Kyle J. Norton
Vitamin K(K1, phylloquinone; K2, menaquinones), is a fat soluble
vitamin, found abundantly in leafy green vegetables, broccoli, and
Brussels sprouts, etc. It is best known for promotion of coagulation and
bone health.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of
prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with
possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most
prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate
cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
Epidemiological studies focused in the synthetic version of vitamin
K(Vk3) in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have proven
successful in certain extents. In human prostate cancer cells (DU145) implanted mice, administration of C/vitamin K(3) showed to exhibit serum alkaline DNase (DNase I) and acid DNase (DNase II) known as circulating tumour marker accompanied
by a decrease in DNA expression of the tumor cells(1). Administration
of vitamin C (Vit C), vitamin K3 (Vit K3), or vitamin C:vitamin K3
combinations against a prostate cancer cell line (DU145), suggest that
vitamin treatment
with individual vitamins affects the cytoskeleton(a series of intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape, support, and movement), the mitochondria, and
other membranous components of the cell(2).
Vitamin K4 (VK4) is a synthetic version of vitamin K, inhibited
proliferation in PC-3 cells with an IC50 value of about 20.94 microM,
through cell cycle arrest at the S phase, disruption of the energy
production in the surface of cell membrane, up regulation apoptotic and
down regulation of proliferative pathways(3). Alpha-tocopheryl succinate
(alpha-TOS), the redox-silent vitamin E analogue used in combination
with VK3, showed to induce efficiently cell death that resembles
autoschizis(cell death), through cell demise, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, cytoskeleton alteration,
lysosomal-mitochondrial perturbation, and release of cytochrome c
without caspase activation(4), In a A prostate carcinoma cell line derived from the transgenic murine prostate cancer
model (TRAMP), combination of of ascorbate:menadione (VC + VK(3),
induced cell death by autoschizis, included cytokeletal changes
conducive to cytoplasmic blebbing, self-excisions, and progressive
nuclear alteration, through axidative stress(5). and the Co-administration of
the vitamins also enhanced the antitumour activity 5- to 20-fold, with
increased cytotoxicity through redox cycling and increased oxidative
stress(6). On a human prostate carcinoma
cell line (DU145), the co administration also showed to enhance
cytotoxicity through increased oxidative stress, subsequent membrane
damage, and DNA
fragmentation (7). Menaquinones (vitamin K(2) in the study of its association with overall cancer incidence and mortality, showed to
associate with a reduced risk of incident and fatal cancer(8) including prostate cancer(9).
Taking altogether, co administration of synthetic vitamin K3 and other
vitamins such as vitamin C is associated to reduced risk and treatment
of prostate cancer, though cell cycle arrest, up regulation of
anti profilerative and down regulation of cancer promoter pathways or increased oxidative stress. Overdoses can induce symptoms of Skin
rash, Diarrhea, Nausea, Vomiting, Anemia, etc. Please make sure you
follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National
Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
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References
(1) In vivo reactivation of DNases in implanted human prostate
tumors after administration of a vitamin C/K(3) combination by Taper
HS, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Gwin CA, Gordon T, Summers JL(PubMed)
(2) Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy
aspects of synergistic antitumor activity of vitamin C - vitamin K3
combinations against human prostatic carcinoma cells by Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Venugopal M, Giammar D, Summers JL(PubMed)
(3) Vitamin K4 induces tumor cytotoxicity in human prostate
carcinoma PC-3 cells via the mitochondria-related apoptotic pathway by
Jiang Y, Yang J, Yang C, Meng F, Zhou Y, Yu B, Khan M, Yang H(PubMed)
(4) alpha-Tocopheryl succinate promotes selective cell death induced by
vitamin K3 in combination with ascorbate by Tomasetti M, Strafella E,
Staffolani S, Santarelli L, Neuzil J, Guerrieri R(PubMed)
(5) Cell death by autoschizis in TRAMP prostate carcinoma cells as a result of treatment by ascorbate: menadione combination by Gilloteaux J, Jamison JM, Neal DR, Summers JL(PubMed)
(6) Synergistic antitumour activity of vitamins C and K3 against human prostate carcinoma cell lines by Venugopal M, Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Koch JA, Summers M, Hoke J, Sowick C, Summers JL.(PubMed)
(7) Flow cytometric and ultrastructural aspects of the synergistic
antitumor activity of vitamin C-vitamin K3 combinations against human prostatic carcinoma cells by Jamison JM, Gilloteaux J, Venugopal M, Koch JA, Sowick C, Shah R, Summers JL(PubMed)
(8) Dietary vitamin K intake in relation to cancer incidence and mortality: results from the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg) by Nimptsch K, Rohrmann S, Kaaks R, Linseisen J.(PubMed)
(9) Dietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Heidelberg) by Nimptsch K, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J.(PubMed)
Saturday 22 February 2014
Friday 21 February 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin E's Points of View
Kyle J.Norton
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now has become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population. Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced risk of prostate cancer have produced conflict results. It may be due to age related, smoking habit, gene mutation, types of tocopherol, etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
The conflict results
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed an adverse effect of dietary supplement with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men through illustration per 1000 person-years.(1)or prevented the development of prostate cancer in the population of relatively healthy men(2). In the study of combination used of vitamin C and E of total of 14,641 male physicians in the United States initially aged 50 years or older, including 1307 men with a history of prior cancer at randomization, also suggested that neither vitamin E nor C supplementation reduced the risk of prostate or total cancer(3). Positively, on prostate cancer (PCa), in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP), animals fed a control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT) significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP through the deceased epithelial dysplasia, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression(3). Some researchers insisted that different forms of vitamin E exert different effects on prostate cancer, with alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma-tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease(5).
The serum of tocopherol
In the study of the effects of Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in prostate cancer patient showed that higher serum α-tocopherol was associated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk and by contrast, risk was non-significantly elevated among men with higher γ-tocopherol concentrations(12).
Some researchers suggested that higher prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer(13). But in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, showed that risk of prostate cancer reduced with high serum tocopherols and higher circulating concentrations of the major vitamin E fractions, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol(14) and higher alpha-tocopherol (and not beta-carotene or retinol) status increases overall prostate cancer survival(15).
The benefits
Study of 8-wk-old male TRAMP mice fed 0.1% γ-TmT or a control diet for 16 weeks, observation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed that γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols (γ-TmT) inhibited CpG methylation (promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers ) in the Nrf2 promoter in the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and in TRAMP-C1 cells(6). In prostate cancer, combination use of NAG-1 and Vitamin E succinate (VES), showed the enhancement of VES in >3-fold increase in the half-life of NAG-1 mRNA through transcriptional/post-transcriptional mechanism in a p38 kinase-dependent manner(7). On prostate cancer in male smokers. long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality(8). In the study of the incidence of prostate cancer risk associations of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and selenium, indicated that risk of prostate cancer declined, but not linearly, with increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol; gamma-tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distribution had a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men in the lowest fifth(9).
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, showed a decreased risk of prostate cancer with oral administration of daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years and lower prostate cancer mortality(10). Other suggestion of inhibitory prostate cancer activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) may be as a result of due trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products(11).
Taking altogether, most researchers agreed that intake of alpha-tocopherol may be beneficiary in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer accompanied with diet, life style change(16)(17)(18). Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH(PubMed)
(2) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) byLippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial by Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE(PubMed)
(4) Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate by Sanches LD, Santos SA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GD, Favaro WJ, Reis MD, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA Jr(PubMed)
(5) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK.(PubMed)
(6) A γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols maintains Nrf2 expression in prostate tumors of TRAMP mice via epigenetic inhibition of CpG methylation by Huang Y, Khor TO, Shu L, Saw CL, Wu TY, Suh N, Yang CS, Kong AN(PubMed)
(7) Vitamin E succinate induces NAG-1 expression in a p38 kinase-dependent mechanism by Shim M, Eling TE (PubMed)
(8) long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Heinonen OP1, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK.(PubMed)
(9) Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer by Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Comstock GW(PubMed)
(10) Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-Year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study by Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, Weinstein SJ, Huttunen J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(11) Cancer prevention by different forms of tocopherols by Yang CS, Suh N(PubMed)
(12) Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study by Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB, Albanes D(PubMed)
(13) Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Lawson KA, Snyder K, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(14) Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(15) Associations between alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol and prostate cancer survival by Watters JL, Gail MH, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(16) Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Kenfield SA, Dupre N, Richman EL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci EL.(PubMed)
(17) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii by Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN.(PubMed)
(18) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) by Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL, Sidney S.(PubMed)
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now has become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population. Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced risk of prostate cancer have produced conflict results. It may be due to age related, smoking habit, gene mutation, types of tocopherol, etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
The conflict results
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed an adverse effect of dietary supplement with vitamin E significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer among healthy men through illustration per 1000 person-years.(1)or prevented the development of prostate cancer in the population of relatively healthy men(2). In the study of combination used of vitamin C and E of total of 14,641 male physicians in the United States initially aged 50 years or older, including 1307 men with a history of prior cancer at randomization, also suggested that neither vitamin E nor C supplementation reduced the risk of prostate or total cancer(3). Positively, on prostate cancer (PCa), in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP), animals fed a control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT) significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP through the deceased epithelial dysplasia, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression(3). Some researchers insisted that different forms of vitamin E exert different effects on prostate cancer, with alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma-tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease(5).
The serum of tocopherol
In the study of the effects of Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol in prostate cancer patient showed that higher serum α-tocopherol was associated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk and by contrast, risk was non-significantly elevated among men with higher γ-tocopherol concentrations(12).
Some researchers suggested that higher prediagnostic serum concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, but not dietary vitamin E, was associated with lower risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly advanced prostate cancer(13). But in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, showed that risk of prostate cancer reduced with high serum tocopherols and higher circulating concentrations of the major vitamin E fractions, alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol(14) and higher alpha-tocopherol (and not beta-carotene or retinol) status increases overall prostate cancer survival(15).
The benefits
Study of 8-wk-old male TRAMP mice fed 0.1% γ-TmT or a control diet for 16 weeks, observation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), showed that γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols (γ-TmT) inhibited CpG methylation (promoters of genes can lead to their silencing, a feature found in a number of human cancers ) in the Nrf2 promoter in the prostate of transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and in TRAMP-C1 cells(6). In prostate cancer, combination use of NAG-1 and Vitamin E succinate (VES), showed the enhancement of VES in >3-fold increase in the half-life of NAG-1 mRNA through transcriptional/post-transcriptional mechanism in a p38 kinase-dependent manner(7). On prostate cancer in male smokers. long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality(8). In the study of the incidence of prostate cancer risk associations of alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and selenium, indicated that risk of prostate cancer declined, but not linearly, with increasing concentrations of alpha-tocopherol; gamma-tocopherol, men in the highest fifth of the distribution had a fivefold reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer than men in the lowest fifth(9).
Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study of 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, showed a decreased risk of prostate cancer with oral administration of daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years and lower prostate cancer mortality(10). Other suggestion of inhibitory prostate cancer activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) may be as a result of due trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products(11).
Taking altogether, most researchers agreed that intake of alpha-tocopherol may be beneficiary in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer accompanied with diet, life style change(16)(17)(18). Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) by Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Crowley JJ, Lucia MS, Goodman PJ, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Karp DD, Lieber MM, Walther PJ, Klotz L, Parsons JK, Chin JL, Darke AK, Lippman SM, Goodman GE, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH(PubMed)
(2) Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) byLippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Lucia MS, Thompson IM, Ford LG, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Gaziano JM, Hartline JA, Parsons JK, Bearden JD 3rd, Crawford ED, Goodman GE, Claudio J, Winquist E, Cook ED, Karp DD, Walther P, Lieber MM, Kristal AR, Darke AK, Arnold KB, Ganz PA, Santella RM, Albanes D, Taylor PR, Probstfield JL, Jagpal TJ, Crowley JJ, Meyskens FL Jr, Baker LH, Coltman CA Jr.(PubMed)
(3) Vitamins E and C in the prevention of prostate and total cancer in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial by Gaziano JM, Glynn RJ, Christen WG, Kurth T, Belanger C, MacFadyen J, Bubes V, Manson JE, Sesso HD, Buring JE(PubMed)
(4) Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate by Sanches LD, Santos SA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GD, Favaro WJ, Reis MD, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA Jr(PubMed)
(5) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK.(PubMed)
(6) A γ-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols maintains Nrf2 expression in prostate tumors of TRAMP mice via epigenetic inhibition of CpG methylation by Huang Y, Khor TO, Shu L, Saw CL, Wu TY, Suh N, Yang CS, Kong AN(PubMed)
(7) Vitamin E succinate induces NAG-1 expression in a p38 kinase-dependent mechanism by Shim M, Eling TE (PubMed)
(8) long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol substantially reduced prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Heinonen OP1, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Haapakoski J, Malila N, Rautalahti M, Ripatti S, Mäenpää H, Teerenhovi L, Koss L, Virolainen M, Edwards BK.(PubMed)
(9) Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer by Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Comstock GW(PubMed)
(10) Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-Year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study by Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, Weinstein SJ, Huttunen J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(11) Cancer prevention by different forms of tocopherols by Yang CS, Suh N(PubMed)
(12) Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study by Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB, Albanes D(PubMed)
(13) Serum and dietary vitamin E in relation to prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Lawson KA, Snyder K, Männistö S, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(14) Serum alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in relation to prostate cancer risk in a prospective study by Weinstein SJ, Wright ME, Pietinen P, King I, Tan C, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(15) Associations between alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and retinol and prostate cancer survival by Watters JL, Gail MH, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Albanes D(PubMed)
(16) Mediterranean Diet and Prostate Cancer Risk and Mortality in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study by Kenfield SA, Dupre N, Richman EL, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci EL.(PubMed)
(17) A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii by Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN.(PubMed)
(18) Alcohol consumption, smoking, and other risk factors and prostate cancer in a large health plan cohort in California (United States) by Hiatt RA, Armstrong MA, Klatsky AL, Sidney S.(PubMed)
Thursday 20 February 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin B6's Points of View
Kyle J.Norton
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water soluble vitamin found abundantly in green peas, yams, broccoli, asparagus and turnip greens,Peanuts, sunflower seeds, cashews and hazelnuts, meat, fish etc., with functions of amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism, brain health, and liver detoxification, etc.
Prostate cancer, a second leading cause of cancer death in men is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body.
.
Epidemiological studies, focusing pyridoxine in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have been inconclusive. Study of the link between intake of Folate, Methionine, and Vitamins B-12, B-6 and Prostate Cancer Risk in American Veterans, showed no evidence for associations between B vitamins (folate, B12, and B6) and PC risk(1) and In the one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk, researcher found no convincing evidence for a protective role of one-carbon metabolism against prostate cancer(2). Dietary methyl groups(methionine, one-carbon units and choline (or the choline metabolite betaine) showed a a protective effect on the development of higher grades of prostate cancer in the "Hi-myc" mouse model of prostate cancer(3). Other suggestion indicated that high vitamin B-6 intake may improve prostate cancer survival among men with a diagnosis of localized-stage disease(4). A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer, included 328 men diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 75 years and 328 age-matched population controls, vitamin B6 was associated to reduced risk of prostate cancer(5)
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Associations between Intake of Folate, Methionine, and Vitamins B-12, B-6 and Prostate Cancer Risk in American Veterans by Vidal AC, Grant DJ, Williams CD, Masko E, Allott EH, Shuler K, McPhail M, Gaines A, Calloway E, Gerber L, Chi JT, Freedland SJ, Hoyo C.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(3) Progression of prostate carcinogenesis and dietary methyl donors: temporal dependence by Shabbeer S, Williams SA, Simons BW, Herman JG, Carducci MA.(PubMed)
(4) One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival by Kasperzyk JL, Fall K, Mucci LA, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Andrén O.(PubMed)
(50) A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer by Key TJ, Silcocks PB, Davey GK, Appleby PN,
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water soluble vitamin found abundantly in green peas, yams, broccoli, asparagus and turnip greens,Peanuts, sunflower seeds, cashews and hazelnuts, meat, fish etc., with functions of amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism, brain health, and liver detoxification, etc.
Prostate cancer, a second leading cause of cancer death in men is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body.
.
Epidemiological studies, focusing pyridoxine in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have been inconclusive. Study of the link between intake of Folate, Methionine, and Vitamins B-12, B-6 and Prostate Cancer Risk in American Veterans, showed no evidence for associations between B vitamins (folate, B12, and B6) and PC risk(1) and In the one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk, researcher found no convincing evidence for a protective role of one-carbon metabolism against prostate cancer(2). Dietary methyl groups(methionine, one-carbon units and choline (or the choline metabolite betaine) showed a a protective effect on the development of higher grades of prostate cancer in the "Hi-myc" mouse model of prostate cancer(3). Other suggestion indicated that high vitamin B-6 intake may improve prostate cancer survival among men with a diagnosis of localized-stage disease(4). A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer, included 328 men diagnosed with prostate cancer before the age of 75 years and 328 age-matched population controls, vitamin B6 was associated to reduced risk of prostate cancer(5)
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Associations between Intake of Folate, Methionine, and Vitamins B-12, B-6 and Prostate Cancer Risk in American Veterans by Vidal AC, Grant DJ, Williams CD, Masko E, Allott EH, Shuler K, McPhail M, Gaines A, Calloway E, Gerber L, Chi JT, Freedland SJ, Hoyo C.(PubMed)
(2) Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk by Weinstein SJ, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(3) Progression of prostate carcinogenesis and dietary methyl donors: temporal dependence by Shabbeer S, Williams SA, Simons BW, Herman JG, Carducci MA.(PubMed)
(4) One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival by Kasperzyk JL, Fall K, Mucci LA, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Andrén O.(PubMed)
(50) A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer by Key TJ, Silcocks PB, Davey GK, Appleby PN,
Wednesday 19 February 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin B2's Points of View
Kyle J.Norton
Vitamin B2 also known as Riboflavin, is a water-soluble, yellow-orange organic compound found abundantly in milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, green vegetables, etc. The vitamin is essential for normal cellular growth and function and best known for converting energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism and its antioxidant effects in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
Over expression of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) in prostate cancer patient may be used as a marker in -targeted diagnosis and for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors(6). In localized both androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cell lines, antibodies to chicken RCP inhibited incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA and prevented riboflavin uptake in PC3 prostate cancer cells(7). Other suggestion of elevated plasma concentrations of choline and vitamin B2 may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer(8).
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin B2 in reduced risk of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results. In prostate cancer cell line cancer (LnCap), vitamin B2 intakes were not associated with prostate cancer survival(1) and dietary supplements, including vitamn B2 effective treatments for PC patients is not supported by sound clinical evidence(2). Luckily, in the study of Cancer Research and Product Development Laboratory, Immunal Ltd, active mixture AM: L-arginine, L-histidine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-ascorbate, D-biotin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, adenine, L(-)malate), induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and G1 arrest in PC-3 cells and in PC-3 xenografts(3). Also in the interaction of interaction between β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and riboflavin (RF) indicated that both RF-βCD and RF-HPβCD complexes were cytotoxic to PC3 prostate cancer cells(4). Other suggestion showed a weak associations between prostate cancer incidence and dietary intake of riboflavin and between riboflavin intake and prostate cancer mortality(5). But in the study of the role of diet in prostate cancer, researchers suggested that intake of linoleic acid and riboflavin (in subjects 50 years and over) could be protective when compared with control subjects(10)
In the study of the effects of irradiated riboflavin on androgen-independent human, by Universidade Estadual de Campinas, showed that riboflavin photoproducts are cytotoxic to these cells in a FasL-Fas-dependent manner, through inhibited matrix-degrading proteases(invloved both the process of ECM remodeling and angiogenesis, and in a potential causal relationship between these processe) caused downregulation of VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor ) and upregulation of TIMP1(inhibitor of metalloproteinases)(9).
Taking altogether, riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) may be considered as a marker in targeted diagnosis of prostate cancer and vitamin B2 is a vital component of any treatment plan instead of sole means of cancer prevention and treatment in Prostate cancer patients. Over doses for a prolong period may cause symptoms of skin rashes, hypersensitivity, high blood pressure etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival by Kasperzyk JL, Fall K, Mucci LA, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Andrén O(PubMed)
(2) Dietary supplements and prostate cancer: a systematic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials by Posadzki P, Lee MS, Onakpoya I, Lee HW, Ko BS, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(3) A mixture of amino acids and other small molecules present in the serum suppresses the growth of murine and human tumors in vivo by Kulcsár G, Gaál D, Kulcsár PI, Schulcz Á, Czömpöly T(PubMed)
(4) Non-inclusion complexes between riboflavin and cyclodextrins by de Jesus MB, Fraceto LF, Martini MF, Pickholz M, Ferreira CV, de Paula E(PubMed)
(5) Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG.(PubMed)
(6) Riboflavin carrier protein-targeted fluorescent USPIO for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors by Jayapaul J, Arns S, Lederle W, Lammers T, Comba P, Gätjens J, Kiessling F(PubMed)
(7) Biochemical characterization of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) in prostate cancer by Johnson T, Ouhtit A, Gaur R, Fernando A, Schwarzenberger P, Su J, Ismail MF, El-Sayyad HI, Karande A, Elmageed ZA, Rao P, Raj M(PubMed)
(8) One-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk: prospective investigation of seven circulating B vitamins and metabolites by Johansson M, Van Guelpen B, Vollset SE, Hultdin J, Bergh A, Key T, Midttun O, Hallmans G, Ueland PM, Stattin P(PubMed)
(9) A possible anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect of irradiated riboflavin in solid tumours by de Souza Queiroz KC, Zambuzzi WF, Santos de Souza AC, da Silva RA, Machado D, Justo GZ, Carvalho HF, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira C(PubMed)
(10) The role of diet in prostate cancer by Kaul L, Heshmat MY, Kovi J, Jackson MA, Jackson AG, Jones GW, Edson M, Enterline JP, Worrell RG, Perry SL(PubMed)
Vitamin B2 also known as Riboflavin, is a water-soluble, yellow-orange organic compound found abundantly in milk, meat, eggs, nuts, enriched flour, green vegetables, etc. The vitamin is essential for normal cellular growth and function and best known for converting energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrates during metabolism and its antioxidant effects in oxidation-reduction reactions.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth with possibility of spreading to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during physical (rectum) exams.
Over expression of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) in prostate cancer patient may be used as a marker in -targeted diagnosis and for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors(6). In localized both androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cell lines, antibodies to chicken RCP inhibited incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA and prevented riboflavin uptake in PC3 prostate cancer cells(7). Other suggestion of elevated plasma concentrations of choline and vitamin B2 may be associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer(8).
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin B2 in reduced risk of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results. In prostate cancer cell line cancer (LnCap), vitamin B2 intakes were not associated with prostate cancer survival(1) and dietary supplements, including vitamn B2 effective treatments for PC patients is not supported by sound clinical evidence(2). Luckily, in the study of Cancer Research and Product Development Laboratory, Immunal Ltd, active mixture AM: L-arginine, L-histidine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, L-tryptophan, L-ascorbate, D-biotin, pyridoxine, riboflavin, adenine, L(-)malate), induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and G1 arrest in PC-3 cells and in PC-3 xenografts(3). Also in the interaction of interaction between β-cyclodextrin (βCD) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and riboflavin (RF) indicated that both RF-βCD and RF-HPβCD complexes were cytotoxic to PC3 prostate cancer cells(4). Other suggestion showed a weak associations between prostate cancer incidence and dietary intake of riboflavin and between riboflavin intake and prostate cancer mortality(5). But in the study of the role of diet in prostate cancer, researchers suggested that intake of linoleic acid and riboflavin (in subjects 50 years and over) could be protective when compared with control subjects(10)
In the study of the effects of irradiated riboflavin on androgen-independent human, by Universidade Estadual de Campinas, showed that riboflavin photoproducts are cytotoxic to these cells in a FasL-Fas-dependent manner, through inhibited matrix-degrading proteases(invloved both the process of ECM remodeling and angiogenesis, and in a potential causal relationship between these processe) caused downregulation of VEGF(vascular endothelial growth factor ) and upregulation of TIMP1(inhibitor of metalloproteinases)(9).
Taking altogether, riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) may be considered as a marker in targeted diagnosis of prostate cancer and vitamin B2 is a vital component of any treatment plan instead of sole means of cancer prevention and treatment in Prostate cancer patients. Over doses for a prolong period may cause symptoms of skin rashes, hypersensitivity, high blood pressure etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) One-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and prostate cancer survival by Kasperzyk JL, Fall K, Mucci LA, Håkansson N, Wolk A, Johansson JE, Andersson SO, Andrén O(PubMed)
(2) Dietary supplements and prostate cancer: a systematic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials by Posadzki P, Lee MS, Onakpoya I, Lee HW, Ko BS, Ernst E.(PubMed)
(3) A mixture of amino acids and other small molecules present in the serum suppresses the growth of murine and human tumors in vivo by Kulcsár G, Gaál D, Kulcsár PI, Schulcz Á, Czömpöly T(PubMed)
(4) Non-inclusion complexes between riboflavin and cyclodextrins by de Jesus MB, Fraceto LF, Martini MF, Pickholz M, Ferreira CV, de Paula E(PubMed)
(5) Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and prostate cancer incidence and mortality by Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, Baglietto L, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG.(PubMed)
(6) Riboflavin carrier protein-targeted fluorescent USPIO for the assessment of vascular metabolism in tumors by Jayapaul J, Arns S, Lederle W, Lammers T, Comba P, Gätjens J, Kiessling F(PubMed)
(7) Biochemical characterization of riboflavin carrier protein (RCP) in prostate cancer by Johnson T, Ouhtit A, Gaur R, Fernando A, Schwarzenberger P, Su J, Ismail MF, El-Sayyad HI, Karande A, Elmageed ZA, Rao P, Raj M(PubMed)
(8) One-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk: prospective investigation of seven circulating B vitamins and metabolites by Johansson M, Van Guelpen B, Vollset SE, Hultdin J, Bergh A, Key T, Midttun O, Hallmans G, Ueland PM, Stattin P(PubMed)
(9) A possible anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect of irradiated riboflavin in solid tumours by de Souza Queiroz KC, Zambuzzi WF, Santos de Souza AC, da Silva RA, Machado D, Justo GZ, Carvalho HF, Peppelenbosch MP, Ferreira C(PubMed)
(10) The role of diet in prostate cancer by Kaul L, Heshmat MY, Kovi J, Jackson MA, Jackson AG, Jones GW, Edson M, Enterline JP, Worrell RG, Perry SL(PubMed)
Tuesday 18 February 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin D's Points of View
Kyle J. Norton
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered as a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to spread to younger age population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time in history accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades. Herbal medicine for diseases' management have been prescribed in folk medicine over thousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in preventing and treating diseases, including prostate cancer.
Genetic mutation
Genetic mutation of Vitamin D-deactivating enzyme CYP24A1may be associated to increased risk of prostate cancer. In a Korean cohort suggested that five CYP24A1 sequence variants (rs2248461, rs2248359, rs602299, rs2585428, rs4809959 had a significant association with prostate cancer risk(1);
vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (two VDR sequence variants (rs2408876 and rs2239182), may play an important role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer(2). Others study of vitamin D pathway genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in prostate cancer showed an conflict result of that genotypes of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 were not associated with prostate cancer risk, but polymorphisms in the VDR gene may be(3)(4)(5). In common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor(CaSR), the Harvard School of Public Health showed that CaSR may be involved in PCa progression(5a)
Vitamin D plasma
Suggestions of plasma used in measurement of risk of prostate have been controversial with many inconsistent results, epidemiologically. The population-based cohort study of 1476 prostate cancer patients to assess disease recurrence/progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) risks associated with serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D], showed no evidence of serum vitamin D levels measured after diagnosis associated to prostate cancer prognosis(6) and according to the Oregon Health & Science University prospective cohort of older men also found no association between serum 25-OH vitamin D levels and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.(6a). But according to the Harvard Medical School, suboptimal vitamin D status (especially during the winter/spring season), and both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D may play an important role in preventing prostate cancer progression(7) and higher prediagnostic plasma 25(OH)D might be associated with improved prostate cancer prognosis(8).
In the variation of above, some researchers suggested that plasma 25(OH)D levels associated to common variation among several vitamin D-related genes((CYP27A1, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, GC, CYP24A1, RXRA, and VDR) and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)were associated with lethal prostate cancer risk(9)(10)(11). A report of survival in veterans with prostate cancer indicated a veterans who are initially vitamin D deficient and both initial and follow-up vitamin D deficiency are associated with decreased likelihood of survival after prostate cancer diagnosis(12). Other suggestions, linking vitamin D in reduced risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer-related health disparities in African-American men were greatly involved at least in part the result of widespread hypovitaminosis D within the African-American population.(15).
The efficacy
Vitamin D most active form, 1,25D(3) in an experiment of a stable prostate cancer cell line PC3 with CYP24A1 promoter inhibited gene expression of CYP24A1 through enhancement and regulation of a protein kinase CK2 selective inhibitor(13); exhibited tumor suppressive miRNAs in patient prostate tissue, thus decreased proliferation in primary cells and cancer cells and suppressed migration and clonal growth of prostate cancer cell in a miRNA-dependent manner(14). A report from the Medical University of South Carolina, showed that vitamin D(3) supplementation at 4000 IU/d for 1 year, in patients with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance may benefit from vitamin D(3) supplementation(16) and eliminated any significant differences in circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D between African American and white men(17). Unfortunately, the University of Oslo study within Norwegian health studies indicated a increased risk of prostate cancer related to a high 25(OH)D concentration only during the summer and autumn due to vitamin D itself or to other factors associated with sun exposure(18). The discrepancy between the results of studies of solar exposure and studies of serum 25-OHD may be related to methodological differences and to uncertainties regarding the critical period for vitamin D exposure(19). Low levels of UV radiation/vitamin D are indeed associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in individual men(20).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, although it is controversial, vitamin D may be effectively and selectively in reduced risk and treatment for prostate cancer in hypovitamin D deficient men and without exposure to UV sunlight and the disagreement of amount of vitamin D intake and plasma level in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer may still need further studies. Over doses of vitamin D supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification, Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Genetic variants in the CYP24A1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness in a Korean study population. by Oh JJ1, Byun SS2, Lee SE2, Hong SK2, Jeong CW2, Choi WS3, Kim D4, Kim HJ5, Myung SC6(PubMed)
(2) Genetic variations in VDR associated with prostate cancer risk and progression in a Korean population by Oh JJ, Byun SS, Lee SE, Hong SK, Jeong CW, Kim D, Kim HJ, Myung SC(PubMed)
(3) Comprehensive association analysis of the vitamin D pathway genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in prostate cancer by Holick CN, Stanford JL, Kwon EM, Ostrander EA, Nejentsev S, Peters U.(PubMed)
(3) Genetic variants in the vitamin d receptor are associated with advanced prostate cancer at diagnosis: findings from the prostate testing for cancer and treatment study and a systematic review by Chen L, Davey Smith G, Evans DM, Cox A, Lawlor DA, Donovan J, Yuan W, Day IN, Martin RM, Lane A, Rodriguez S, Davis M, Zuccolo L, Collin SM, Hamdy F, Neal D, Lewis SJ(PubMed)
(5) Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk by Raimondi S, Johansson H, Maisonneuve P, Gandini S(PubMed)
(5a) Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(6) Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer prognosis by Holt SK, Kolb S, Fu R, Horst R, Feng Z, Stanford JL.(PubMed)
(7) A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and prostate cancer by Li H, Stampfer MJ, Hollis JB, Mucci LA, Gaziano JM, Hunter D, Giovannucci EL, Ma J(PubMed)
(8) Prediagnostic plasma vitamin D metabolites and mortality among patients with prostate cancer by Fang F, Kasperzyk JL, Shui I, Hendrickson W, Hollis BW, Fall K, Ma J, Gaziano JM, Stampfer MJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(9) Vitamin D-related genetic variation, plasma vitamin D, and risk of lethal prostate cancer: a prospective nested case-control study by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Kraft P, Tamimi RM, Lindstrom S, Penney KL, Nimptsch K, Hollis BW, Dupre N, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(10) Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(11) Vitamin D-related genes, serum vitamin D concentrations and prostate cancer risk by Ahn J, Albanes D, Berndt SI, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Huang WY, Kibel AS, Crawford ED, Weinstein SJ, Chanock SJ, Schatzkin A, Hayes RB; Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Trial Project Team(PubMed)
(12)Vitamin d and prostate cancer survival in veterans by Der T1, Bailey BA2, Youssef D1, Manning T3, Grant WB4, Peiris AN(PubMed)
(13) Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 reduces Cyp24a1 expression and enhances 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) antitumor activity in human prostate cancer cells by Luo W, Yu WD, Ma Y, Chernov M, Trump DL, Johnson CS.(PubMed)
(14) Tumor suppressor microRNAs, miR-100 and -125b, are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in primary prostate cells and in patient tissue by Giangreco AA, Vaishnav A, Wagner D, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Van der Kwast T, Vieth R, Nonn L.(PubMed)
(15) Vitamin D3 supplementation, low-risk prostate cancer, and health disparities by Hollis BW, Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S(PubMed)
(16) Vitamin D3 supplementation at 4000 international units per day for one year results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in subjects with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance by Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Keane TE, Hollis BW, Horst RL, Ambrose LH, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.(PubMed)
(17) Vitamin D3 supplementation (4000 IU/d for 1 y) eliminates differences in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D between African American and white men by Garrett-Mayer E, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.(PubMed)
(18) Vitamin D, season, and risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study within Norwegian health studies by Meyer HE, Robsahm TE, Bjørge T, Brustad M, Blomhoff R.(PubMed)
(19) Vitamin D, sunlight, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by Schwartz GG.(PubMed)
(20) Vitamin D and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by Schwartz GG.(PubMed)
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered as a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to spread to younger age population. Suggestions emerged of over consuming bad fats in any time in history accompanied with unhealthy diet and life style may be the possible causes of the disease, linking to the economic prosperity over 2 decades. Herbal medicine for diseases' management have been prescribed in folk medicine over thousands of year as one of best medicine of nature in preventing and treating diseases, including prostate cancer.
Genetic mutation
Genetic mutation of Vitamin D-deactivating enzyme CYP24A1may be associated to increased risk of prostate cancer. In a Korean cohort suggested that five CYP24A1 sequence variants (rs2248461, rs2248359, rs602299, rs2585428, rs4809959 had a significant association with prostate cancer risk(1);
vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (two VDR sequence variants (rs2408876 and rs2239182), may play an important role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer(2). Others study of vitamin D pathway genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in prostate cancer showed an conflict result of that genotypes of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 were not associated with prostate cancer risk, but polymorphisms in the VDR gene may be(3)(4)(5). In common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor(CaSR), the Harvard School of Public Health showed that CaSR may be involved in PCa progression(5a)
Vitamin D plasma
Suggestions of plasma used in measurement of risk of prostate have been controversial with many inconsistent results, epidemiologically. The population-based cohort study of 1476 prostate cancer patients to assess disease recurrence/progression and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) risks associated with serum levels of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D], showed no evidence of serum vitamin D levels measured after diagnosis associated to prostate cancer prognosis(6) and according to the Oregon Health & Science University prospective cohort of older men also found no association between serum 25-OH vitamin D levels and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.(6a). But according to the Harvard Medical School, suboptimal vitamin D status (especially during the winter/spring season), and both 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D may play an important role in preventing prostate cancer progression(7) and higher prediagnostic plasma 25(OH)D might be associated with improved prostate cancer prognosis(8).
In the variation of above, some researchers suggested that plasma 25(OH)D levels associated to common variation among several vitamin D-related genes((CYP27A1, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, GC, CYP24A1, RXRA, and VDR) and calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)were associated with lethal prostate cancer risk(9)(10)(11). A report of survival in veterans with prostate cancer indicated a veterans who are initially vitamin D deficient and both initial and follow-up vitamin D deficiency are associated with decreased likelihood of survival after prostate cancer diagnosis(12). Other suggestions, linking vitamin D in reduced risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer-related health disparities in African-American men were greatly involved at least in part the result of widespread hypovitaminosis D within the African-American population.(15).
The efficacy
Vitamin D most active form, 1,25D(3) in an experiment of a stable prostate cancer cell line PC3 with CYP24A1 promoter inhibited gene expression of CYP24A1 through enhancement and regulation of a protein kinase CK2 selective inhibitor(13); exhibited tumor suppressive miRNAs in patient prostate tissue, thus decreased proliferation in primary cells and cancer cells and suppressed migration and clonal growth of prostate cancer cell in a miRNA-dependent manner(14). A report from the Medical University of South Carolina, showed that vitamin D(3) supplementation at 4000 IU/d for 1 year, in patients with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance may benefit from vitamin D(3) supplementation(16) and eliminated any significant differences in circulating concentrations of 25(OH)D between African American and white men(17). Unfortunately, the University of Oslo study within Norwegian health studies indicated a increased risk of prostate cancer related to a high 25(OH)D concentration only during the summer and autumn due to vitamin D itself or to other factors associated with sun exposure(18). The discrepancy between the results of studies of solar exposure and studies of serum 25-OHD may be related to methodological differences and to uncertainties regarding the critical period for vitamin D exposure(19). Low levels of UV radiation/vitamin D are indeed associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in individual men(20).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, although it is controversial, vitamin D may be effectively and selectively in reduced risk and treatment for prostate cancer in hypovitamin D deficient men and without exposure to UV sunlight and the disagreement of amount of vitamin D intake and plasma level in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer may still need further studies. Over doses of vitamin D supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification, Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Genetic variants in the CYP24A1 gene are associated with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness in a Korean study population. by Oh JJ1, Byun SS2, Lee SE2, Hong SK2, Jeong CW2, Choi WS3, Kim D4, Kim HJ5, Myung SC6(PubMed)
(2) Genetic variations in VDR associated with prostate cancer risk and progression in a Korean population by Oh JJ, Byun SS, Lee SE, Hong SK, Jeong CW, Kim D, Kim HJ, Myung SC(PubMed)
(3) Comprehensive association analysis of the vitamin D pathway genes, VDR, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, in prostate cancer by Holick CN, Stanford JL, Kwon EM, Ostrander EA, Nejentsev S, Peters U.(PubMed)
(3) Genetic variants in the vitamin d receptor are associated with advanced prostate cancer at diagnosis: findings from the prostate testing for cancer and treatment study and a systematic review by Chen L, Davey Smith G, Evans DM, Cox A, Lawlor DA, Donovan J, Yuan W, Day IN, Martin RM, Lane A, Rodriguez S, Davis M, Zuccolo L, Collin SM, Hamdy F, Neal D, Lewis SJ(PubMed)
(5) Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk by Raimondi S, Johansson H, Maisonneuve P, Gandini S(PubMed)
(5a) Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(6) Circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer prognosis by Holt SK, Kolb S, Fu R, Horst R, Feng Z, Stanford JL.(PubMed)
(7) A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and prostate cancer by Li H, Stampfer MJ, Hollis JB, Mucci LA, Gaziano JM, Hunter D, Giovannucci EL, Ma J(PubMed)
(8) Prediagnostic plasma vitamin D metabolites and mortality among patients with prostate cancer by Fang F, Kasperzyk JL, Shui I, Hendrickson W, Hollis BW, Fall K, Ma J, Gaziano JM, Stampfer MJ, Mucci LA, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(9) Vitamin D-related genetic variation, plasma vitamin D, and risk of lethal prostate cancer: a prospective nested case-control study by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Kraft P, Tamimi RM, Lindstrom S, Penney KL, Nimptsch K, Hollis BW, Dupre N, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(10) Common genetic variation of the calcium-sensing receptor and lethal prostate cancer risk by Shui IM, Mucci LA, Wilson KM, Kraft P, Penney KL, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E(PubMed)
(11) Vitamin D-related genes, serum vitamin D concentrations and prostate cancer risk by Ahn J, Albanes D, Berndt SI, Peters U, Chatterjee N, Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Huang WY, Kibel AS, Crawford ED, Weinstein SJ, Chanock SJ, Schatzkin A, Hayes RB; Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Trial Project Team(PubMed)
(12)Vitamin d and prostate cancer survival in veterans by Der T1, Bailey BA2, Youssef D1, Manning T3, Grant WB4, Peiris AN(PubMed)
(13) Inhibition of protein kinase CK2 reduces Cyp24a1 expression and enhances 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) antitumor activity in human prostate cancer cells by Luo W, Yu WD, Ma Y, Chernov M, Trump DL, Johnson CS.(PubMed)
(14) Tumor suppressor microRNAs, miR-100 and -125b, are regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in primary prostate cells and in patient tissue by Giangreco AA, Vaishnav A, Wagner D, Finelli A, Fleshner N, Van der Kwast T, Vieth R, Nonn L.(PubMed)
(15) Vitamin D3 supplementation, low-risk prostate cancer, and health disparities by Hollis BW, Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S(PubMed)
(16) Vitamin D3 supplementation at 4000 international units per day for one year results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in subjects with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance by Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Keane TE, Hollis BW, Horst RL, Ambrose LH, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.(PubMed)
(17) Vitamin D3 supplementation (4000 IU/d for 1 y) eliminates differences in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D between African American and white men by Garrett-Mayer E, Wagner CL, Hollis BW, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.(PubMed)
(18) Vitamin D, season, and risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study within Norwegian health studies by Meyer HE, Robsahm TE, Bjørge T, Brustad M, Blomhoff R.(PubMed)
(19) Vitamin D, sunlight, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by Schwartz GG.(PubMed)
(20) Vitamin D and the epidemiology of prostate cancer by Schwartz GG.(PubMed)
Monday 17 February 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin C's Points of View
Kyle J. Norton
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results.
In reviewed studies examined the relationship between prostate cancer and antioxidants indicated that there is no strong evidence for a beneficial effect of selenium, vitamin C, or beta-carotene, in reduced risk of prostate cancer and effect of dietary antioxidants on prostate cancer remains undefined and inconclusive(1). Supplemental vitamin C, in 1338 cases of prostate cancer among 29 361 men during up to 8 years of follow-up, also showed no strong support for high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer(2).
On Androgen-independent (DU145) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) human prostate cancer cell lines, vitamin C inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation through production of unidentified free radical(s) generation of hydrogen peroxide(3) and PC-3 through reactive oxygen specie(4) or through increased with temperature in cancer cells(5). Combination of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles (NPs) and Ascorbic acid (AA) enhanced cytotoxicity of PC-3 cells, through created hydroxyl radicals via an oxidative stress process(6). On intravenous (i.v.) vitamin C or ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C treatment depleted Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)(transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism) and induced autophagy in sensitive prostate cancer cells{(LaPC4)and in five of the six tested prostate cancer cell lines}(7).
In a study of mixture of nutrients (NM) containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid and green tea extract, showed that NM inhibited prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and DU-145 through suppression of the secretion of u-PA subunit 1(correlated with matrix proteolysis, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion)(8). Combination of Monensin and vitamin C study showed an enhancement of vitamin C in exhibition of the effect of Monensin in induced apoptosis through increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by induction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response(9). In
redox-active form of vitamin C, ascorbate induced apoptosis through induction of cell cycle arrest(10).
Taking altogether, without going through the reviews, vitamin C may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer through generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), or cell cycle arrest when used alone or combination with other chemo-agents or phytochmecials. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(11)(22).
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK(PubMed)
(2) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial(PubMed)
(3) Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis by Maramag C, Menon M, Balaji KC, Reddy PG, Laxmanan S(PubMed)
(4) Effect of vitamin C on androgen independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and Mat-Ly-Lu) in vitro: involvement of reactive oxygen species-effect on cell number, viability and DNA synthesis by Menon M, Maramag C, Malhotra RK, Seethalakshmi L(PubMed)
(5) Peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@carbon nanoparticles enhances ascorbic acid-induced oxidative stress and selective damage to PC-3 prostate cancer cells by An Q, Sun C, Li D, Xu K, Guo J, Wang C.(PubMed)
(6) Effect of ascorbic acid on reactive oxygen species production in chemotherapy and hyperthermia in prostate cancer cells by Fukumura H, Sato M, Kezuka K, Sato I, Feng X, Okumura S, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Eguchi H, Ishikawa Y, Saito T(PubMed)
(7) Pharmacological ascorbate induces cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells through ATP depletion and induction of autophagy by Chen P, Yu J, Chalmers B, Drisko J, Yang J, Li B, Chen Q(PubMed)
(8) Down-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases and up-regulation of their inhibitors by a novel nutrient mixture in human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 by Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Rath M, Niedzwiecki A(PubMed)
(9) Monensin is a potent inducer of oxidative stress and inhibitor of androgen signaling leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by Ketola K, Vainio P, Fey V, Kallioniemi O, Iljin K(PubMed)
(10) Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs by Frömberg A, Gutsch D, Schulze D, Vollbracht C, Weiss G, Czubayko F, Aigner A(PubMed)
The widespread of prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian with tendency to effect even younger age population.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer have produced inconsistent results.
In reviewed studies examined the relationship between prostate cancer and antioxidants indicated that there is no strong evidence for a beneficial effect of selenium, vitamin C, or beta-carotene, in reduced risk of prostate cancer and effect of dietary antioxidants on prostate cancer remains undefined and inconclusive(1). Supplemental vitamin C, in 1338 cases of prostate cancer among 29 361 men during up to 8 years of follow-up, also showed no strong support for high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer(2).
On Androgen-independent (DU145) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP) human prostate cancer cell lines, vitamin C inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation through production of unidentified free radical(s) generation of hydrogen peroxide(3) and PC-3 through reactive oxygen specie(4) or through increased with temperature in cancer cells(5). Combination of Fe3O4@C nanoparticles (NPs) and Ascorbic acid (AA) enhanced cytotoxicity of PC-3 cells, through created hydroxyl radicals via an oxidative stress process(6). On intravenous (i.v.) vitamin C or ascorbic acid (ascorbate, vitamin C treatment depleted Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)(transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism) and induced autophagy in sensitive prostate cancer cells{(LaPC4)and in five of the six tested prostate cancer cell lines}(7).
In a study of mixture of nutrients (NM) containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid and green tea extract, showed that NM inhibited prostate cancer cell line PC-3 and DU-145 through suppression of the secretion of u-PA subunit 1(correlated with matrix proteolysis, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion)(8). Combination of Monensin and vitamin C study showed an enhancement of vitamin C in exhibition of the effect of Monensin in induced apoptosis through increased generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and by induction of a transcriptional profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response(9). In
redox-active form of vitamin C, ascorbate induced apoptosis through induction of cell cycle arrest(10).
Taking altogether, without going through the reviews, vitamin C may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer through generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), or cell cycle arrest when used alone or combination with other chemo-agents or phytochmecials. Daily ingestion of high-dose vitamin C may be considered safe, but in rare incidence, overdoses in a prolonged period of time, may cause intra-renal oxalate crystal deposition, a fatal nephrotoxicity(11)(22).
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review by Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ET, Koo SI, Chun OK(PubMed)
(2) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial(PubMed)
(3) Effect of vitamin C on prostate cancer cells in vitro: effect on cell number, viability, and DNA synthesis by Maramag C, Menon M, Balaji KC, Reddy PG, Laxmanan S(PubMed)
(4) Effect of vitamin C on androgen independent prostate cancer cells (PC3 and Mat-Ly-Lu) in vitro: involvement of reactive oxygen species-effect on cell number, viability and DNA synthesis by Menon M, Maramag C, Malhotra RK, Seethalakshmi L(PubMed)
(5) Peroxidase-like activity of Fe3O4@carbon nanoparticles enhances ascorbic acid-induced oxidative stress and selective damage to PC-3 prostate cancer cells by An Q, Sun C, Li D, Xu K, Guo J, Wang C.(PubMed)
(6) Effect of ascorbic acid on reactive oxygen species production in chemotherapy and hyperthermia in prostate cancer cells by Fukumura H, Sato M, Kezuka K, Sato I, Feng X, Okumura S, Fujita T, Yokoyama U, Eguchi H, Ishikawa Y, Saito T(PubMed)
(7) Pharmacological ascorbate induces cytotoxicity in prostate cancer cells through ATP depletion and induction of autophagy by Chen P, Yu J, Chalmers B, Drisko J, Yang J, Li B, Chen Q(PubMed)
(8) Down-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinases and up-regulation of their inhibitors by a novel nutrient mixture in human prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 by Roomi MW, Kalinovsky T, Rath M, Niedzwiecki A(PubMed)
(9) Monensin is a potent inducer of oxidative stress and inhibitor of androgen signaling leading to apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by Ketola K, Vainio P, Fey V, Kallioniemi O, Iljin K(PubMed)
(10) Ascorbate exerts anti-proliferative effects through cell cycle inhibition and sensitizes tumor cells towards cytostatic drugs by Frömberg A, Gutsch D, Schulze D, Vollbracht C, Weiss G, Czubayko F, Aigner A(PubMed)
(11) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)
(12) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)
Sunday 16 February 2014
Prostate cancer in Vitamin A's Points of View
Kyle J. Norton
Prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have a tendency to effect the younger generation become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian. It may be due to over consumption of bad fats accompanied with unhealthy diet and life, because of the economic prosperity over 2 decades.
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity, causing dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
1. Retinols
Retinols derived from vitamin A, most often are used in medical field in regulation of epithelial cell growth. Suggestion of serum retinol, linking to risk of prostate cancer have produced inconclusive results. Study of Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer, showed that higher serum of retinol elevates risk of prostate cancer by quintiles of baseline and 3-year serum retinol concentrations and by change in serum retinol levels from baseline to 3 years(1). but the study by the Erasmus University, indicated the otherwise(2)(3)and Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Kuakini Medical Center, showed that none of the micronutrients is strongly associated with prostate cancer risk. including serum of retinol(4).
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of retinol, was found to be effective in suppression of carcinogenesis in tumorigenic animal models for the skin, oral, lung, breast, bladder, ovarian and prostate(5). In prostate cancer LNCaP and PC3 cells, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) inhibited angiogenesis prostate cancer cell growth and identify retinoic acid receptor alpha as the receptor through up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta up-regulation and down regulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation(6). In androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells, retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of retinol, showed to inhibit the growth of prostate caner cells and the formation and degradation of gap junctions(are ensembles of intercellular channels that permit the exchange of small growth regulatory molecules between adjoining cells), through modulation(7). In androgen receptor-negative (AR(-)) prostate cancer cells, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), induced the growth arrest through alteration of HOXB13(genetic variant in HOXB13 increased risk of prostate cancer by a 10-20-fold) expression as a result of epigenetic modifications(8). In mice study of p27(Kip1)(cell cycle suppressor gene) deficiency prostate cancer, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) was found effectively in suppression of prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and increased cellular biological aging(9).
2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin)
Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Measured serum of Plasma carotenoids, retinol once considered as a maker for risk of prostate cancer, have produced an inconsistent result. According to the University of Oxford, there was no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect(10). Unfortunately, the study by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center indicated that high serum beta-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer(11) and the Harvard Medical School showed no associated at all(12).
Epidemiological studies of carotenoids in reduced risk of prostate cancer have also been inconclusive.
β-Ionone, a cyclic sesquiterpene and an end-ring analog of β-carotene, in DU145 and PC-3 cells induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and in DU145 cells, initiated the degradation of reductase, suppressed the net growth of DU145 cells by 73%(13). Combination of vitamin A and vitamin D, showed an effectiveness in induction of prostate cancer cells apoptosis through enhanced the expression of Bax(involved in p53-mediated apoptosis) and reduced the expression of Cyclin D1(in regulating cell cycle progression)(14). Oral administration of β-carotene (BC) inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells at 20 μM BC at 12 h of incubation(15). Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid found in brown algae, inhibited the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest with SAPK/JNK(involved in proliferation, apoptosis, motility) activation(16) or induces G1 arrest with GADD45 gene(growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible) expression(17). In human androgen-independent prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, oral administration of a low or a high dose of lycopene (4 and 16 mg/kg) and a single dose of β-carotene (16 mg/kg) twice a week for 7 wk, suppressed the growth of prostate tumor cells associated with reduction of proliferation (attenuation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression) and with interference of the insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling (increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels)(18).
Unfortunately, the study by the National Cancer Institute, indicated that there is not enough evidences to for a strong support for population-wide implementation of high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer. However, beta-carotene supplementation in men with low dietary beta-carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of this disease(19).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin A and its synthetic version induced apoptosis and exhibited anti proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines through cell cycle arrested and attenuated cancer progressive pathways and may be considered as potent agents in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer. But no doubt, certain vitamins and minerals deficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of prostate cancer. Over doses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer by Mondul AM, Watters JL, Männistö S, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(2) Serum retinol and prostate cancer.
(5) Retinoids and their biological effects against cancer by Alizadeh F, Bolhassani A. Khavari A, Bathaie SZ, Naji T, Bidgoli SA (PubMed)
(6) Effect of an all-trans-retinoic acid conjugate with spermine on viability of human prostate cancer and endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo by Vourtsis D, Lamprou M, Sadikoglou E, Giannou A, Theodorakopoulou O, Sarrou E, Magoulas GE, Bariamis SE, Athanassopoulos CM, Drainas D, Papaioannou D, Papadimitriou E.(PubMed)
(7) Retinoids regulate the formation and degradation of gap junctions in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells by Kelsey L, Katoch P, Johnson KE, Batra SK, Mehta PP.(PubMed)
(8) ATRA inhibits the proliferation of DU145 prostate cancer cells through reducing the methylation level of HOXB13 gene by Liu Z, Ren G, Shangguan C, Guo L, Dong Z, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao L, Hou P, Zhang Y, Wang X, Lu J, Huang B.(PubMed)
(9) p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does not affect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process by Taylor W, Mathias A, Ali A, Ke H, Stoynev N, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Kiyokawa H, Christov K.(PubMed)
(10) Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study by Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Jenab M, Egevad L, Tjønneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Berrino F, Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quirós JR, González CA, Martinez C, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(11) Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial by Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N, Wang Y, Albanes D, Gelmann EP, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB.(PubMed)
(12) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer by Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(13) β-ionone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate tumor cells by Jones S, Fernandes NV, Yeganehjoo H, Katuru R, Qu H, Yu Z, Mo H.(PubMed)
(14) Synergistic effect and mechanism of vitamin A and vitamin D on inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by Sha J, Pan J, Ping P, Xuan H, Li D, Bo J, Liu D, Huang Y.(PubMed)
(15) Diverse effects of β-carotene on secretion and expression of VEGF in human hepatocarcinoma and prostate tumor cells by Chen HY, Huang SM, Yang CM, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(16) Fucoxanthin induces GADD45A expression and G1 arrest with SAPK/JNK activation in LNCap human prostate cancer cells by Satomi Y.(PubMed)
(17) Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, induces G1 arrest and GADD45 gene expression in human cancer cells by Yoshiko S, Hoyoku N.(PubMed)
(18) Growth inhibitory efficacy of lycopene and β-carotene against androgen-independent prostate tumor cells xenografted in nude mice by Yang CM, Yen YT, Huang CS, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(19) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial.(PubMed)
Prostate cancer, once considered a disease of aging male, now have a tendency to effect the younger generation become major concerns of governments and scientific community in South East Asian. It may be due to over consumption of bad fats accompanied with unhealthy diet and life, because of the economic prosperity over 2 decades.
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.
Recommended intakes of vitamin A, according to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (formerly National Academy of Sciences) is 600 µg daily as extremely high doses (>9000 mg) can be toxicity, causing dry, scaly skin, fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite, bone and joint pains, headaches, etc.
1. Retinols
Retinols derived from vitamin A, most often are used in medical field in regulation of epithelial cell growth. Suggestion of serum retinol, linking to risk of prostate cancer have produced inconclusive results. Study of Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer, showed that higher serum of retinol elevates risk of prostate cancer by quintiles of baseline and 3-year serum retinol concentrations and by change in serum retinol levels from baseline to 3 years(1). but the study by the Erasmus University, indicated the otherwise(2)(3)and Japan-Hawaii Cancer Study, Kuakini Medical Center, showed that none of the micronutrients is strongly associated with prostate cancer risk. including serum of retinol(4).
Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of retinol, was found to be effective in suppression of carcinogenesis in tumorigenic animal models for the skin, oral, lung, breast, bladder, ovarian and prostate(5). In prostate cancer LNCaP and PC3 cells, all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) inhibited angiogenesis prostate cancer cell growth and identify retinoic acid receptor alpha as the receptor through up-regulation of retinoic acid receptor beta up-regulation and down regulation of prostate cancer cell proliferation(6). In androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells, retinoids, the synthetic derivatives of retinol, showed to inhibit the growth of prostate caner cells and the formation and degradation of gap junctions(are ensembles of intercellular channels that permit the exchange of small growth regulatory molecules between adjoining cells), through modulation(7). In androgen receptor-negative (AR(-)) prostate cancer cells, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), induced the growth arrest through alteration of HOXB13(genetic variant in HOXB13 increased risk of prostate cancer by a 10-20-fold) expression as a result of epigenetic modifications(8). In mice study of p27(Kip1)(cell cycle suppressor gene) deficiency prostate cancer, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) was found effectively in suppression of prostate cell proliferation (PECP) and increased cellular biological aging(9).
2. Carotenoids(beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin)
Carotenoids, plant pigments, converted to vitamin A after intake, play an important role in prevention and treatment of some diseases through it antioxidant effects.
Measured serum of Plasma carotenoids, retinol once considered as a maker for risk of prostate cancer, have produced an inconsistent result. According to the University of Oxford, there was no associations between plasma concentrations of carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols and overall prostate cancer risk. The inverse associations of lycopene and the sum of carotenoids with the risk of advanced disease may involve a protective effect(10). Unfortunately, the study by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center indicated that high serum beta-carotene concentrations were associated with increased risk for aggressive, clinically relevant prostate cancer(11) and the Harvard Medical School showed no associated at all(12).
Epidemiological studies of carotenoids in reduced risk of prostate cancer have also been inconclusive.
β-Ionone, a cyclic sesquiterpene and an end-ring analog of β-carotene, in DU145 and PC-3 cells induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and in DU145 cells, initiated the degradation of reductase, suppressed the net growth of DU145 cells by 73%(13). Combination of vitamin A and vitamin D, showed an effectiveness in induction of prostate cancer cells apoptosis through enhanced the expression of Bax(involved in p53-mediated apoptosis) and reduced the expression of Cyclin D1(in regulating cell cycle progression)(14). Oral administration of β-carotene (BC) inhibited the proliferation of PC-3 cells at 20 μM BC at 12 h of incubation(15). Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid found in brown algae, inhibited the growth of LNCap prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest with SAPK/JNK(involved in proliferation, apoptosis, motility) activation(16) or induces G1 arrest with GADD45 gene(growth arrest and DNA-damage inducible) expression(17). In human androgen-independent prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells, oral administration of a low or a high dose of lycopene (4 and 16 mg/kg) and a single dose of β-carotene (16 mg/kg) twice a week for 7 wk, suppressed the growth of prostate tumor cells associated with reduction of proliferation (attenuation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression) and with interference of the insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling (increased plasma insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 levels)(18).
Unfortunately, the study by the National Cancer Institute, indicated that there is not enough evidences to for a strong support for population-wide implementation of high-dose antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer. However, beta-carotene supplementation in men with low dietary beta-carotene intakes were associated with reduced risk of this disease(19).
Taking altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin A and its synthetic version induced apoptosis and exhibited anti proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines through cell cycle arrested and attenuated cancer progressive pathways and may be considered as potent agents in reduced risk and treatment of prostate cancer. But no doubt, certain vitamins and minerals deficiencies may play a critic role in the influence of development of prostate cancer. Over doses can lead to toxic symptoms. Please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to Researched articles - Points of view of Vitamins, Foods and Herbs
http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/blog-page_24.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Serum retinol and risk of prostate cancer by Mondul AM, Watters JL, Männistö S, Weinstein SJ, Snyder K, Virtamo J, Albanes D.(PubMed)
(2) Serum retinol and prostate cancer.
Hayes RB, Bogdanovicz JF, Schroeder FH, De Bruijn A, Raatgever JW, Van der Maas PJ, Oishi K, Yoshida O.(PubMed)
(3) Serum retinol and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer
screening trial by Schenk JM, Riboli E, Chatterjee N, Leitzmann MF, Ahn
J, Albanes D, Reding DJ, Wang Y, Friesen MD, Hayes RB, Peters U.(PubMed)
(4) Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii by Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Lee J, Craft NE.(PubMed)
(5) Retinoids and their biological effects against cancer by Alizadeh F, Bolhassani A. Khavari A, Bathaie SZ, Naji T, Bidgoli SA (PubMed)
(6) Effect of an all-trans-retinoic acid conjugate with spermine on viability of human prostate cancer and endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo by Vourtsis D, Lamprou M, Sadikoglou E, Giannou A, Theodorakopoulou O, Sarrou E, Magoulas GE, Bariamis SE, Athanassopoulos CM, Drainas D, Papaioannou D, Papadimitriou E.(PubMed)
(7) Retinoids regulate the formation and degradation of gap junctions in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells by Kelsey L, Katoch P, Johnson KE, Batra SK, Mehta PP.(PubMed)
(8) ATRA inhibits the proliferation of DU145 prostate cancer cells through reducing the methylation level of HOXB13 gene by Liu Z, Ren G, Shangguan C, Guo L, Dong Z, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao L, Hou P, Zhang Y, Wang X, Lu J, Huang B.(PubMed)
(9) p27(Kip1) deficiency promotes prostate carcinogenesis but does not affect the efficacy of retinoids in suppressing the neoplastic process by Taylor W, Mathias A, Ali A, Ke H, Stoynev N, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Kiyokawa H, Christov K.(PubMed)
(10) Plasma carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study by Key TJ, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Jenab M, Egevad L, Tjønneland A, Johnsen NF, Overvad K, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Boeing H, Pischon T, Psaltopoulou T, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Vineis P, Tumino R, Berrino F, Kiemeney L, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Quirós JR, González CA, Martinez C, Larrañaga N, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz E, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Slimani N, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, Riboli E.(PubMed)
(11) Serum lycopene, other carotenoids, and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial by Peters U, Leitzmann MF, Chatterjee N, Wang Y, Albanes D, Gelmann EP, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB.(PubMed)
(12) Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer by Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC.(PubMed)
(13) β-ionone induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human prostate tumor cells by Jones S, Fernandes NV, Yeganehjoo H, Katuru R, Qu H, Yu Z, Mo H.(PubMed)
(14) Synergistic effect and mechanism of vitamin A and vitamin D on inducing apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by Sha J, Pan J, Ping P, Xuan H, Li D, Bo J, Liu D, Huang Y.(PubMed)
(15) Diverse effects of β-carotene on secretion and expression of VEGF in human hepatocarcinoma and prostate tumor cells by Chen HY, Huang SM, Yang CM, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(16) Fucoxanthin induces GADD45A expression and G1 arrest with SAPK/JNK activation in LNCap human prostate cancer cells by Satomi Y.(PubMed)
(17) Fucoxanthin, a natural carotenoid, induces G1 arrest and GADD45 gene expression in human cancer cells by Yoshiko S, Hoyoku N.(PubMed)
(18) Growth inhibitory efficacy of lycopene and β-carotene against androgen-independent prostate tumor cells xenografted in nude mice by Yang CM, Yen YT, Huang CS, Hu ML.(PubMed)
(19) Supplemental and dietary vitamin E, beta-carotene, and vitamin C intakes and prostate cancer risk by Kirsh VA, Hayes RB, Mayne ST, Chatterjee N, Subar AF, Dixon LB, Albanes D, Andriole GL, Urban DA, Peters U; PLCO Trial.(PubMed)
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