)
(3) Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial by Smith AD¹, Smith SM, de Jager CA, Whitbread P, Johnston C, Agacinski G, Oulhaj A, Bradley KM, Jacoby R, Refsum H(PubMed)
(4) Preventing Alzheimer's disease-related gray matter atrophy by B-vitamin treatment by Douaud G¹, Refsum H, de Jager CA, Jacoby R, Nichols TE, Smith SM, Smith AD.(PubMed)
(5) The worldwide challenge of the dementias: a role for B vitamins and homocysteine? by Smith AD.(PubMed)
(6) Nutrition and the risk of Alzheimer's disease by Hu N¹, Yu JT, Tan L, Wang YL, Sun L, Tan L.(PubMed)
(7) Can nutraceuticals prevent Alzheimer's disease? Potential therapeutic role of a formulation containing shilajit and complex B vitamins by Carrasco-Gallardo C¹, Farías GA, Fuentes P, Crespo F, Maccioni RB.(PubMed)
(8) The potential role of nutritional components in the management of Alzheimer's Disease by van der Beek EM¹, Kamphuis PJ.(PubMed)
(9) High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial by Aisen PS¹, Schneider LS, Sano M, Diaz-Arrastia R, van Dyck CH, Weiner MF, Bottiglieri T, Jin S, Stokes KT, Thomas RG, Thal LJ; Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study(PubMed)
(10) Efficacy of multivitamin supplementation containing vitamins B6 and B12 and folic acid as adjunctive treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease: a 26-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Taiwanese patients by Sun Y¹, Lu CJ, Chien KL, Chen ST, Chen RC.(PubMed)

C. Vitamin C

Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk of Alzheimers' disease may be inconclusive. 
But some researchers in the survey of Alzheimers' patients found to be inadequate dietary vitamin C due to low intake of vegetables and fruits(1). The study from Vanderbilt University Medical Center showed a positive effect in maintaining healthy vitamin C levels in enhanced  protective function against age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease, but avoiding vitamin C deficiency would be more beneficiary than taking supplements(2). On the basis of the meta-analysis studies published up to October 2011 between in Medline and Scopus databases, dietary intakes of the three antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene) can lower the risk of AD(3). Vitamin complex included ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene, showed to reduce oxidative stress in PBMNC of AD patients through lowering ROS (Reactive oxygen species)  production, improved cellular antioxidant capacities and modified cytokine induced inflammation(4). Aβ42 aggregation induced neurotoxicity, causing synaptic dysfunction and  induced tissue oxidation (DNA/RNA, proteins, and lipids), trace metals may be inhibited by antioxidants such as vitamin C through conversion of toxic superoxide radical to less reactive hydrogen peroxide, contributing to protection from AD(5). Other suggested that since intracellular ascorbate serves several functions in the CNS, including antioxidant protection, peptide amidation, myelin formation, synaptic potentiation, and protection against glutamate toxicity, it may protect neurons from the oxidant damage associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's(6). Unfortunately, in Oral supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E therapy against Alzheimers' disease conducted by Auburn University detected no difference in the incidence of AD during the 4-year follow-up, and suggested vitamin C should not be recommended due to  lack of consistent efficacy data of vitamin C in preventing or treating AD(7)(8) and a cross-sectional study, plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 and dietary data obtained from 1,219 cognitively healthy elderly with age >65 years, found no association of vitamins complex correlated with plasma Aβ levels(9).

Taking altogether, composition of vitamin complex included vitamin C may be effective in reduced risk of Alzheimers' disease and treatment through protection of neurons from oxidative damage, against glutamate toxicity, etc. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(10)(11).
 

References
(1) Dietary fat and antioxidant vitamin intake in patients of neurodegenerative disease in a rural region of Jalisco, Mexico by Navarro-Meza M, Gabriel-Ortiz G, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Cruz-Ramos JA, López-Espinoza A.(PubMed) 
(2) A critical review of vitamin C for the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease by Harrison FE.(PubMed)
(3) Dietary intakes of vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis by Li FJ¹, Shen L, Ji HF.(PubMed)
(4) Ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene reduce oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines in mononuclear cells of Alzheimer's disease patients by de Oliveira BF, Veloso CA, Nogueira-Machado JA, de Moraes EN, Santos RR, Cintra MT, Chaves MM.(PubMed)
(5) Formation of the 42-mer Amyloid β Radical and the Therapeutic Role of Superoxide Dismutase in Alzheimer's Disease by Murakami K¹, Shimizu T, Irie K.(PubMed)
(6) Vitamin C transport and its role in the central nervous system by May JM.(PubMed)
(7)Vitamin C and vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease by Boothby LA¹, Doering PL.(PubMed) 
(8) Effect of one-year vitamin C- and E-supplementation on cerebrospinal fluid oxidation parameters and clinical course in Alzheimer's disease by Arlt S¹, Müller-Thomsen T, Beisiegel U, Kontush A.(PubMed)
(9) Nutrient intake and plasma β-amyloid by Gu Y¹, Schupf N, Cosentino SA, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N.(PubMed)

(10) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)

(11) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)

D. Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.

1. Vitamin D receptors(VDR)
Vitamin D receptors, also known as NR1I1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 1), with functions of regulation in many metabolic pathways, including cancers, play an important role in risk of Alzheimers' disease. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and insufficient serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D₃ levels patients have been found to associate with age- dependent cognitive decline(1). The study of Vitamin D(3), a neurosteroid that mediates its effects via the vitamin D receptor (VDR) also indicated  a possible link between AD and certain VDR polymorphisms in early onset of  AD(2) through suppression of VDR by Aβ(3). Treatment of Vitamin D was found effectively in inhibition of Aβ induced alterations in primary cortical neurons(4). The Istanbul University in study of the association of between VDR gene and late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) with 104 cases of dementia of Alzheimer type and 109 age-matched controls, showed an significant increased Aa genotype in AD patients than health individuals with the same genotype, of that may be an indication of "Aa" genotype associated to increased risk of developing AD. In the comparison of "AA" genotype, risk of AD in men with Aa genotyes  are 2.3 times higher(5).

2, Plasma of vitamin D
Suggestion of serum levels of vitamin D used as diagnosis for indication of early onset of Alzheimer's' diseases may be controversial. Some researchers suggested that lower plasma nutrient levels  only a indication for impaired systemic availability of several nutrients in AD(6). The Kingston University study showed level of 25hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was found to be lower in patients with the disease, arising from extremely low levels of 25OHD2 along with low levels of 25OHD3.(7). In the study of the correlation of Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis, the Heinrich-Heine-University showed that 25 (OH) vitamin D plasma levels were low normal and of equal amount in all groups except for the osteoporosis group(8).

The benefits
Epidemiological studies, focusing vitamin D and its derivative in reduced risk of Alzheimer's diseases have not been consistent. Researchers indicated that Gene polymorphisms alternation of vitamin D metabolism are also associated with a higher incidence or a worse disease prognosis, and despite the links between vitamin D deficiency and the risks of developing neurological disorders, there is, to date, no proof that supplementation could alter the course of these diseases(9). Study of the effects of vitamin D showed an indication of prevention of neurons cytotoxicity and apoptosis through downregulating  LVSCC A1C(L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channel with function of gene expression, synaptic efficacy, and cell survival) and upregulating VDR and balancing nerve growth factor (NGF) expressions(10). Researchers at the ¹Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, suggested that vitamin D supplements appeared beneficial to patients of AD through many mechanisms including regulating micro-RNA, enhancing toll-like receptors, modulating vascular endothelial factor expression, angiogenin, and advanced glycation end products, etc.(11). The combination of memantine with vitamin D, a neurosteroid hormone, in the joint study, showed an evidence lesser cortical axons degeneration after exposure to amyloid-beta peptide or glutamate in microfluidic neuronal cultures.(12). Unfortunately, regardless to the effectiveness of vitamin D in reduced risk of cognitive impairment or Aβ, many researchers still believed that there is no truly effective therapy has been developed for Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment(13).

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin D may be considered as a therapeutic treatment in reduced risk of Alzheimers' diseases, through many mechanisms, including induction of Aβ, regulation of micro-RNA expression, etc.. Over doses of vitamin D supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification, Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

References
(1) A novel perspective for Alzheimer's disease: vitamin D receptor suppression by amyloid-β and preventing the amyloid-β induced alterations by vitamin D in cortical neurons by Dursun E¹, Gezen-Ak D, Yilmazer S.(PubMed)
(2) Vitamin D receptor gene haplotype is associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease.

Gezen-Ak D¹, Dursun E, Bilgiç B, Hanağasi H, Ertan T, Gürvit H, Emre M, Eker E, Ulutin T, Uysal O, Yilmazer S.(PubMed)
(3) A new mechanism for amyloid-β induction of iNOS: vitamin D-VDR pathway disruption by Dursun E¹, Gezen-Ak D, Yilmazer S(PubMed)
(4) A novel perspective for Alzheimer's disease: vitamin D receptor suppression by amyloid-β and preventing the amyloid-β induced alterations by vitamin D in cortical neurons by Dursun E¹, Gezen-Ak D, Yilmazer S(PubMed)

(5) Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease.

Gezen-Ak D¹, Dursun E, Ertan T, Hanağasi H, Gürvit H, Emre M, Eker E, Oztürk M, Engin F, Yilmazer S.(PubMed)
(6) Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis by Lopes da Silva S¹, Vellas B, Elemans S, Luchsinger J, Kamphuis P, Yaffe K, Sijben J, Groenendijk M, Stijnen T.(PubMed)
(7) Low 25OH vitamin D2 levels found in untreated Alzheimer's patients, compared to acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor treated and controls by Shah I¹, Petroczi A, Tabet N, Klugman A, Isaac M, Naughton DP.(PubMed)
(8) Blood biomarkers of osteoporosis in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease by Luckhaus C¹, Mahabadi B, Grass-Kapanke B, Jänner M, Willenberg H, Jäger M, Supprian T, Fehsel K.(PubMed)
(9) [Vitamin D and neurology].[Article in French] by Thouvenot ɹ, Camu W(PubMed)

(10) The Effects of Vitamin D Receptor Silencing on the Expression of LVSCC-A1C and LVSCC-A1D and the Release of NGF in Cortical Neurons by Duygu Gezen-Ak, Erdinç Dursun, and Selma Yilmazer(PubMed)
(11) The role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease: possible genetic and cell signaling mechanisms by Lu'o'ng KV¹, Nguyen LT.(PubMed)
(12) Combination of memantine and vitamin D prevents axon degeneration induced by amyloid-beta and glutamate by Annweiler C¹, Brugg B, Peyrin JM, Bartha R, Beauchet O(PubMed)

E. Vitamin E

Vitamin E,  a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..

1. The serum of vitamin E
Epidemiological studies, in determination of the forms of vitamin E in reduced risk of Alzheimers disease have been inclusive. According to the joint study by the University and University of Perugia,  elevated levels of tocopherol and tocotrienol forms are associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment in older adults(1). In other study of vitamin E and risk if AD in advanced age, high plasma levels of beta-tocopherol was associated to reduced risk of developing AD but levels of alpha-tocopherol, alpha- tocotrienol, and beta-tocotrienol showed only a marginally significant effect in the multiadjusted model(2). The differentiation of vitamin E marker in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from cognitively intact control (CTL) subjects, suggested nutritional biomarkers detected in plasma-tocopherols and tocotrienols-as indirect indicators of the onset of AD(3). Other researchers suggest that various tocopherol forms rather than alpha- tocopherol alone may be important in the vitamin E protective association with Alzheimer disease(4) and low plasma tocopherols and tocotrienols levels are associated with increased odds of MCI and AD(5)(6).

2. The conflict results
A Double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial involving 613 patients with mild to moderate AD, combination of 2000 IU/d of alpha tocopherol and memantine, exhibited the slower functional decline in mild to moderate AD(7). A placebo-controlled, clinical trial of vitamin E in patients with moderately advanced Alzheimer disease treatment with with 2000 IU (1342 alpha-tocopherol equivalents) vitamin E/d. may slow functional deterioration and prevent a clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment(8).  In the testing of the hypothesis of oxygen free radicals are probably involved in the deterioration of cognitive function, showed a positive effect of  alpha-tocopherol in reduced risk of the cognitive impairment but inconsistent for women taking vitamin E alone, with no evidence of higher scores with longer durations of use(9). The double-blind, randomized trials in which treatment with vitamin E at any dose was compared with placebo for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's dementia (AD) showed a positive effects of vitamin E in  treatment of AD or MCI, but future trials assessing vitamin E treatment in AD should not be restricted to alpha-tocopherol(10). Unfortunately, there is no evidence of vitamin E in the prevention or treatment of people with AD or MCI, according to the study by the Milton Court Resourse Centre(11) and The Maudsley Hospital(12).

Taking altogether, without going into reviews, serum of vitamin E and vitamin E may be used as an indicator for the early onset and in reduced risk and treatment of Alzheimers' disease respectivelt. Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.



References
(1) Serum levels of vitamin E forms and risk of cognitive impairment in a Finnish cohort of older adults by Mangialasche F¹, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Hooshmand B, Cecchetti R, Fratiglioni L, Soininen H, Laatikainen T, Mecocci P, Kivipelto M.(PubMed)
(2) High plasma levels of vitamin E forms and reduced Alzheimer's disease risk in advanced age by Mangialasche F¹, Kivipelto M, Mecocci P, Rizzuto D, Palmer K, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L.(PubMed)
(3) Classification and prediction of clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on MRI and plasma measures of α-/γ-tocotrienols and γ-tocopherol by Mangialasche F¹, Westman E, Kivipelto M, Muehlboeck JS, Cecchetti R, Baglioni M, Tarducci R, Gobbi G, Floridi P, Soininen H, Kłoszewska I, Tsolaki M, Vellas B, Spenger C, Lovestone S, Wahlund LO, Simmons A, Mecocci P; AddNeuroMed consortium.(PubMed)
(4) Relation of the tocopherol forms to incident Alzheimer disease and to cognitive change by Morris MC¹, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Wilson RS, Aggarwal NT, Scherr PA(PubMed)

(5) Tocopherols and tocotrienols plasma levels are associated with cognitive impairment by Mangialasche F¹, Xu W, Kivipelto M, Costanzi E, Ercolani S, Pigliautile M, Cecchetti R, Baglioni M, Simmons A, Soininen H, Tsolaki M, Kloszewska I, Vellas B, Lovestone S, Mecocci P; AddNeuroMed Consortium.(PubMed)
(6) Serum levels of vitamin E forms and risk of cognitive impairment in a Finnish cohort of older adults by Mangialasche F¹, Solomon A, Kåreholt I, Hooshmand B, Cecchetti R, Fratiglioni L, Soininen H, Laatikainen T, Mecocci P, Kivipelto M.(PubMed)

(7) Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: the TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial by Dysken MW¹, Sano M², Asthana S³, Vertrees JE⁴, Pallaki M⁵, Llorente M⁶, Love S¹, Schellenberg GD⁷, McCarten JR¹, Malphurs J⁸, Prieto S⁸, Chen P⁵, Loreck DJ⁹, Trapp G¹⁰, Bakshi RS¹⁰, Mintzer JE¹¹, Heidebrink JL¹², Vidal-Cardona A¹³, Arroyo LM¹³, Cruz AR¹⁴, Zachariah S¹⁴, Kowall NW¹⁵, Chopra MP¹⁵, Craft S¹⁶, Thielke S¹⁶, Turvey CL¹⁷, Woodman C¹⁷, Monnell KA¹⁸, Gordon K¹⁸, Tomaska J¹, Segal Y¹, Peduzzi PN¹⁹, Guarino PD.(PubMed)
(8) Vitamin E and Alzheimer disease: the basis for additional clinical trials by Grundman M.(PubMed)
(9) High-dose antioxidant supplements and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women by Grodstein F¹, Chen J, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(10) Vitamin E for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment by Farina N¹, Isaac MG, Clark AR, Rusted J, Tabet N.(PubMed|)
(11) Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment by Isaac MG¹, Quinn R, Tabet N.(PubMed)
(12) Vitamin E for Alzheimer's disease by Tabet N¹, Birks J, Grimley Evans J.(PubMed)

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