Bulimia nervosa is defined as a
medical condition of consuming a large amount of food in a short amount
of
time or one setting (binge eating), followed by self induced vomiting,
taking a laxative or diuretic and/or excessive exercise, etc. to
compensate for the binge. Bulimia nervosa also effects almost 90% of
female. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people suffering from bulimia nervosa are usually normal or slightly over weight.
VI. Preventions
A. The Do's and Do not's list
A.1. Primary prevention
Dt. Michael Sidiropoulos in the article of Anorexia Nervosa: The
physiological consequences of starvation and the need for primary
prevention efforts indicated that there are numerous actions that the
physician, along with the family, allied health care workers and/or
through a broader public health initiative can accomplish in this
particular case that will have longstanding implications on the
patient's future development and growth and will increase the likelihood
of healthy outcomes through primary
prevention(37).
1. Minimizing social pressures
In the study to evaluation the Sociological factors in the development
of eating disorders, Dr Nagel KL, andand Dr. Jones KH. at the
University of Georgia indicated that professionals in the educational
and physical and mental health care fields need to be aware of the
influence of social pressures
on teenagers' perceptions of body image and appearance. This article
reviews the sociocultural, socioeconomic, and sex-related factors which
contribute to the development of eating disorders. It is recommended
that professionals help adolescents resist societal pressure
to conform to unrealistic standards of appearance, and provide guidance
on nutrition, realistic body ideals, and achievement of self-esteem,
self-efficacy, interpersonal relations and coping skills(38).
2. Minimizing family issues
Dr. Yager J. in the study of the family issues in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa, suggested that factors residing in family systems have been implicated in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. In this paper I critically review literature that bears on this issue: the transmission of anorexia nervosa in families; family stress patterns, personality and psychopathological characteristics of parents, parent-child interactions, and whole family
systems. Much additional research is needed to accurately determine the
precise nature of such factors and the extent to which they actually
contribute to the appearance of this syndrome(39).
3. Reducing individual factors
In the study to examine which unique factors (genetic and environmental) increase the risk for developing anorexia nervosa
by using a case-control design of discordant sister pairs, Dr. Karwautz
A, and the research team at University of London, suggested that he
sisters with anorexia nervosa
differed from their healthy sisters in terms of personal vulnerability
traits and exposure to high parental expectations and sexual abuse. Factors
within the dieting risk domain did not differ. However, there was
evidence of poor feeding in childhood. No difference in the distribution
of genotypes or alleles of the DRD4, COMT, the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptor
genes was detected. These results are preliminary because our
calculations indicate that there is insufficient power to detect the
expected effect on risk with this sample size(40).
A.2. Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention focuses early detection and intervention as early
detection is often difficult as individuals with eating problems often
attempt to conceal their behavior. People such as Parents, peers and siblings, teacher
and family doctor are in good position to detect changing attitudes
around food,weight, and shape for detecting eating disorder early for
effective treatment(41)
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19633611
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9582008
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709593
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/421844
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22162675
Sunday 1 December 2013
Eating Disorders: Bulimia nervosa - The Diagnosis
Bulimia nervosa is defined as a
medical condition of consuming a large amount of food in a short amount
of
time or one setting (binge eating), followed by self induced vomiting,
taking a laxative or diuretic and/or excessive exercise, etc. to
compensate for the binge. Bulimia nervosa also effects almost 90% of
female. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people suffering from bulimia nervosa are usually normal or slightly over weight.
V. Diagnosis and tests
Diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is difficult, as people with Bulimia vervosa are very good in hiding the health problems and related symptoms, but certain signs of a person can be helpful.
A. Criteria
Based on the results of the clinical follow-up study of 41 female patients, diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa that should be used in clinical studies are suggested as follows:
(1) presence of anorexia nervosa or transitory amenorrhea in the premorbid period;
(2) eating attacks with losing of the control over food consumption not less than twice a week during 3 months;
(3) compensatory behavior in the form of spontaneous vomiting, abuse of purgative and diuretic medications etc;
(4) fear of obesity;
(5) cycloid affective changes with higher impulsivity, reduction of the control over primitive drives and/or expressed anxiety disorders; inclination to alcohol and drug abuse and nicotine dependence;
(6) changes of the body mass index;
(7) absence of amenorrhea. The disease dynamics is characterized by formation of the pathological cycle "diet--overeating--compensatory behavior" on the background of cyclothymic affective disorders. Two types of bulimia nervosa--with and without other drive disorders--have been singled out(25).
Others suggested that A diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is made when a person has recurrent episodes of binge eating, a feeling of lack of control over behavior during binges, regular use of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, strict dieting, or vigorous exercise to prevent weight gain, a minimum of 2 binge episodes a week for at least 3 months, and persistent overconcern with body shape and weight. Patients with eating disorders are usually secretive and often come to the attention of physicians only at the insistence of others(25a).
B. Blood, urine tests and X ray
After taking the complex physical exam, including detail of absence of period and the examination the symptoms of Bulimia nervosa, Blood and urine tests may be ordered
a. Blood tests
The aim of the Blood tests are to check for signs of malnutrition, including levels of potassium levels and electrolyte imbalances.
b. Urine steroids
The increased level of the stress marker allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone refers to the involvement of stress in these diseases, but the relevance of hormone alteration to the pathophysiology of eating disorders remains to be elucidated(26)
c. X ray
The aim of the X ray to check for broken bones, pneumonia. In some cases, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry may be necessary to test for the presented osteopenia and osteoporosis(27)
d. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16841479
(25a)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475950
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15560936
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137016
V. Diagnosis and tests
Diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is difficult, as people with Bulimia vervosa are very good in hiding the health problems and related symptoms, but certain signs of a person can be helpful.
A. Criteria
Based on the results of the clinical follow-up study of 41 female patients, diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa that should be used in clinical studies are suggested as follows:
(1) presence of anorexia nervosa or transitory amenorrhea in the premorbid period;
(2) eating attacks with losing of the control over food consumption not less than twice a week during 3 months;
(3) compensatory behavior in the form of spontaneous vomiting, abuse of purgative and diuretic medications etc;
(4) fear of obesity;
(5) cycloid affective changes with higher impulsivity, reduction of the control over primitive drives and/or expressed anxiety disorders; inclination to alcohol and drug abuse and nicotine dependence;
(6) changes of the body mass index;
(7) absence of amenorrhea. The disease dynamics is characterized by formation of the pathological cycle "diet--overeating--compensatory behavior" on the background of cyclothymic affective disorders. Two types of bulimia nervosa--with and without other drive disorders--have been singled out(25).
Others suggested that A diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is made when a person has recurrent episodes of binge eating, a feeling of lack of control over behavior during binges, regular use of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, strict dieting, or vigorous exercise to prevent weight gain, a minimum of 2 binge episodes a week for at least 3 months, and persistent overconcern with body shape and weight. Patients with eating disorders are usually secretive and often come to the attention of physicians only at the insistence of others(25a).
B. Blood, urine tests and X ray
After taking the complex physical exam, including detail of absence of period and the examination the symptoms of Bulimia nervosa, Blood and urine tests may be ordered
a. Blood tests
The aim of the Blood tests are to check for signs of malnutrition, including levels of potassium levels and electrolyte imbalances.
b. Urine steroids
The increased level of the stress marker allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone refers to the involvement of stress in these diseases, but the relevance of hormone alteration to the pathophysiology of eating disorders remains to be elucidated(26)
c. X ray
The aim of the X ray to check for broken bones, pneumonia. In some cases, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry may be necessary to test for the presented osteopenia and osteoporosis(27)
d. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16841479
(25a)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1475950
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15560936
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22137016
Eating Disorders: Bulimia nervosa - The Affects and Consequences
Bulimia nervosa is defined as a
medical condition of consuming a large amount of food in a short amount
of
time or one setting (binge eating), followed by self induced vomiting,
taking a laxative or diuretic and/or excessive exercise, etc. to
compensate for the binge. Bulimia nervosa also effects almost 90% of
female. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people suffering from bulimia nervosa are usually normal or slightly over weight.
IV. Effects and consequences of bulimia nervosa (BN)
A. Psychological effects
1. Mood disorders and suicidality
Onset of bulimia nervosa (BN) typically occurs in adolescence and is frequently accompanied by medical and psychiatric sequelae that may have detrimental effects on adolescent development. Potentially serious medical consequences and high comorbid rates of mood disorders and suicidality underscore the need for early recognition and effective treatments(14)
2. Substance abuse
In the study to examine the significance of a past history of substance abuse on treatment outcome for bulimia nervosa, showed that Although patients with a history of substance abuse reported higher levels of anxiety and depression at presentation for treatment than patients without such histories, the two groups reported a similar age of onset of their bulimia nervosa and similar severity of eating pathology with regards to binge and vomit frequencies and measures of concern about body shape and weight. On all outcome measures, the improvement of the substance abuse group was equal to or greater than that in the group without a history of substance abuse(15).
3. Etc.
A.2. Physical consequences
1. Acute gastric dilation
There are a report of a case of a young woman with bulimia nervosa who developed acute gastric dilation that was diagnosed by computerized tomography. The patient had no history of factors associated with delayed gastric emptying. The treatment course is reviewed, as is the pathophysiology of acute gastric dilation(16).
2. Electrolyte imbalances
Dr. Olson AF., in the study of Outpatient management of electrolyte imbalances associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, said "Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are eating disorders with significant morbidity that often go undetected. Nurses and primary care providers are encouraged to recognize the early signs and symptoms of these disorders and to intervene appropriately. Several case reports in this article describe patients with these disorders and various related electrolyte abnormalities. Understanding electrolyte imbalances associated with both disorders may lead to earlier effective intervention and overall improved health outcomes"(17).
2. Arrhythmias
In the examination of signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG). on 48 female ED patients [21 with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 27 with bulimia nervosa (BN)] and on 20 healthy women. An LP was judged positive if two or more of the following criteria were fulfilled: QRS duration >120 ms, root-mean-square voltage <20 microV, and a high-frequency, low-amplitude duration >38 ms. that indicated BN patients with a history of AN had significantly more SAECG abnormalities(18).
3. Oesophageal and gastric motor activity
In the study of esophageal and gastric motor activity in patients with bulimia nervosa, found that (i) bulimic behaviour can obscure symptoms of oesophageal motor disorders and (ii) gastric emptying is frequently delayed in bulimia nervosa(19).
4. Pancreatitis
There is a report of a 19-year-old woman with bulimia nervosa who died of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The symptoms of both conditions are very similar, the pre-existence of an eating disorder should not distract physicians from the possibility that potentially lethal acute pancreatitis may coexist(20).
5. Absence of period
Some researchers suggested that amenorrhea is one of diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa(21)
6. Visceral fat and increased adrenal gland volumes (AGV)
BN patients had significantly more visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (HC, 1589.3 +/- 967.6 ml versus 927.2 +/- 428.4 ml, p < .05) and an increased relative AGV (0.068% of body volume versus 0.048% of body volume, p < .05) compared with HC, although waist circumference and BMI did not differ. Although the VAT part in the upper abdomen was increased, especially the VAT of lower abdomen along with the pelvis or any subcutaneous fat compartment was not increased(22).
7. Sleep disturbance
Sleep disturbances are highly associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), buLimia nervosa (BN) and non-specified eating disorders (ED-NOS)(23)
8. Other physical effects
Dt, Mitchell JE and Crow S. at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, in the study of Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, showed that the frequently cited risk of premature death in those with anorexia nervosa. A plethora of dermatologic changes have been described, some signaling serious underlying pathophysiology, such as purpura, which indicates a bleeding diathesis. Much of the literature continues to delineate the fact that diabetic patients with eating disorders are at high risk of developing diabetic complications. Gastrointestinal complications can be serious, including gastric dilatation and severe liver dysfunction. Acrocyanosis is common, and patients with anorexia nervosa are at risk of various arrhythmias. Low-weight patients are at high risk for osteopenia/osteoporosis. Nutritional abnormalities are also common, including sodium depletion and hypovolemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia. Resting energy expenditure, although very low in low-weight patients, increases dramatically early in refeeding(24).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614677
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502972
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950174
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15785332
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380317
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2323585
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282695
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16841479
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124623
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630364
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721178
IV. Effects and consequences of bulimia nervosa (BN)
A. Psychological effects
1. Mood disorders and suicidality
Onset of bulimia nervosa (BN) typically occurs in adolescence and is frequently accompanied by medical and psychiatric sequelae that may have detrimental effects on adolescent development. Potentially serious medical consequences and high comorbid rates of mood disorders and suicidality underscore the need for early recognition and effective treatments(14)
2. Substance abuse
In the study to examine the significance of a past history of substance abuse on treatment outcome for bulimia nervosa, showed that Although patients with a history of substance abuse reported higher levels of anxiety and depression at presentation for treatment than patients without such histories, the two groups reported a similar age of onset of their bulimia nervosa and similar severity of eating pathology with regards to binge and vomit frequencies and measures of concern about body shape and weight. On all outcome measures, the improvement of the substance abuse group was equal to or greater than that in the group without a history of substance abuse(15).
3. Etc.
A.2. Physical consequences
1. Acute gastric dilation
There are a report of a case of a young woman with bulimia nervosa who developed acute gastric dilation that was diagnosed by computerized tomography. The patient had no history of factors associated with delayed gastric emptying. The treatment course is reviewed, as is the pathophysiology of acute gastric dilation(16).
2. Electrolyte imbalances
Dr. Olson AF., in the study of Outpatient management of electrolyte imbalances associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, said "Bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa are eating disorders with significant morbidity that often go undetected. Nurses and primary care providers are encouraged to recognize the early signs and symptoms of these disorders and to intervene appropriately. Several case reports in this article describe patients with these disorders and various related electrolyte abnormalities. Understanding electrolyte imbalances associated with both disorders may lead to earlier effective intervention and overall improved health outcomes"(17).
2. Arrhythmias
In the examination of signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG). on 48 female ED patients [21 with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 27 with bulimia nervosa (BN)] and on 20 healthy women. An LP was judged positive if two or more of the following criteria were fulfilled: QRS duration >120 ms, root-mean-square voltage <20 microV, and a high-frequency, low-amplitude duration >38 ms. that indicated BN patients with a history of AN had significantly more SAECG abnormalities(18).
3. Oesophageal and gastric motor activity
In the study of esophageal and gastric motor activity in patients with bulimia nervosa, found that (i) bulimic behaviour can obscure symptoms of oesophageal motor disorders and (ii) gastric emptying is frequently delayed in bulimia nervosa(19).
4. Pancreatitis
There is a report of a 19-year-old woman with bulimia nervosa who died of acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. The symptoms of both conditions are very similar, the pre-existence of an eating disorder should not distract physicians from the possibility that potentially lethal acute pancreatitis may coexist(20).
5. Absence of period
Some researchers suggested that amenorrhea is one of diagnostic criteria of bulimia nervosa(21)
6. Visceral fat and increased adrenal gland volumes (AGV)
BN patients had significantly more visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (HC, 1589.3 +/- 967.6 ml versus 927.2 +/- 428.4 ml, p < .05) and an increased relative AGV (0.068% of body volume versus 0.048% of body volume, p < .05) compared with HC, although waist circumference and BMI did not differ. Although the VAT part in the upper abdomen was increased, especially the VAT of lower abdomen along with the pelvis or any subcutaneous fat compartment was not increased(22).
7. Sleep disturbance
Sleep disturbances are highly associated with anorexia nervosa (AN), buLimia nervosa (BN) and non-specified eating disorders (ED-NOS)(23)
8. Other physical effects
Dt, Mitchell JE and Crow S. at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine and the Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, in the study of Medical complications of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, showed that the frequently cited risk of premature death in those with anorexia nervosa. A plethora of dermatologic changes have been described, some signaling serious underlying pathophysiology, such as purpura, which indicates a bleeding diathesis. Much of the literature continues to delineate the fact that diabetic patients with eating disorders are at high risk of developing diabetic complications. Gastrointestinal complications can be serious, including gastric dilatation and severe liver dysfunction. Acrocyanosis is common, and patients with anorexia nervosa are at risk of various arrhythmias. Low-weight patients are at high risk for osteopenia/osteoporosis. Nutritional abnormalities are also common, including sodium depletion and hypovolemia, hypophosphatemia and hypomagnesemia. Resting energy expenditure, although very low in low-weight patients, increases dramatically early in refeeding(24).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614677
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1502972
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950174
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15785332
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380317
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2323585
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15282695
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16841479
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124623
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630364
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16721178
Eating Disorders: Bulimia nervosa - Causes and risk factors
Bulimia nervosa is defined as a
medical condition of consuming a large amount of food in a short amount
of
time or one setting (binge eating), followed by self induced vomiting,
taking a laxative or diuretic and/or excessive exercise, etc. to
compensate for the binge. Bulimia nervosa also effects almost 90% of
female. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people suffering from bulimia nervosa are usually normal or slightly over weight.
Causes and risk factors
A. Causes
The causes of bulimia vervosa is unknown but in the study to examine the beliefs of women concerning causes and risk factors for eating-disordered behaviour, showed that having low self-esteem' was considered very likely to be a cause of BN by 75.0% of respondents, and the most likely cause by 40.5% of respondents. Other factors perceived as significant were 'problems from childhood', 'portrayal of women in the media', 'being overweight as a child or adolescent' and 'day-to-day problems', while genetic factors and pre-existing psychological problems were perceived to be of minor significance. Most respondents believed that women aged under 25 years were at greatest risk of having or developing BN(9).
B. Risk factors
1. Gender
It you are female, you are at 90% higher risk to develop bulimia nervosa.
2. Age
In both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, age at onset showed a significant decrease according to year of birth(10)
3. Social pressure
The fear of become fat due to wrongly influent in the western society where attractiveness is equal to thinness
4. Family history
If one the member of your direct family has bulimia nervosa, you are at increased risk to have that disease as well.
5. Migraine
Dr. D'Andrea G, and the research team at the Biochemistry Laboratory for the Study of Primary Headaches and Neurological Diseases, Research and Innovation S.p.A suggest that migraine may constitute a risk factor for the occurrence of ED in young females. This hypothesis is supported by the onset of migraine attacks that initiated, in the majority of the patients, before the occurrence of ED symptoms, in the study of Is migraine a risk factor for the occurrence of eating disorders? Prevalence and biochemical evidences(11).
6. Obstetric complications
Researchers found that several complications, such as maternal anemia (P = .03), diabetes mellitus (P = .04), preeclampsia (P = .02), placental infarction (P = .001), neonatal cardiac problems (P = .007), and hyporeactivity (P = .03), were significant independent predictors of the development of anorexia nervosa. The risk of developing anorexia nervosa increased with the total number of obstetric complications, the obstetric complications significantly associated with bulimia nervosa were the following: placental infarction (P = .10), neonatal hyporeactivity (P = .005), early eating difficulties (P = .02), and a low birth weight for gestational age (P = .009). Being shorter for gestational age significantly differentiated subjects with bulimia nervosa from both those with anorexia nervosa (P = .04) and control subjects (P = .05)(12).
7. DRD4 gene
Although there is no evidence of the direct association between DRD4 gene and bulimia nervosa, researchers suggested that its variants are associated with a history of childhood ADHD in BN probands. This may have relevance for the understanding, prevention, and treatment of BN that evolves in the context of childhood ADHD(12a).
8. Other risk factors includes
Low self-esteem', 'problems from childhood', 'portrayal of women in the media', 'being overweight as a child or adolescent' and 'day-to-day problems', while genetic factors and pre-existing psychological problems(13)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15209840
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141711
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644175
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389201
(12a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271608
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15209840
Causes and risk factors
A. Causes
The causes of bulimia vervosa is unknown but in the study to examine the beliefs of women concerning causes and risk factors for eating-disordered behaviour, showed that having low self-esteem' was considered very likely to be a cause of BN by 75.0% of respondents, and the most likely cause by 40.5% of respondents. Other factors perceived as significant were 'problems from childhood', 'portrayal of women in the media', 'being overweight as a child or adolescent' and 'day-to-day problems', while genetic factors and pre-existing psychological problems were perceived to be of minor significance. Most respondents believed that women aged under 25 years were at greatest risk of having or developing BN(9).
B. Risk factors
1. Gender
It you are female, you are at 90% higher risk to develop bulimia nervosa.
2. Age
In both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, age at onset showed a significant decrease according to year of birth(10)
3. Social pressure
The fear of become fat due to wrongly influent in the western society where attractiveness is equal to thinness
4. Family history
If one the member of your direct family has bulimia nervosa, you are at increased risk to have that disease as well.
5. Migraine
Dr. D'Andrea G, and the research team at the Biochemistry Laboratory for the Study of Primary Headaches and Neurological Diseases, Research and Innovation S.p.A suggest that migraine may constitute a risk factor for the occurrence of ED in young females. This hypothesis is supported by the onset of migraine attacks that initiated, in the majority of the patients, before the occurrence of ED symptoms, in the study of Is migraine a risk factor for the occurrence of eating disorders? Prevalence and biochemical evidences(11).
6. Obstetric complications
Researchers found that several complications, such as maternal anemia (P = .03), diabetes mellitus (P = .04), preeclampsia (P = .02), placental infarction (P = .001), neonatal cardiac problems (P = .007), and hyporeactivity (P = .03), were significant independent predictors of the development of anorexia nervosa. The risk of developing anorexia nervosa increased with the total number of obstetric complications, the obstetric complications significantly associated with bulimia nervosa were the following: placental infarction (P = .10), neonatal hyporeactivity (P = .005), early eating difficulties (P = .02), and a low birth weight for gestational age (P = .009). Being shorter for gestational age significantly differentiated subjects with bulimia nervosa from both those with anorexia nervosa (P = .04) and control subjects (P = .05)(12).
7. DRD4 gene
Although there is no evidence of the direct association between DRD4 gene and bulimia nervosa, researchers suggested that its variants are associated with a history of childhood ADHD in BN probands. This may have relevance for the understanding, prevention, and treatment of BN that evolves in the context of childhood ADHD(12a).
8. Other risk factors includes
Low self-esteem', 'problems from childhood', 'portrayal of women in the media', 'being overweight as a child or adolescent' and 'day-to-day problems', while genetic factors and pre-existing psychological problems(13)
9. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15209840
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20141711
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22644175
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389201
(12a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22271608
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15209840
Eating Disorders: Bulimia nervosa - Symptoms and Signs
Bulimia nervosa is defined as a
medical condition of consuming a large amount of food in a short amount
of
time or one setting (binge eating), followed by self induced vomiting,
taking a laxative or diuretic and/or excessive exercise, etc. to
compensate for the binge. Bulimia nervosa also effects almost 90% of
female. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people suffering from bulimia nervosa are usually normal or slightly over weight.
II. Symptoms and Signs
A. Symptoms
A.1. Binge Eating Symptoms
1. Eating and impulsive behavioral symptoms
In the study of the implications of impulsivity in its relationship with binge-eating or purging behaviors, with all participants (n=180) asked to complete a series of self-reported inventories of impulsive behaviors and other psychological measures. Dr. Tseng MC and Hu FC. at National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine showed that three latent classes of bulimic women were identified. These were women who exhibited relatively higher rates of purging, symptoms of impulsive behavior, and multiple purging methods (17.8%), women who used no more than one purging method with a low occurrence of impulsive behavior (41.7%), and women who showed higher rates of purging behaviors and the use of multiple purging methods with a low rate of impulsive behavior (41.7%). The impulsive sub-group had comparable severity of eating-related measures, frequency of binge-eating, and higher levels of general psychopathology than that of the other two sub-groups(1).
2. Greater fat consumption
In the study to investigate the association of fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption to binge eating symptoms in African American (AA) and Hispanic or Latina (HL) women. AA and HL women in the Health Is Power (HIP) study (N=283) reported fruit and vegetable intake, fat intake, and binge eating symptoms. Women were middle aged (M=45.8 years, SD=9.2) and obese (M BMI=34.5 kg/m(2), SD=7.5). Greater fat consumption was correlated with lower fruit and vegetable consumption (r(s)=-0.159, p<0.01). Higher BMI (r(s)=0.209, p<0.01), and greater fat consumption (r(s)=0.227, p<0.05) were correlated with increased binge eating symptoms. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that for HL women (β=0.130, p=0.024), higher BMI (β=0.148, p=0.012), and greater fat consumption (β=0.196, p=0.001) were associated with increased binge eating symptoms (R(2)=0.086, F(3,278)=8.715, p<0.001). Findings suggest there may be a relationship between fat consumption and binge eating symptoms, warranting further study to determine whether improving dietary habits may serve as a treatment for BED in AA and HL women(2).
3. Depression and/ or anxiety and eating preocuoation
Binge eating is often triggered by stress, depression, or other negative emotions. Compared with the normal-eater group, the BS(either BN or normal weight Eating Disorder NOS with regular binge eating or purging) women demonstrated significantly less dexamethasone suppression test (DST) suppression. Among BS women, DST non-suppression was associated with more severe depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations. BS women to show less DST suppression compared to normal eater women, and results link extent of non-suppression, in BS individuals, to severity of depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations(3).
In the study of among the 3,714 women and 1,808 men who responded, men were more likely to report overeating, whereas women were more likely to endorse loss of control while eating. Although statistically significant gender differences were observed, with women significantly more likely than men to report body checking and avoidance, binge eating, fasting, and vomiting, effect sizes ("Number Needed to Treat") were small to moderate(4). Other studies indicated that increasing evidence shows that the combination of ubiquitous ads for foods and emphasis on female beauty and thinness in both advertising and programming leads to confusion and dissatisfaction for many young people and have revealed a link between media exposure and the likelihood of having symptoms of disordered eating or a frank eating disorder(5).
5. Etc.
A.2. Purging Symptoms
Women who develop the Bulimia vervosa may consider purging as a method of regaining control of themselves after binge eating of that can lead to
1. Damage to teeth and gum as a result of self induced vomitting causes of acid exposure
2. Dehydration due to self induced vomiting
3. Fatigue due to nutrients deficiency
4. Irregular heart beat as a result of dehydration cause of low levels of potassium due to self induced vomiting.
5. Colon damage as a result of laxative abuse
6. Gastrointestinal symptoms
In bulimic patients, the most commonly reported gastrointestinal symptoms were bloating (74.4%), flatulence (74.4%), constipation (62.8%), decreased appetite (51.2%), abdominal pain (48.8%), borborygmi (48.8%), and nausea (46.5%). The average symptom score (sum of severity ratings) on the gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire decreased from 20.6 +/- 10.8 (mean +/- SD) on admission to 13.46 +/- 10.5 (t(27) = 3.31, p < 0.01) on discharge but remained significantly higher than that of the control group (4.4 +/- 6.2, t(43) = 4.02, p < 0.001). However, the severity of reported gastrointestinal symptoms was correlated with the severity of depression (r = 0.43, p < 0.05), and when the possible mediating effects of depression on gastrointestinal symptoms were controlled statistically (analysis of covariance), the effects of treatment on gastrointestinal symptoms were not statistically significant. Dr. Chami TN, and the research team at Florida Medical Clinic indicated(6).
A.3. Psychological symptoms
In the review of symptoms of Bulimia vervosa, most of reviews have focused on reductions of binge eating and purging; however, the cognitive model of BN that underlies the CBT approach identifies three additional symptoms as central to the disorder: restrictive eating, concerns with shape and weight, and self-esteem(7).
Other suggested that Binge eating is often triggered by stress, depression, or other negative emotions. Compared with the normal-eater group, the BS(either BN or normal weight Eating Disorder NOS with regular binge eating or purging) women demonstrated significantly less dexamethasone suppression test (DST) suppression. Among BS women, DST non-suppression was associated with more severe depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations. BS women to show less DST suppression compared to normal eater women, and results link extent of non-suppression, in BS individuals, to severity of depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations(8).
A.4. Non Purging technique
Although many bulimics use purging technique, others may engage in excessive exercise and fasting to prevent weight gain.
B. Signs
People with Bulimia vervosa are very good in hiding the health problems and related symptoms, but some possible signs of a person may have bulimia nervosa include:
1. Eats in isolation
2. Frequent sore throats from vomiting
4. Gastrointestinal symptoms
5. Feelings of withdrawal
6. Frequently spending time alone and wanting privacy
7. Obsession with food, dieting and exercise
9. Mood swings and irritability
10. Perfectionism
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22200525
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365808
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575215
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107833
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19227390
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801956
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584518
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2257521
II. Symptoms and Signs
A. Symptoms
A.1. Binge Eating Symptoms
1. Eating and impulsive behavioral symptoms
In the study of the implications of impulsivity in its relationship with binge-eating or purging behaviors, with all participants (n=180) asked to complete a series of self-reported inventories of impulsive behaviors and other psychological measures. Dr. Tseng MC and Hu FC. at National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine showed that three latent classes of bulimic women were identified. These were women who exhibited relatively higher rates of purging, symptoms of impulsive behavior, and multiple purging methods (17.8%), women who used no more than one purging method with a low occurrence of impulsive behavior (41.7%), and women who showed higher rates of purging behaviors and the use of multiple purging methods with a low rate of impulsive behavior (41.7%). The impulsive sub-group had comparable severity of eating-related measures, frequency of binge-eating, and higher levels of general psychopathology than that of the other two sub-groups(1).
2. Greater fat consumption
In the study to investigate the association of fruit, vegetable, and fat consumption to binge eating symptoms in African American (AA) and Hispanic or Latina (HL) women. AA and HL women in the Health Is Power (HIP) study (N=283) reported fruit and vegetable intake, fat intake, and binge eating symptoms. Women were middle aged (M=45.8 years, SD=9.2) and obese (M BMI=34.5 kg/m(2), SD=7.5). Greater fat consumption was correlated with lower fruit and vegetable consumption (r(s)=-0.159, p<0.01). Higher BMI (r(s)=0.209, p<0.01), and greater fat consumption (r(s)=0.227, p<0.05) were correlated with increased binge eating symptoms. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that for HL women (β=0.130, p=0.024), higher BMI (β=0.148, p=0.012), and greater fat consumption (β=0.196, p=0.001) were associated with increased binge eating symptoms (R(2)=0.086, F(3,278)=8.715, p<0.001). Findings suggest there may be a relationship between fat consumption and binge eating symptoms, warranting further study to determine whether improving dietary habits may serve as a treatment for BED in AA and HL women(2).
3. Depression and/ or anxiety and eating preocuoation
Binge eating is often triggered by stress, depression, or other negative emotions. Compared with the normal-eater group, the BS(either BN or normal weight Eating Disorder NOS with regular binge eating or purging) women demonstrated significantly less dexamethasone suppression test (DST) suppression. Among BS women, DST non-suppression was associated with more severe depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations. BS women to show less DST suppression compared to normal eater women, and results link extent of non-suppression, in BS individuals, to severity of depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations(3).
4. Other symptoms include
In the study of among the 3,714 women and 1,808 men who responded, men were more likely to report overeating, whereas women were more likely to endorse loss of control while eating. Although statistically significant gender differences were observed, with women significantly more likely than men to report body checking and avoidance, binge eating, fasting, and vomiting, effect sizes ("Number Needed to Treat") were small to moderate(4). Other studies indicated that increasing evidence shows that the combination of ubiquitous ads for foods and emphasis on female beauty and thinness in both advertising and programming leads to confusion and dissatisfaction for many young people and have revealed a link between media exposure and the likelihood of having symptoms of disordered eating or a frank eating disorder(5).
5. Etc.
A.2. Purging Symptoms
Women who develop the Bulimia vervosa may consider purging as a method of regaining control of themselves after binge eating of that can lead to
1. Damage to teeth and gum as a result of self induced vomitting causes of acid exposure
2. Dehydration due to self induced vomiting
3. Fatigue due to nutrients deficiency
4. Irregular heart beat as a result of dehydration cause of low levels of potassium due to self induced vomiting.
5. Colon damage as a result of laxative abuse
6. Gastrointestinal symptoms
In bulimic patients, the most commonly reported gastrointestinal symptoms were bloating (74.4%), flatulence (74.4%), constipation (62.8%), decreased appetite (51.2%), abdominal pain (48.8%), borborygmi (48.8%), and nausea (46.5%). The average symptom score (sum of severity ratings) on the gastrointestinal symptoms questionnaire decreased from 20.6 +/- 10.8 (mean +/- SD) on admission to 13.46 +/- 10.5 (t(27) = 3.31, p < 0.01) on discharge but remained significantly higher than that of the control group (4.4 +/- 6.2, t(43) = 4.02, p < 0.001). However, the severity of reported gastrointestinal symptoms was correlated with the severity of depression (r = 0.43, p < 0.05), and when the possible mediating effects of depression on gastrointestinal symptoms were controlled statistically (analysis of covariance), the effects of treatment on gastrointestinal symptoms were not statistically significant. Dr. Chami TN, and the research team at Florida Medical Clinic indicated(6).
A.3. Psychological symptoms
In the review of symptoms of Bulimia vervosa, most of reviews have focused on reductions of binge eating and purging; however, the cognitive model of BN that underlies the CBT approach identifies three additional symptoms as central to the disorder: restrictive eating, concerns with shape and weight, and self-esteem(7).
Other suggested that Binge eating is often triggered by stress, depression, or other negative emotions. Compared with the normal-eater group, the BS(either BN or normal weight Eating Disorder NOS with regular binge eating or purging) women demonstrated significantly less dexamethasone suppression test (DST) suppression. Among BS women, DST non-suppression was associated with more severe depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations. BS women to show less DST suppression compared to normal eater women, and results link extent of non-suppression, in BS individuals, to severity of depression, anxiety and eating preoccupations(8).
A.4. Non Purging technique
Although many bulimics use purging technique, others may engage in excessive exercise and fasting to prevent weight gain.
B. Signs
People with Bulimia vervosa are very good in hiding the health problems and related symptoms, but some possible signs of a person may have bulimia nervosa include:
1. Eats in isolation
2. Frequent sore throats from vomiting
4. Gastrointestinal symptoms
5. Feelings of withdrawal
6. Frequently spending time alone and wanting privacy
7. Obsession with food, dieting and exercise
9. Mood swings and irritability
10. Perfectionism
11. Etc.
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22200525
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365808
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575215
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107833
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19227390
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801956
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584518
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2257521
Thyroid Disease : Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Sepsis - The Complications
Euthyroid sick syndrome is defined as a condition of low T3 low T4 syndrome. According ot the study by the Mayo Clinic, in other word this is the abnormalities of thyroid hormone
concentrations seen commonly in a wide variety of nonthyroidal
illnesses, resulting in low triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations(a). Decreased triiodothyronine (T3) levels are most common. Patients with more severe or prolonged illness also have decreased thyroxine (T4) levels. Serum reverse T3 (rT3)
is increased. Patients are clinically euthyroid and do not have
elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels(b). Causes of
euthyroid sick syndrome include a number of acute and chronic
conditions, including pneumonia, fasting, starvation, sepsis, trauma,
cardiopulmonary bypass, malignancy, stress, heart failure, hypothermia,
myocardial infarction, chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, and diabetic
ketoacidosis and inflammatory bowel disease(c). Others, in the study of
classified SES into 3 subgroups according
to the different alterations seen in the values of T3, T4, FT3, FT4,
TSH, rT3 and TBG suggested that in SES type I
the diseases seen, in order of frequency, were: obstructive chronic
bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure, diabetic
ketoacidosis, neoplasms,
ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure, chronic renal failure, liver
diseases, acute cerebral vasculopathies, sepsis and collagenopathies.
The disease seen in the 2 cases of SES type II was obstructive chronic bronchopneumopathy with acute respiratory failure. In SES
type III the diseases seen were, in order of frequency: diabetic
ketoacidosis, lung diseases, ischemic heart disease, cardiac failure,
peripheral arteriopathies, acute cerebral vasculopathies, neoplasms, liver diseases, acute renal failure(d).
Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Sepsis
C.1. Complications of Sepsis
1. Impaired wound healing
Sepsis is one of the main causes for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Moreover, sepsis associated complications involving impaired wound healing are common(19).
2. Damage to Peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles
Among the critical illness myopathies, three main types have been identified: a non-necrotizing "cachectic" myopathy (critical illness myopathy in the strict sense), a myopathy with selective loss of myosin filaments ("thick filament myopathy") and an acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care. Clinical manifestations of both critical illness myopathies and CIP include delayed weaning from the respirator, muscle weakness, and prolonging of the mobilization phase, according to the study by Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg(20).
3. Organs failure
Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and the internal organs. Bacterial translocation may be a normal phenomenon occurring on frequent basis in healthy individuals without any deleterious consequences. But when the immune system is challenged extensively, it breaks down and results in septic complications at different sites away from the main focus. The factors released from the gut and carried in the mesenteric lymphatics but not in the portal blood are enough to cause multi-organ failure, according to Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research(21).
4. Morbidity and mortality
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and often catastrophic complication in hospitalized patients; however, the impact of AKI in surgical sepsis remains unknown. We used Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End stage (RIFLE) consensus criteria to define the incidence of AKI in surgical sepsis and characterize the impact of AKI on patient morbidity and mortality(22). Other study indicated that in patients with sepsis who are admitted to an ICU, cardiac troponin T elevations are independently associated with in-hospital and short-term mortality but not long-term mortality(23).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis
(b) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sepsis/DS01004
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082613
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086305
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11757954
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064638
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089113
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24083646
Euthyroid sick syndrome as a result of Sepsis
C.1. Complications of Sepsis
1. Impaired wound healing
Sepsis is one of the main causes for morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Moreover, sepsis associated complications involving impaired wound healing are common(19).
2. Damage to Peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles
Among the critical illness myopathies, three main types have been identified: a non-necrotizing "cachectic" myopathy (critical illness myopathy in the strict sense), a myopathy with selective loss of myosin filaments ("thick filament myopathy") and an acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care. Clinical manifestations of both critical illness myopathies and CIP include delayed weaning from the respirator, muscle weakness, and prolonging of the mobilization phase, according to the study by Ruprecht-Karls University, Heidelberg(20).
3. Organs failure
Bacterial translocation is the invasion of indigenous intestinal bacteria through the gut mucosa to normally sterile tissues and the internal organs. Bacterial translocation may be a normal phenomenon occurring on frequent basis in healthy individuals without any deleterious consequences. But when the immune system is challenged extensively, it breaks down and results in septic complications at different sites away from the main focus. The factors released from the gut and carried in the mesenteric lymphatics but not in the portal blood are enough to cause multi-organ failure, according to Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research(21).
4. Morbidity and mortality
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and often catastrophic complication in hospitalized patients; however, the impact of AKI in surgical sepsis remains unknown. We used Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End stage (RIFLE) consensus criteria to define the incidence of AKI in surgical sepsis and characterize the impact of AKI on patient morbidity and mortality(22). Other study indicated that in patients with sepsis who are admitted to an ICU, cardiac troponin T elevations are independently associated with in-hospital and short-term mortality but not long-term mortality(23).
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(a) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis
(b) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sepsis/DS01004
(c) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24082613
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086305
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11757954
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064638
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24089113
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24083646
Anorexia nervosa - Treatments In Traditional Chinese medicine perspective
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder usually develop in the teen years and effect over 90% of female, because of excessive food restriction and irrational fear to become fat due the wrongly influenced media as attractiveness is equated to thinness.
Treatments
In traditional Chinese medicine
According to Perspectives on Eating Disorders and Traditional Chinese Medicine Norman Kraft, LST, DCH, MTOM, Dipl.Ac., L.Ac(60)
1. Kidney deficiency
a. Kidney deficiency (primarily of Yin and Essence) leads to Empty Fire (pathological Will) and poor control of the Heart’s Fire.
b. Chinese herbal formula: Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, ingredients include
b.1. Sheng Di Huang (Rhemannia) 15-20 gm
b.2. Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus) 12-15 gm
b.3. Shan Yao (Dioscorea) 10-15 gm
b.4. Ze Xie (Alisma) 9-12 gm
b.5. Mu Dan Pi (Moutan) 6-9 gm
b.6. Fu Ling/Fu Shen (Poria/Poria Spirit) 9-12 gm
Fu Shen is preferred over Fu Ling in this formula
2. Kidney Yang Deficiency
a. But One must be careful in using Yang tonics and warming herbs with bulimia in particular, for while the overall picture may be Yang Deficiency the constant abuse of the stomach tends to quickly lead to Stomach Yin Deficiency with Heat.
b. Chinese herbal formula: Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan, ingredients include
b.1. Fu Zi (Aconite) 6 gm
b.2. Rou Gui (Cinnamomum) 6 gm
b.3. Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia) 20-30 gm
b.4. Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus) 10-15 gm
b.4. Mu Dan Pi (Moutan) 10-12 gm
b.4. Fu Ling/Fu Shen (Poria/Poria Spirit) 10-15 gm
b.5. Shan Yao (Dioscorea) 10-15 gm
b.6. Ze Xie (Alisma) 10-15 gm
3. Fire/Heart deficiencies
a. Fire/Heart deficiencies than Water/Kidney issues,
b. Chinese Modification of Gui Pi Tang, ingredients
b.1. Ren Shen (Ginseng) 6-9gm
b.2. Huang Qi (Astragalus) 9-12gm
b.3. Bai Zhu (Atractylodes) 9-12gm
b.4. Dang Gui (Angelica) 6-9gm
b.5. Fu Shen (Poria) 6-9gm
b.6. Suan Zao Ren (Zizyphus) 9-12gm
b.7. Long Yan Rou (Euphoria) 9-12gm
b.8. Yuan Zhi (Polygala) 3-6gm
b.8. Mu Xiang (Saussurea) 3-6gm
b.9. Zhi Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza) 3-6gm
b.10. Hong Zao (Jujuba) 3-5 pc
b.11. Bai Zi Ren (Biota) 6-9gm
b.12. He Huan Pi (Albizzia) 6-9gm
b.13. Shi Chang Pu (Acori) 6-9gm
b.14. Bai He (Lilii) 6-9gm
4. The author also notes that with care in formulation taking into account the cold temperature of the herb, Bai He could be added to the other two formulas above as well. In Liu Wei Di Huang Wan I usually combine Bai He with Zhi Mu (Anemarrhena) as these two herbs work very well together to calm Shen disturbed by interior Heat due to Deficiency of Yin.
Eating Disorders At Home - A Parent's Guide
An Invaluable Resource For Parents Of Sufferers Of
Anorexia Or Bulimia, And Other Eating Disorders. Critical Information
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(60) http://www.myacudoc.com/images/ED.article.pdf
Anorexia nervosa is a type of eating disorder usually develop in the teen years and effect over 90% of female, because of excessive food restriction and irrational fear to become fat due the wrongly influenced media as attractiveness is equated to thinness.
Treatments
In traditional Chinese medicine
According to Perspectives on Eating Disorders and Traditional Chinese Medicine Norman Kraft, LST, DCH, MTOM, Dipl.Ac., L.Ac(60)
1. Kidney deficiency
a. Kidney deficiency (primarily of Yin and Essence) leads to Empty Fire (pathological Will) and poor control of the Heart’s Fire.
b. Chinese herbal formula: Liu Wei Di Huang Wan, ingredients include
b.1. Sheng Di Huang (Rhemannia) 15-20 gm
b.2. Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus) 12-15 gm
b.3. Shan Yao (Dioscorea) 10-15 gm
b.4. Ze Xie (Alisma) 9-12 gm
b.5. Mu Dan Pi (Moutan) 6-9 gm
b.6. Fu Ling/Fu Shen (Poria/Poria Spirit) 9-12 gm
Fu Shen is preferred over Fu Ling in this formula
2. Kidney Yang Deficiency
a. But One must be careful in using Yang tonics and warming herbs with bulimia in particular, for while the overall picture may be Yang Deficiency the constant abuse of the stomach tends to quickly lead to Stomach Yin Deficiency with Heat.
b. Chinese herbal formula: Jin Gui Shen Qi Wan, ingredients include
b.1. Fu Zi (Aconite) 6 gm
b.2. Rou Gui (Cinnamomum) 6 gm
b.3. Shu Di Huang (Rehmannia) 20-30 gm
b.4. Shan Zhu Yu (Cornus) 10-15 gm
b.4. Mu Dan Pi (Moutan) 10-12 gm
b.4. Fu Ling/Fu Shen (Poria/Poria Spirit) 10-15 gm
b.5. Shan Yao (Dioscorea) 10-15 gm
b.6. Ze Xie (Alisma) 10-15 gm
3. Fire/Heart deficiencies
a. Fire/Heart deficiencies than Water/Kidney issues,
b. Chinese Modification of Gui Pi Tang, ingredients
b.1. Ren Shen (Ginseng) 6-9gm
b.2. Huang Qi (Astragalus) 9-12gm
b.3. Bai Zhu (Atractylodes) 9-12gm
b.4. Dang Gui (Angelica) 6-9gm
b.5. Fu Shen (Poria) 6-9gm
b.6. Suan Zao Ren (Zizyphus) 9-12gm
b.7. Long Yan Rou (Euphoria) 9-12gm
b.8. Yuan Zhi (Polygala) 3-6gm
b.8. Mu Xiang (Saussurea) 3-6gm
b.9. Zhi Gan Cao (Glycyrrhiza) 3-6gm
b.10. Hong Zao (Jujuba) 3-5 pc
b.11. Bai Zi Ren (Biota) 6-9gm
b.12. He Huan Pi (Albizzia) 6-9gm
b.13. Shi Chang Pu (Acori) 6-9gm
b.14. Bai He (Lilii) 6-9gm
4. The author also notes that with care in formulation taking into account the cold temperature of the herb, Bai He could be added to the other two formulas above as well. In Liu Wei Di Huang Wan I usually combine Bai He with Zhi Mu (Anemarrhena) as these two herbs work very well together to calm Shen disturbed by interior Heat due to Deficiency of Yin.
Eating Disorders At Home - A Parent's Guide
An Invaluable Resource For Parents Of Sufferers Of
Anorexia Or Bulimia, And Other Eating Disorders. Critical Information
Chinese Secrets To Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal
Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to General health http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/general-health.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Sources
(60) http://www.myacudoc.com/images/ED.article.pdf
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)