Most common Types of Cancer - Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Hodgkin's Lymphoma, a type of lymphoma is also known as Hodgkin's Disease started from the lymph nodes in the chest, armpits and neck. It was named under Thomas Hodgkin, for first to describe the abnormalities of the lymph system in 1832. Hodgkin's lyphoma, is invasive and tends to spread orderly from one lymph node group to another. It is not a common disease with approximately 800 and 7000 of new cases reported every year in Canada and US accordingly and mostly occurs to young adults and after the age of 45.

Types of Hodgkin's lymphoma
1. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma (NSHD)
It is the most common type of Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounted for 60% to 80% of all cases originated from the lymph nodes of the chest, including the upper diaphragm and abdominal muscles that control breathing just under the lung.

2. Mixed cellularity Hodgkin's lymphoma (MCHD)
It is another type of Hodgkin's lymphma, accounted for 15 - 30% of all cases and tends to affect the lymph nodes of the abdomen, the neck and armpits and men than women with all ages.

3. Lymphocyte depletion Hodgkin's lymphoma (LDHD)
It is a rare type of Hodgkin's lymphoma accounted less than 1% of all cases and occurred more often in the undeveloped world. Most of the time it is detected without enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or groin. The disease is classified to 2 subtypes
a. Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (nLPHD)
b. Diffuse lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (dLPHD)

4. Lymphocyte-rich classic Hodgkin's lymphoma (cLRHD)
It is also another rare type of Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounted for approximate for 5% of all cases and tends to occur in the age group of 45+ years of age and more in men than women. It is most common to be detected with an enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck, chest or armpits, other lymph nodes and organs.

5. Etc.

Symptoms
1. Enlarge lymph node
Painless enlargement of one or more lymph nodes in the neck and shoulders and chest are often as a result of the malignancy of lymph node cells.
2. Pain
In the later stage of Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymph nodes in the abdomen may cause pain in the spleen, leading to tenderness and fullness in the abdomen.
3. Fatigue
4. Enlargement of the spleen and of liver
They may be due to infection in the advance stage of the diseases and are presented in about 30% and 5% of all cases accordingly.
5. Pain followed by drinking alcohol
May be due to swelling of the involved nodes or increased pressure in diseased marrow that leads to bone pain.
6. Back Pain
Often happens to the lower back in advance stage patients.
7. B symptoms
The presence or absence of B symptoms is used to determine the stage of Hodgkin's lymphma
letter A in any stage means no B symptoms are present while letter B indicates otherwise.
a. Weight loss
Unintentional loss of 10% of your body at the onset of Hodgkin's lymphoma
b. Unexplained fever
Happened several times with no explained cause.
c. Night sweat
Night sweat required to change cloth at night.
8. Itchy skin
Itchy skin in the affect area of lymph nodes.
9. Etc.

Causes and risk factors
A. The causes of Hodgkin's lymphoma still unknown, but researchers suggested the theories below
1. Infection
According to this theory, Hodgkin's lymphoma seems to spread from one lymph node group to another, consistent with an infection from an agent such as Epstein-Barr viru.

2. Virus
This theory suggest that infection with the Epstein-Barr virus may trigger Hodgkin's lymphoma as study found that the Epstein-Barr virus is present in as many as 50 percent of all cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

3. Weakened immune system
One theory suggested that Epstein-Barr virus reduces the immune response of the killer T-cells by preventing them from multiplying. Other studies have suggested that EBV may even cause a mutation in the p53 gene, causing the cancer cell's to grow relentlessly and uncontrollably. Further research is required to confirm these theories.

4. Etc.

B. Risk factors
1. Weakened immune system
May be due to weakening of B cells and killer T-cells in the immune system.
2. Prolonged use of human growth hormone
Researchers took a hard look at the lifetime medical records of the children who were treated with the human growth hormone between 1959 and 1985 and suggested that taking the old form of hGH significantly increased risk of cancer, especially colon cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Age
As we mentioned above, young adult are people most at risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
4. Gender
Men is more more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma
5. Epstein-Barr virus or human herpesvirus 4
People infected with this type of virus are more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma than are people who haven't.
6. Geography
Hodgkin's lymphoma is most common in the United States, Canada and northern Europe but less in Asian countries.
7. Exposure to exotoxins
There is a link that exposure to exotoxins such as Orange agent and Hodgkin's lymphoma as some of the veterans who fought the Vietnam war are died as the result of the disease.
8. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
1. Biopsy

Biopsy is the procedure of taking a sample or removing an entire lymph node.from one or more sample from cancerous areas with a thin needle and viewed by specialist(pathologist) under microscope to determine types of malignant cells.

2. Thoracotomy
Thoracotomy is the process of surgery by making of an incision into the chest wall, if cancerous lymph node found in the chest to study the condition of the lungs and surrounding area.

3. Stages testing

To determine the stage of the cancer
a. Blood tests
In Hodgkin's lyphoma, blood lest is important. In case, surgery is necessary to determine the affects of cancer to the function of bone marrow. A sample of blood is drawn from your vein to determine the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin, white blood cells and platelets.

b. Chest X-ray radiographs
A chest X-ray radiograph (X-ray) is impotant for your doctor to visualize tissues, organs and bones that lie beneath the skin of the chest cavity to see any swollen lymph nodes in the chest and if cancer has spread to the lymth nodes in the lung.

c. Computed tomography (CT) of abdomen and Liver

A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of abdomen and the liver in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreading of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.

d. Bone marrow biopsy

In Hodgon's lymphima, bone marrow biopsy is important if transplant may sometime is necessary. During this proceure, a small amount of bone marrow, blood and bone are removed through a needle and are examined for signs of cancer.

e. Lymphangiogram

A lymphangiogram is a special x-ray used to chech for any abnormal cells growth or cancerous cells in the lymph nodes and lymph vessels.

f. Liver biopsy
It is a procedure to examine a sample withdrawn from the liver to view inder microscope for nay sign of cancerous cells by either percutaneous, transvenous, and laparoscopic.

g. Positron emission tomography (PET)

The important test for your doctor to determine the location of the cancer. In the procedure, by using the injection a small amount of radioactive glucose into the vein to reveal the location as glucose is become concentrated around cancer cells.

h. Etc.

Stages of Hodgkin's lymphoma and treatments according to stage of a patient

After Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed, several tests will be used to determine the stage of a patient to determine types of treatment, according to Ann Arbor staging classification
1. Stage I
Cancer is found only in a single lymph node region or a single extra lymphatic site (only one area or organ outside of the lymph nodes).

2. Stage II
Cancers found in two or more lymph node sites and on the same side of the diaphragm or one lymph node area and a contiguous extra-lymphatic site

3. Stage III
Cancers found in lymph node areas on both sides of the diaphragm and may have spread to a contiguous extra-lymphatic organ or site, and may include the spleen.

Stage IV
Cancer have spread over a large area, one or more extra-lymphatic organs.

Prevention
A. How to avoid

1. Avoid vitamin C supplement
Researcher found that taking vitamin C supplement, containing soldium ascorbate can induce a flare-up of Hodgkin's symptoms.

2. Meats
Diet high in meats is associated with the increased risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma and worsen the symptoms.

3. Antioxidants
Taking fruits and vegetables enhances the body immune system in fighting against forming of free radical and free radical caused of cancer due to high amount of antioxidants in them.

4. Avoid alcohol
Alcohol not only can exhibit the symptoms but damages the liver, thus suppresing parts of immune system in fighting against diseases.

5. Avoid infection and inflammation
Even though infection or inflammation may not be accepted as a standard cause of Hodgkin's lymphoma, but since the theories are built in some kinds of evidences, it may be right in futher clincal trials. According to the American Cancer Society, there is a slight increased risk of developing Hodgkin's disease in those who have first contracted infectious mononucleosis.

6. Smoking
If you can for a optimal health.

7. Etc.

B. Diet

1. Pomegranate

Pomegranate not only is rich in antioxidants such as Polyphenol, which protects the cells from oxidation and contains substances which demonstrate the antibacterial and antiviral effects, but it also contains phytochemincals such as catechins, gallocatechins, and anthocyanins which demonstrates inhibition of cancer cells in some studies.

2. Cruciferous vegetables
Cruciferous vegetables beside contain high amount of phytochemical which is useful in may study in treating estrohen related cancers, it also contain Indole-3-carbinol, a chemical compoud needed for our body to enhances DNA repair, and act as an estrogen antagonist to slow the growth of cancer cells.

3. Leafy greens

Leafy green beside contains high amount of vitamins and minerals needed for our body daily function, it also contains 3,3'-Diindolylmethane which enhances the immune system in anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity.

4. Vegetables and fruits with different colors

Flavoinoids are pigments of the plant to either to attract pollinator animals or to protect the plant against organisms that cause plant disease. In vitro, high experimental concentrations demostrate the stronger antioxidant abilities than those of vitamin C and E. In study, researcher found that flavonoids could also induce mechanisms that may kill cancer cells and inhibit tumor invasion.

5. Etc.

C. Nutritional Supplements

1. Resveratrol

Resveratrol is produced naturally by several plant when under attack by bacteria or fungi. In rat study, researchers found that resveratrol demonstrated anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory effects. There has been many animal studies of resveratrol of the anti-cancer activity, but no human clinical trials for cancer have been reported.

2. Vitamin D
Researcher found that levels have been found to be lower in Non Hodgkin's lymphoma and to be protective in Hodgkin's lymphoma.

3. Flavonoids
In vitro, high concentrations of flavonids demonstrate the stronger antioxidant abilities than those of vitamin C and E. In study, researcher found that flavonoids could also induce mechanisms that may kill cancer cells and inhibit tumor invasion.

4. Vitamin A,C,E
Vitamin A,C and E are considered as one of the powerful antioxidants that show scavenging effect in free radical cause of alternation of DNA of cell.

5. Selenium
Selenium is another powerful antioxidant in preventing the free radical cause of DNA mutation of cells. In a laboratory study reported in May 2006 issue of "Annals of Oncology" researchers found that two selenium compounds, methylseleninic acid and selenodiglutathione, may provok cell death in cells from human lymphoma cancers.

6. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Study found that Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) found in fish oil induces cell death in lymphoma cells.

7. Soy extracts
In some studies, researchers found that genistein, found in soy extracts, induces cell death in lymphoma cells (Baxa DM and Yoshimura FK in 2003).
8. Etc.
Treatments
A. Conventional medicine
Types of the cancer, stage and B symptoms are all taken into consideration to determine the best treatment for a patient
1. Radio therapy
a. Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills the cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing.
c. Side effects
c.1. Fatigue
c.2. Chest pain
c.3. Heart problem
c.4. Short of breath
c.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
c.6. Etc.
2. chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

3. High-dose therapy for recurrence
a. Drugs used in High-dose chemotherapy therapy are stronger than normal conventional dosage with an objective of killing the recurred cancer cells.
b. Side effects
a. Bone Marrow Destruction
b. Infection
c. Diarrhea
d. Nausea and Vomiting
e. Alopecia
f. Pain
g. Anemia
h. Etc.

B. Herbs
1. Devil's Claw
Devil's claw, a sprawling perennial herb, is an herbal remedy that may benefit symptoms of lymphoma cancer, according to a study published in the journal "Current Oncology" in August 2009conducted by K.S. Wilson, M.D.

2. Asparagus Cochinchinensis

Asparagus, is a flowering perennial, a genus Asparagus, belonging to the family Asparagaceae. In rat study, researchers found that astragalus extracts possess cytostatic properties, inhibiting tumor growth and were shown to delay chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

3. Turmeric

Turmeric, is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, genus Curcuma, belonging to the family, Zingiberaceae used as a spice and coloring agent. In vitro studies suggest that curcumin acts as a weak phytoestrogen, exhibits neuroprotective, antiproliferative and preventative effects against cancer. In other study by S. Uddin and colleagues, researchers found that curcumin, a component in turmeric, has shown activity against cancer cells and tumors, including lymphoma cancer.

4. Rosy Periwinkle
Posy Periwinkle is a genus of Catharanthus, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used to treat numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's disease. In study, researchers found that vincristine and vinblastine, chemical compouds of alkaloids inhibit cancer cells in the human body.

5. Myrrh
Myrrh is the dried oleo gum resin of a number of Commiphora species of trees, genus of Commiphora, belonging to family Burseraceae. In some studies, researchers found that some constituents in myrrh, have been shown to be inhibitors of certain cancers.

6. Etc.

C. Chinese Herbs
1. Fu Zi
Fu Zi is also known as Aconite Root. The ht, acrid and toxic herb has been used in TCM as inflammatory, anti cancer and heart stimulating agent and to treat pain and cold in chest and abdomen, profuse sweating, muscle spasm, etc. as it tonifies kidney yang, disperses cold, warms channels and assists heart yang by enhancing the functions of heart, kidney and spleen channels. In some preclinical studies, Fu Zi found to demonstrated anti cancer effect, but none of the chemicals have been evaluated in clinical trials.

2. Ru Xiang
Ru Xiang is also known as Bible Frankincense. The acrid, bitter and warm herb has been used in TCM to spastic muscle, carbuncles, gum bleeding, gingivitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cirrhosis of liver, etc. as it invigorates blood, dispels blood stasis, alleviates pain, promotes movement of qi by enhancing the functions of heart, liver and spleen channels. In some test-tube studies Ru Xiang is suggested to use in support of of patients suffered from cancers.

3. Di Long
Di Long also known as earth worm. The salty and cold herb has been used in TCM as diuretic, antipyreticn sedative and anti-convulsion agent and to treat high fever, spasms, painful joints due to arthritis and paralysis, etc. as it clears heat, disperses wind, calms dyspnea and promotes circulation by enhancing the functions of stomach, bladder, liver, lung and spleen channels. In mice study, researchers found that fibrinolytic enzyme (EFE), is a complex protein enzyme showed suppression of tumor growth property with sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites tumors.

4. Wu Ling Zhi
Wu Ling Zhi is also known as Trogopterus Dung. The sweet, warm and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat painful menses, pain due to absence of menses, postpartum infection and pain, angina, uterine bleeding, etc. as it moves blood, calms pain, clears blood accumulation and stops bleeding by enhancing the function of liver channels. A report from China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2006-07 showed that Radix ex Rhizoma Ginseng and Trogopterus Dung inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of tumor cell.

6. Ma Qian Zi
Ma Qian Zi is also known as Nux Vomica. The bitter, cold and bitter herb has been used in TCM to treat tuberculosis, cervical erosion, difficulty in swallowing, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, depression, migraine, menopausal syndrome, etc. as it promotes circulation in channels circulation, dissolves nodules, dissolves edema and calms pain by enhancing the functions of liver and spleen channels. In vitro, researchers at the Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine examined the effect of each of Nux Vomica four alkaloids: brucine, brucine N-oxide, isostrychnine and strychnine found that nux vomica extract was effective in slowing the spread and kill liver tumor cells.

7. Etc.

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Most common Types of Cancer -Cancer of Esophagus/Esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer
Espophagus or gullet, an organ in vertebrates, is the tube that lead foods from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer is not very uncommon and caused by malignant of the esophagus due to abnormal cell growth as a result of the DNA alternation of the cells that line the upper part of the esophagus or glandular cells that are present at the lower part of the esophagus that connected with the stomach.
The esophageal cancer tend to spread if it left untreated and starts from the lining of esophagus, then later penetrate in the the wall of the esophagus and spread to the lumph node around the bottom of the esophagus, stomach and the chest, then to the distant parts of the body.

Types of Esophageal cancer
1. Squamous cancer
In the upper part of the esophagus caused by the squamous cell of which have become malignant caused by mutation of DNA in cells replication of division uncontrollably.
2. Adenocarcinomas
In the lower part of the esophagus caused by the glandular cells of which have become malignant caused by mutation of DNA in cells replication of division uncontrollably.

Symptoms
1. Dysphagia
Difficult swallowing or pain caused by refluxing or swallowing
2. Weight loss
Due to uncomfort in eating and drinking
3. Heartburn
Painful burning feeling in the chest or throat caused by refluxing or swallowing of food
4. Pain in the throat or back, behind the breastbone
As a result of foods going down to improperly due to the tumor,it can be severe, present itself almost daily
5. Hoarseness or coughing
Due to affects to the vocal cord
6. Coughing blood
Caused by bleeding from the tumors.
7. Nausea and vomiting
Due to the disruption of normal swallowing reflex.
8. frequent pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung caused by foods and liquid go in the lung instead of the esophagus.
9. Etc.

Causes and risk factors
1. Age
Esophaeal cancer is an aging disease, most patients are over 60.
2. Sex
It is more common in men may be due to diet, smoking and alcohol drink habits
3. Genetic passing through
The risk of esophageal cancer increased if a direct family was diagnosed of the same.
4. Smoking and heavy alcohol drinking
Heavy alcohol drinking and smoking account for over 90% of all squamous cancer increase the risk, and together appear to increase the risk more than either individually.
5. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A chronic or prolonged period of reflux, leading to the changing of the lining of esophagus cause of esophageal cancer.

6. Diet
In some parts of world included certain substance such as nitresamine, nitrite and dietary deficiency may increase the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Previous head and neck injured
Previous head and neck cancers increases the risk of the same and esophageal cancer.

8. Obesity
Obesity increases the risk of reflux.
9. Thermal injure
Prolonged thermal injure to the esophagus due to the love of hot fluids or soups causes damage to the esophagus
10. Achalasia
A health condition of esophageal motility disorder caused by uncoordinated or weaken muscular contractions that interferes with swallowing of food down to the esophagus.
11. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
If you have some of the symptoms above, beside physical examination, here are some test that your doctor may order
1. Endoscopy

Endoscope is a medical instrument either a rigid or flexible tube with a lens attached, used by your doctor to examine the esophagus to check for any abnormal growth.

2. CT (Computerized axial tomography) scan

A CT scan generates a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, to create a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body in details.The pictures are viewed by your doctor to see the extent of the tumors abnormalities, such as spreding of cancer to the nearby structure and lymph nodes.

3. Barium X ray
Barium X ray is a type of X ray that the patient require to drinks a solution that contains barium, which is a dense liquid that will show up white under x-rays, allowing the tumor to be seen.

4. Biopsy
In biopsy, a small amount of tissue from the suspicious area is taken to be examined by a pathologist to viewthe biological characteristics of the esophageal cancer(a doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease).

4. Endoscopic ultrasound examination

Sometime, it may be necessary to use endoscopic ultrasound examination to determine the size and penetration of the esophageal cancer by delivering ultrasound (sound waves beyond our limit of hearing) with the insert of a beam in to the esophagus and taking pictures based on the ultrasound pattern produced at the site of the tumor.

5. Etc.

Stages of esophageal cancer
A. Stages of cancer is normally divided according to the distance of spreading
1. Stage 0 (Non invasive cancer)
In stage 0, abnormal cells are found in surface of the inner lining of the esophageal tissue. If left untreated, it can become malignant and spread into other layers of esophageal tissue and distant parts of the body.
2. Stage I
In stage I, cancer has formed and spread deep into the inner layer lining of esophagus toward other layers of the esophagus.
3. Stage II
In stage II esophageal cancer
a. Stage IIA: Cancer has invaded the layer of the muscle or to the outer layer of the esophagus.
b. Stage IIB: Cancer may have penetrated through the outer layer but not outer the wall of esophagus and to nearby to nearby lymph nodes.
4. Stage III
In stage III, cancer has invaded the outer wall of the esophagus and lymph nodes near the esophagus.
5. Stage IV
a. Stage IVA: Cancer has spread to nearby or distant lymph nodes.
b. Stage IVB: Cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes and/or organs in other parts of the body.

Prevention
A. How to avoid

1. Medicine

Taking medicine such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce the risk of Esophageal cancer. Researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center suggested that aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs disrupt the pathway, slow the growth of abnormal cells and facilitate the normal process of apoptosis.

2. Smoking and heavy alcohol drinking
Heavy alcohol drinking and smoking account for over 90% of all squamous cancer increase the risk, and together appear to increase the risk more than either individually.

3. Avoid very hot foods
Food that are very hot can cause damage to the esophagus. Eating very hot foos for a prolonged period of time can cause infection that lead to esophageal cancer.

4. Reduce in take of fried, baked and roasted food
Fried, baked and roasted food contain acrylamide, a potentially cancer-causing carcinogenic chemical. In animal lab studies showed that large exposures to acrylamide may cause health problems, including damage to the nervous system and increased risk of cancer, including esophageal cancer.

5. Maintain a healthy weight
Researcher suggested that avoiding excessive weight gain and obesity may lower your risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma and further study, although that remains to be tested.

6. Etc.

B. With diet
1. Antioxidant
Intake of food with high amount of antioxidant reduces the risk of esophageal cancer, due to thier ability to inhibit free radical before it can cause any damage to the DNA of cells. Antioxidants also enhance the immune system to fight against abnormal cells growth, inflammation infection, thus decreased risk of the disease.

2. Cruciferous
Diet high in Cruciferous such as brocoli, cabbage, sprout reduced risk of the diseases due to contain high amount of glucosinolates, indole 3 carbinol, and sulphoraphane which demonstrated the anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties in some studies.

3. Coffee
Researchers found that moderate drinking coffee can reduce the risk of esophageal cancer.

4. Green tea
Green contains high amount of antioxidants and cancer-fighting catechins that can helps to protect the esophageal cells' DNA from mutation that leads to cancerous growth.

5. Healthy fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables contain high amount of antioxidants and photochemical, such as flavonoids, phenols, and terpenes are found to reduce the risk of cancers, including esophageal cancer.

6. Etc.

C. With nutritional supplement
Presented at the 4th International Conference on Anticarcinogenesis & Radiation Protection April 18–23, 1993, Baltimore, MD. Researchers found that intake combination of the below is found to prevent onset of esophageal cancer in the in Linxian region of China.

Participants who were taken beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium conbination had a 42% reduction in esophageal cancer prevalence and the cancer mortality over the entire 5.25-year period was significantly reduced.

Types of treatment
A. In conventional medicine
The importance of treatment of the esophageal cancer is determined by whether the cancer has spread and can the cancer be completely removed, depending to the location. Esophageal cancer is a major operation and require considerable care afterward.
1. Surgery

Surgery is the most common treatment for esophageal cancer. If the cancer has not spread and is in lower or middle part of the esophagus, the surgeon may remove the tumor along with all or a portion of the esophagus and the upper part of the stomach then reconnects the remaining healthy part of the esophagus to the stomach if possible. If not then either a plastic tube or part of the colon is used to make the connection.
Sometime, if the cancer is growth large enough blocking or threatening to block the esophagus, a gastronomy is necessary to place a tube directly into your stomach.

2. Radio therapy

Radiation therapy or radiotherapy use of high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. If the esophageal cancer is on the upper part of the esopgagus, radio therapy is a choice to use to kill the cancer cells. In other case, if surgery is not feasible, radio therapy is used to relieve pain and make swallowing easier or combination with chemotherapy to shrink the tumor before surgery. Even if the tumor cannot be removed by surgery or destroyed entirely by radiation therapy, it can also often help relieve pain and make swallowing easier.

3. Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy, most of the time uses medications to eliminate cancer cells with IV by giving of medicine directly into a vein or taking orally. As the medications travel through our bloodstream, they kill cancer cells throughout the body including the cancer of Esophagus. Chemotherapy may be combined with radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery, if the surgery is not feasible in the first place.

4. Laser therapy

If cancer can not be treat by surgery, laser therapy may be used to destroy cancerous tissue and relieve a blockage and symptoms of esophageal cancer by using high-intensity light to destroy tumor cells only in the treated area.

5. Etc.

B. In herbal medicine

1. Red Clover
Red Clover is a perennial herb, genus Trifolium, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. It has been used in herbal medicine to treat cancer due to its anti-cancer and anti-tumor genistein by preventing new blood vessels from forming within a tumor.

2. Mistletoe

Mistletoe is the common name for a group of hemi-parasitic plants and a western herb, genus Viscum, belonging to the family Santalaceae, native in Great Britain and much of Europe. In vitro researcher found that polypeptides, including lectins and viscotoxins, substances in mistletoe are thought responsible for immune stimulant and tumor inhibition activities.

3. Viola odorata

Viola odorata is also known as Sweet Violet, genus Viola, belonging to the family Violaceae, native to Europe and Asia. The plants contain large quantities of rutin, a natural form of asperin, disrupting the pathway, slow the growth of abnormal cells and facilitate the normal process of apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells.

4. Pau D’Arco
Pau D’Arco is also known as Pink Lapacho, genus Tabebuia, belonging to family, native to the America. It contains high levels of alpha-lapachone, beta-lapachone and xyloidone demostrated anti cancer effects. An article published by Dr. Daniel B. Mowrey on Pau d'Arco stated that "Lapacho has produced clinical anti-cancer effects without side effects."

5. Etc.

C. In traditional Chinese medicine
1. Da Huang
Da Huanug is also known as Chinese rhubarb. the bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat lack of bowel movement, blood clots, tumor, red and painful eyes, abdominal-distention, hemorrhoidal bleeding as it clears heat, drains dampness and invigorates blood by enhancing the functions of heart, large intestine, liver and stomach channels. In vitro, researchers found that Da Huang demonstrated cytotoxic and cytostatic effects in cancer cells.

2. Bai Hua She She Cao
Bai Hua She She Cao is also known as spreading hedyotis, The bitter, sweet and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-virus agent and to treat snakebite and enhances immune system as it clears heat, drains dampness, expels toxins and resolves abscesses by enhancing the functions of liver, stomach, large intestine channels.
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

3. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as Worm Wood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti malaria agent and to trealupus, schistosomiasis as it disperses cold and dampness, expels wind and calms pain by enhancing the functions of kidney, liver and gallbladder channels.
Researchers found that qing hao elevates the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, triggering apoptosis, a self-destruct mechanism in cancer cells. A University of Washington study showed that qing hao selectively kills several cancer cell lines in the test tube.

4. Huang Qin
Huang Qin is also known as Chinese skullcap root. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat jaundice, hypertension, anxiety, headache due to cold or flu,red eyes and sore throat as it clears heat and liver yang rising , drains dampness, stops bleeding by enhancing the functions of gallbladder, large intestine, lung and stomach channels. In vitro and limited animal data researchers found that bioflavonoid in Huang Qin causes apoptosis in hepatoma cell lines.

5. Etc.

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Most common Types of Cancer - Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform Mole

A. Choriocarinma
Cancer of Choriocarinma is a malignant and aggressive cancer, started from the abnormal and uncontrollable cells growth in the trophoblatistic tissue, that is part of embryo and normally become the placenta as a result of something going wrong during pregnancy due to random chance.
Placenta is the organ by which the fetus received nutrients and oxygen from the mother.

B. Molar pregnancy or Hydatidiffrom mole
Molar pregnancy or Hydatidiffrom mole is also started from the trophoblastic tissue, normally is non cancerous but sometimes, it may invade the uterine wall (invasive mole) as a result of a sperm fusing with an with nucleus or something going wrong during pregnancy causing forming of a mass resembling the bunch of grape.

The two types of molar pregnancy are complete molar and partial molar pregnancy.
a. Complete mole pregnancy happens when a single sperm combining with an egg which is deficient with lost its DNA. The sperm that would otherwise fertilize the egg are then left to reduplicate themselves to form a complete 46 chromosome set.

Generally no fetus results from a complete molar pregnancy. Complete hydatidiform moles have a higher risk of developing into choriocarcinoma and happened in 1 out of 1200 pregnancy.

b. Partial mole pregnancy
A partial mole pregnancy occurs when two separate sperm fertilize the same egg, resulting of the nucleus containing one maternal set of genes and two paternal sets. With a partial molar pregnancy, there may result an actual fetus and placenta but fetus is most likely to develop into a partial mole.

Symptoms
1. Abnormal bleeding
The normal cause of molar pregnancy may occur as early as 2 months into your pregnancy or as late as 4 months.
2. Severe nausea and vomiting
Due to higher than normal levels of hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG).
3. Early preeclampsia
Early high blood pressure and and protein found in the urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy
4. Abdominal or pelvic cramps

It can be caused by the process of expeling of the mole, rupture of the mole or the break off of the capillaries in uterus due to moler expansion.

5. High blood pressure

It may be caused by hormonal changes.

6. Hyperthyroidism
As a result of extremely high levels of hCG effects the production of normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
7. No fetal movement or heart tone detected in either Choriocarcinma or Hydatidiform Mole.
8. Etc.

Causes and risk factor
1. Defect ovum
Fuse with a defect of an egg by a sperm
2. Abnormalities within the uterus

Abnormalities within the uterus increase the risk of miscarriage.

3. Nutritional deficiencies

Deficiency of certain nutrients such as vitamon A, carotene folic acid, etc. can increase the risk of Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform Mole.

4. Age
Women over 40 years of age have an increased risk.
5. Heredity
Women who carry mutations in the gene NLRP7 has a increased risk of molar pregnancy.
6. Diet
Diets low in protein, folate, and carotene increases the risk of molar pregnancy.
7. Personal history
History of miscarriage and/or molar pregnancy increase the risk of gestational trophoblastic tumor
8. Rapid uterine growth
Large than normal uterus or the stage of pregnancy
9. Etc.

Diagnosis and tests
1. Blood test
The human chronic gonadotrophin (BHCG) blood test will indicate a very high levels of BHCG due to trophoblastic tissue.
2. Ultrasound
The mole resembles a bunch of grapes usually can be seen son an ultrasound.

Preventions
1. Diet

Although there are no specific diet mentioned by experts to prevent Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform Mole, since deficiency of nutrients is one of the risk factors, maintaining a pregnancy diet should be helpful in reducing the risk of Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform Mole.
1. Broccoli
Broccoli Contains high amount of vitamin C, beta carotene, folate and other important vitamin and minerals which are necessary for the healthy pregnancy.

2. Cold water fish

Cold water fish contain high amount of essential fatty acid, vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, vitamin D, iron and many other vital nutrients.

3. Spinach
Spinach contains high levels of antioxidants such as Vitamin C, vitamin E, and esstential minerals such as magnesium, betaine, iron that helps to reduce the risk of oxidation, enhance the absorption of oxygen and prevents anemia, low birth weight, and premature delivery.

4. Whole grains

Vitamin B1, Raises energy level and regulates nervous system

5. Soy milk or milk

Soy milk or milk contains high amount of calcium, it helps to Create strong bones and teeth, and prevent blood clots, helps muscles and nerves function

6. Lean beef

Lean beef contains high amount of iron that helps to enhance the production of red blood cells, thus promote production of hemoglobin, prevent anemia, low birth weight and premature delivery. Protein is necessary the process of cell signaling and ligand binding.

7. Bean
As a legumes, It is vital for the production of amino acids, cells repairs, improves diabetics' blood glucose control, lower blood pressure, lower cholesterol levels, etc.

8. Nuts and seeds

Nuts and seeds contains a richest source of omega 3 fatty acids and thus help to improve immunity and reduce high cholesterol and zinc helps in production of insulin and enzymes.

9. Etc.

2. Nutritional supplements
As above, there is no mentioned that nutritional supplement can help to prevent Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform, Since nutrient deficiency is one the risk factor, intake of nutritional supplement should be helpful for a healthy pregnancy
1. Vitamin E
Vitamin E not only is a free ragical scavengers' antioxidant, but also enhances our body forms and uses red blood cells and muscles.

2. Carotene
Carotene is a precursor of vitamin A, another free radical scaverging antoxidant that promotes bones and teeth grow

3. Vitamin

VitaminD enhances the absorption of calcium and phosphorus of which promote strong teeth and bones. Vitamin D can be made by exposing to sun light or taking as supplement.

4. Vitamin C
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that protects our body from free radical cause of oxidation, absorbs iron and promotes healthy immune system.

5. Vitamin B1(Thiamin)

The imporant of vitamin B1 is to raise energy level and prevent nervous symptoms during pregnancy.

6. Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B3 promotes healthy skin, normalize the functions of nerves cells and improves digestive system in absorbing nutrients.

7. Folate

Folate plays a important role in DNA synthesis and cell division, thus supporting the normal development of placenta for a healthy pregnancy and prevents spina bifida and other neural tube defects

8. Calcium

Calcium is vital for maintaining or creating strong bones and teeth, preventing blood clots and enhancing the muscles and nerves function

9. Iron

Iron is essential in production of hemoglobin of which enhances the obsorption of oxygen and prevents anemia, low birth weight, and premature delivery.

10. Protein

It is necessary for the production of amino acids and cells repair.

11. Zinc
Zinc beside supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, it also is impotant for cellular metabolism and promotes immune function, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis and cell division.

12. Etc.

Treatments
The main objective of any treatment is to cure since Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform Mole and related Trophoblastic Tumors are curable
1. Surgery
Most patients with invasive or non invasive Choriocarcinma and Hydatidiform Mole and related Trophoblastic Tumors are required surgery. While non invasive cancer patients are not needed further treatment, invasive cancer usually needed to combine the treatments, such as radiation therapy. Types of surgery include those of above.
a. Therapeutic termination (Suction corettage)
Therapeutic termination is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of the content of uterus by using a mechanical suction machine. It can be performed under local or general anesthesia. In most case, due to hormone produced by the mole, it can cause enlarged ovarian cysts but they will soon disappear after surgery. Sample from the surgery will be tesr and blood test will be required after a few weeks to check for BHCG, if the levels are still high, chemotherapy will be used to kill the remaining cancer cells.

2. Chemotherapy
After surgery, if sample found to contain tumor cells of and/or blood test showed high levels of BHCG , chemotherapy will be used to kill the remaining cancer cells. combination of drug will be used in chemotherapy will be used to kill the remaining cancer cells such as methotrexade. etoposide, platium. etc. depending to the evidence of metastases from other tests, such as chest X ray, TC scan.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.
Most women with the treatments above have been cured and some of them have become pregnant and delivered a healthy baby.

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Most common Types of Cancer - Cancer of Endometrium/Endometrial Cancer

Endomatrial Cancer
Endometrium is the inner lining of the mammalian uterus and very susceptible hormone change, particular to menstrual cycle. Endometrial cancer is a late adulthood cancer defined as a condition of which the cells of the endometrial lining of uterus have growth uncontrollable or become cancerous as a result of the alternation of cells DNA. It's the fourth most common cancer among women overall, after breast cancer, lung cancer, and bowel cancer.

Causes and risk factors
1. Age
Most endometrial cancer occurs to women in mid thirty and older. It may be caused by often than other tissue in growth and repair of the uterus lining over decade or many decades.

2. Estrogen
Because of accumulation and exposure of estrogen hormone over a prolonged period over a life time, risk of endometrial cancer is much higher in older women. In fact risk of endometrial cancer increase with age after age of 40. Women who are under age of 40 have low risk of the disease unless under usually risk factors.

3. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Women who is either with ovaries removed or in stage of menopause use hormone replacement therapy to relieve the symptoms of menopause, such as frequency of hot flash, loss of bone density, mineral deficiency, etc may slightly increase the risk of endometrial cancer due to exposure to synthesis estrogen.

4. Oral contraceptive pills
The study used population-based cancer registries in eight geographic regions across the United States showed that women who had used sequential oral contraceptives (estrogen and progestin components taken at different times of the month) appeared to have an increased risk of endometrial cancer.

5. Tamoxifen
Tamoxifen is a common chemotherapy medication for patients with breast cancer or to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer by blocking the action of estrogen on the breast cancer cells. might increase risk of endometrial cancer as tamoxifen is also acts like estrogen itself.

6. Obesity
Fatty tissue is a good source for the production of bad estrogen in large amounts in obese women, leading to high levels of estrogen in women resulting in increasing risk of endometrial cancer.

7. Heredity
Family history of endometrial, colon and breast cancer increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

8. Abnormal overgrowth of the endometrium
Women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia (abnormal overgrowth of cells in the lining of the uterus) have a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer.

9. Infertility
Study found that women who have never been pregnant have a slightly higher risk to develop endometrial cancer.

10. Early puberty before age 12
Women who begin their periods before 12 years of age have a higher risk to develop endometrial cancer due to increased the number of years that the immature inner uterine lining is exposed to estrogen.

11. Menopause after age 55
Women who go through Menopause after age 55 are at a higher risk of developing endometrial cancer because of increased the number of years that the inner uterine lining is exposed to estrogen.

12. History of having radiation therapy to the pelvis
Frequent use of radiation therapy to the pelvic may alter and damage the DNA of cells, leading to uncontrollable cells growth of inner lining of the uterus, causing endometrial cancer.

13. Other reproductive cancers
Breast or ovary cancer are associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer due exposure to higher than normal amount of estrogen.

14. Intake high amount of fat
Intake high amount of fat is also linked to higher amount of estrogen produced by our body, the "good" source hormone for the development of endometrial cancer.

15. Heavy daily alcohol consumption
researcher found that high alcohol consumption not only affect just the liver, but increases the risk of with breast and endometrial cancer.

16. Etc.
Symptoms
Abnormal uterine bleeding may be the early stage of endometrial cancer
1. Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Vaginal bleeding between period with in inappropriate amounts of blood flow should be checked with doctor as soon as possible. It may be caused by expansion of over growth of pre cancer uterine lining cells causes of infection or breaking off the endometrial capillaries or blood vessels.

2. Increase amount of vaginal discharge
An increase in the amount of vaginal discharge accompanied with abnormal odor or pain, itching, or burning sensation may be caused by infection or inflammation.

3. Painful urination
Painful urination, most of the time is caused by infection of the urinary tract that affect the bladder in emptying, but sometime it can be caused by infectious diseases, and may be an indication of pre endometrial cancer.

4. Pain during sex
Painful during most of the time is caused by vestibulitus and vaginismus sex, but in some cases, it can be caused by cancer or other reproductive diseases.

5. Pain in the abdomen
There are many reproductive disease can cause pain in the pelvic, such as appendicitis, salpingitis, uterine descensus, etc. but it can be caused by early stage of endometrial cancer.

6. Swelling or Lump in the pelvic
Swelling can be caused by inflammation of sexual transmitting virus or infection by bacteria. Lump may be caused by abnormal cells growth of the uterine lining or reproductive tissue.

7. Weight loss
Unintentional weight loss due to loss of appetite may be a first sign of cancers, including uterine inner limning.

9. Anemia
Anemia may be caused by chronic loss of blood due to prolonged or heavy abnormal menstrual bleeding.

10. Etc.

Diagnosis and testsIf you have any of above symptom and accompanied with abnormal uterine bleeding, the diagnosis beside required a detail of you health history, including family medical history, menstrual and pregnancy history, lifestyle, etc.
1. Pelvic examination
Pelvic examination taken when there is no menstruation and advised not to have sex for at least 24 hours, is type of complete physical exam of a woman pelvic organ by a medical instrument to detect any infection, abnormal cells growth such as cysts, fibroid and specially for virus which can cause early stage of endometrial cancer. The pap test usually is also taken. If your doctor found any abnormal cells growth or suspected uterine cancer, further tests may be required.

2. Endometrial curettage
Ednometrial curettage can be done in the doctor office or in the hospital as an outpatient by taking a sample of tissue from the inner lining layer of the uterus. In some cases, if the example taken by endometrial curettage does not review a sufficient diagnostic result, a dilation and curettage (D&C) is necessary.

3. Dilation and curettage (D&C)
Dilation and curettage is a types of examination by gently opening the cervix and then removing some of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterine cells. During the test, you doctor may remove any endometrial polyps, if found.
The 2. and 3. are operated under local anesthesia with anti-inflammatory and pain medication before and during examination.

4. Hysteroscopy
Hysteroscopy is the pelvic examination by the use of an endoscope that carries optical and light channels or fibers that go through the opening of the vagina then into uterus and allows your doctor can see the uterine inner lining (endometrium) on a video screen with the help of fluids or CO2 gas is introduced to expand the cavity during the examination. A small sample is taken for viewing under microscope.

5. Endometrial biopsy
Endometrial biopsy or aspiration is another procedure to remove a sample from the uterine inner lining with the inserting of biopsy curettage into the uterine and with a scraping and rotating motion. During this procedure
a. A speculum helps to spread the walls of the vagina apart to expose the cervix.
b. A tenaculum helps to hold the cervix steady.
c. Local anesthesia may or may not be given.

6. Trans-vaginal ultrasound
Trans-vaginal ultrasound is a type of pelvic ultrasound used to diagnose the thickness of the uterine inner lining of the women with post-menopause bleeding for endometrial cancer with the help of a transducer (The transducer is necessary for sending out sound waves, which reflect off body structures), into the vagina.

7. Sonohysterography
In some cases, more clearly view the uterus is necessary to get a better view of the size of tumor, then sonohysterography is used with saline (sterile salt water) injected into the uterus before the ultrasound.

8. Computerized tomography (CT) scan
CT scanning combines special x-ray equipment with sophisticated computers to produce multiple cross-sectional images of any susceptible area of the inner uterus lining and surrounded organs if need, to the computer screen around a single axis of rotation.

9. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI uses a powerful magnetic and radio frequency field to capture 3D image of organs, soft tissues, bone and virtually all other internal body structures, including endometrial cancer to the computer screen for examination.

10. Etc.

Most common types of endometrial cancer
A. Adenocarcinomas
Adenocarcinomas is accounted for accounts for over 80% of cases of endometrial cancer and begun with the abnormal cells growth in the surface cells of the inner lining of the Researcher found that women who have an early onset of symptoms of peri-menopause are in higher risk of adenocarcinomas.

B. Uterine sarcoma
Uterine sarcoma,a rare uterine cancer containing malignant cells of the muscle and connective tissue of the uterus, is accounted for only account for only 2 percent of all uterine cancer.
a.Endometrial stromal sarcomas
Endometrial stromal sarcomas are also endometrial cancers originated in the non-glandular connective tissue of the endometrium, therefore the cell of origin is unknown.

b. Leiomyosarcomas
Leiomyosarcomas is a form of endometrial cancer originated from the smooth muscles of the uterus. The cancer has a resistant tendency and not very responsive to chemotherapy or radiation.

c. Carcinosarcoma
Carcinosarcoma is a type of cancer caused by both epithelial and connective tissues of the uterus.

E. Etc.

Grades of endometrial cancer
1. Type 1 endometrial cancers
endometrial cancers are caused by excess estrogen. These types of cancer is not very aggressive and are slow to spread to other tissues and considered as low grade.
2. Type 2 endometrial cancer
Endometrial cancer not caused by excess estrogen. These types of cancer are invasive and have a tendency to spread to distant parts of the body and considered high grade.

Stage of endometrial cancer
Stages and grade of endometrial cancer is important to determine the best treatment with the aim is to cure and prevent recurrence, if that it is possible.
1. Stages 0
Cancer is found in the surface of the endometrial lining.
2. Stage I
Cancer have penetrated into the endometrial lining but within the uterus.
a. Stage IA
Cancer is limited to the endometrium
b. Stage IB:
cancer have penetrated to middle layer of the endometrial linning wall
Stage II
Cancer is now present in both the uterus and cervix.
Stage III
Cancer has spread beyond the uterus and cervix to the lymph nodes, but hasn't reached the rectum and bladder.
a. Stage IIIA:
Cnacer has spread beyond outermost layer of the uterus and to the ovaries or fallopian tubes
b. Stage IIIB:
Cancer has spread to the vagina and to the lymph node area
c. Stage IIIC
Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes but not to distant organs
Stage IV
Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
a. Stage IVA:
Cnacer has spread to rectum and bladder
b. Stage IVB
Cancer has spread to distant organs of the body.
Prevention
1. Maintain a healthy weight
Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
2. Reduce intake of alcohol
Researcher found that association of alcohol intake and endometrial cancer is stronger among lean women than among overweight or obese postmenopausal women.
3. Birth-control pills
Birth control bill is found to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer
4. Avoid unopposed estrogen therapy
Excess estrogen increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
5. Antioxidants
Antioxidants is found to reduce the risk of cancer caused by oxidation, inducing free radical scavenging such vitamin A, C, E and others.
6. Enhance immune system
By getting enough sleep, eating healthy diet, exercise and living healthy lifestyle.
7. Vitamin D
Vitamin D has been shown to be helpful in a number of cancers, it may also good for endometrial cancer.
8. Etc.

Treatments
Depending to the grade and stage of the cancer
1. Surgery
Most patients with invasive or non invasive cervical cancer are required surgery. While non invasive cancer patients are not needed further treatment, invasive cancer patients usual needed further treatments, including radiation therapy, chemotherapy. In some cases, example of lymph node is also remove, ovaries and uterus also removed, depending to the surgery needed.

2. Radiotherapy
Radiation may be used for stages II, III, and IV and usually given after surgery to kill any cancer cells remaining in the body. By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills endometrial cancer cells and keeps them from growing or regrowing. If the cancer is small in size, cancer can be cured. If the cancer is large, radiation therapy can be used to control local bad symptoms.
a. External beam irradiation
In External beam therapy (EBT), a beam of high-energy x-rays or or other types of radiation is directed to a patient's tumor externally depending to the stage of the cancer.
b. Brachytherapy
By placing a small quantity radioactive seeds or sources by a medical instrument into uterus or vagina, before using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancerous cells without causing radiation affects in the nearby healthy tissues.
c. Side effects
c.1. Fatigue
c.2. Chest pain
c.3. Heart problem
c.4. Short of breath
c.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
c.6. Etc.

3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cervical cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

4. Hormone therapy
Hormone therapy is used in the pre-endomatrial cancer stage or where surgery is either feasible or unnecessary. Use of right types of hormone can cause the shed of endometrial lining or endometrial cancer to shrink or sometimes disappear completely.

Other unconventional treatments
A. With herbs
1. Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense is best known as Red clover, a genus Trifolium, belongs to the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. Researcher found that genistein inhibits of cancer cell growth, promotes apoptosis.


2. Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense is best known as Red clover, a genus Trifolium, belongs to the family Fabaceae, native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. Researcher found that genistein inhibits of cancer cell growth, promotes apoptosis.

3. Soy isoflavone distillate
Soy isoflavone distillate is a extract of the beans of the soy plant or herb, it contains high amount of phytoestrogen by binding to estrogen in the human cells. Researcher found that soy isoflavones wards off estrogen from the cells which are receptive to estrogen, including the cancerous or malignant cells endometrium. There is some conflicts in the studies of the use of phytoestrogen in treating estrogen related cancer, please be careful not to use them unless with the suggestion of your specialist in the related field

4. Astragalus
Astragalus is herb, genus of Astragalus, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae. In rat study, researcher found that astragalus extract possess cytostatic properties in inhibiting tumor growth and delay chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

5. The inner bark of Cat's claw
The herb has been used in herbal medicine to boost function of the immune system and treat and prevent infection. In vivo and in vitro, cat's claw showed inflammation inhibiting effect. It also contains vary chemicals such as tannins, catechins, and procyanidins which demanstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

6. Etc.

B. With Chinese herbs
1. Xia Ku Cao
Xia Ku Cao is also known as Self heal plant. The acrid, bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat headache, dizziness, tuberculosis of the lungs, vaginal infection, excessive bleeding during menopause as it clears liver and heat, dissipates nodules and dissolves phlegm by enhacing the functions of liver and gallbladder channels.
Researcher found that Xia Ku Cao significantly reduced the endometrial cancer cells growth, in mice implanted with human endometrial cancer cells and demonstrated the anti-estrogen effect in the study as well.

2. Dong Ling Cao
Gong ling Cao is also known as blushred rabdosia. The sweet, bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM to treat chronic bronchitis, chronic inflammation of the pelvic area, swelling of throat, insect bites and snake bites as it clears heat and toxins, nourish yin, remove blood stasis and relieves pain by enhancing the functions of stomach, lung and liver channels. In vitro, researcher found that Gong ling Cao has cytotxicity activity against CaEs-17 human esophageal cancer cell line, at 2 and 3ug/ml, the inhibiting rates were 40% and 75%. Can it be used effective against endometrial cancer? Further studies is needed.

3. Lu Feng Fang
Lu feng Fang is also known as Honeycomb. The sweet, acrid, neutral and toxic herb has been used in TCM as diuretic and to strengthen the heart activity, lower blood pressure temporary, promote the coagulation of blood, treat of cancer, bleeding in tumors as it relieves toxicity, expels wind, alleviates pain, dries dampness by enhancing the functions of lung, liver, spleen, stomach and large intestine channels. In vitro experiments researchers found that lu feng fang demonstrate the inhibition of human liver cancer cells. In insect study by using HeLa cells originating from human cervix and uterine cancer, researchers also found that Lu Feng Fang extract showed a potent anticancer activity.

4. Bai Hua She She Cao
Bai Hua She She Cao is also known as spreading hedyotis, The bitter, sweet and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti-bacteria, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, anti-virus agent and to treat snakebite and enhances immune system as it clears heat, drains dampness, expels toxins and resolves abscesses by enhancing the functions of liver, stomach, large intestine channels.
The Sanjiv Kumar YADAV, Shao Chin LEE(Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore researcher results showed that the ethanol extract from Bai Hua She She Cao effectively evokes cancer cell apoptosis, possibly through burst-mediated caspase activation.

5. Qing Hao
Qing Hao is also known as Worm Wood. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti malaria agent and to trealupus, schistosomiasis as it disperses cold and dampness, expels wind and calms pain by enhancing the functions of kidney, liver and gallbladder channels.
Researchers found that qing hao elevates the calcium ions of leukemia white cells, triggering apoptosis, a self-destruct mechanism in cancer cells. A University of Washington study showed that qing hao selectively kills several cancer cell lines in the test tube.

6. Etc.

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Most common Types of Cancer - Cervical Cancer

Cervical Cancer
Cervix is the lower part of uterus that opens at the top of the vagina. Cervix acts an transition area for vaginal lining (squamous epithelium) change to uterus type (columnar epithelium) through the transitional area (squamous columnar epithelium) to host the development of the fetus. Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area caused by abnormal cells growth with alternation of cells DNA.

Pre-cervical cancer
Precervical cancer is the early stage of abnormal cell changes in the cervical tissue, if left untreated, it can develop into true invasive cervical cancer caused by factors connected to male seminal fluid. A vaccine, Gardasil used to prevent pre-cervical cancer from the infection of two types of HPV was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2006. It is for your benefits to take this vaccine if you are sexual active with several partners.

A. Symptoms
There is no specific symptom presented in pre-cervical cancer. It is usually discovered during annual pap test or cervical smear test.

B. Causes and risk factors
1. Age
The average age of pre-cervical cancer can occur as young as age in mid-thirty.
2. Sexual active
Pre-cervical cancer occurs in sexual active women with several partners due the risk of sexual transmitting diseases.
3. Smoking
Researchers found that smoking increases the risk of cervical cancer as a result of carcinogen effect of the inner lining of the cervix.
4. Virus
a. Human papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus (HPV) can be transmitted by seminal fluid carries the virus without even notice by the male partner, since it does not cause any symptoms and problem. cause of infection of most HPV in women are temporary and have little long-term significant effect, but it can develop to pre-cervical cancer if the infection persists. In some cases, if left untreated, it can progress to invasive cervical cancer.
b. Genital herpes
About 45 million Americans are infected with the genital herpes virus, with approximately one million new infections each year. Genital herpes is genital infection by herpes simplex virus and can cause the change of the cells of the cervix, leading to pre-cervical cancer.
5. Early age of sexual intercourse
Early age of sexual intercourse increases the risk of pre-cervical cancer due to the risk of getting sexual transmitting diseases.
6. Etc

C. Diagnosis
1. Pap test or cervical smear test
The Pap test or cervical smear test is a screening test used in gynecology to exam for any changes of cervical cells to detect abnormal cell growth hat can cause pre-cancer and cervical cancer, by using a speculum to gather cells from the outer opening of the cervix. For best results, pap test should not occur when a woman is menstruating as it may interfere with the result.

2. Colposcopy
If the pap test or cervical smear test results are abnormal, (most of the time it is caused by inflammation or a vaginal infection, not pre-cervical cancer) your doctor might want to take a closer exam at your cervix to determine the cause of your abnormal pap smear results with a medical instrument, colposcope to view your cervix and sample is taken in the susceptible area for examination after applying acetic acid washes away mucus to allow abnormal areas to be seen more easily. Sometimes, it is necessary to use color filters to examine the capillaries of the squamocolumnar junction.

D. Treatments
D.1. Mild pre cervical cancer
1. If you have only mild changes, either you may need a colposcopy or another pap test in 6 months, because these mild change of abnormal cells can go back to normal by themselves.
2. Laser ablation
2.1. Laser ablation is performed as out patient in hospital most of the time, it is a type of treatment with the use of laser to burn off the abnormal cells with local anesthesia. It can be done in a few minutes.
2.2. Side effects
a. Redness and tenderness of the skin
b. Infection
c. Numbness
d. Pain
e. Blood clot
f. Etc.

3. Cold coagulation
3.1. The same purpose as above to remove the abnormal cells in the cervix without affecting the normal cells by using a hot probe to burn away the abnormal cells with local anesthesia. The treatment is also done in hospital as out patient and finished in a short time.
3.2. Side effects
a. Cramps and pain
b. Discharge
c. Bleeding
d. Tiredness
e. Etc.

4. Cryotherapy, cryosurgery or cryoablation (freezing)
4. 1. Instead of using hot probe to burn away the infected area in the cervix, crytherapy
uses a cold probe to freeze away and destroy abnormal cells with local anesthesia.
4.2. Side effects
a. Bleeding
b. fluid accumulation
c. Numbness
d. Cramps and pain
e. Etc.


5. Diathermy or electrocautery
5.1. Diathermy is a treatment with a use of an high-frequency electromagnetic current to destroy the abnormal cells in the cervix with local anesthesia. It is done as out patient in the hospital and finished in a short time.

5.2. Side effects
a. Skin effect
b. Bleeding
c. Cramps and pain
d. An increased menstrual flow
e. Etc.

6. Hysterectomy6.1. If you are past your menopause or have finished having children, your doctor may suggest removing the whole uterus.
6.2. Side effects
a. Fatigue
b. Cramp and pain
c. Nausea and vomiting
d. Constipation
e. Bleeding
f. Etc.

7. Etc.

D.2. Moderate or severe cervical cancer
1. Cryosurgery
See above.

2. Conization
Conization is a type of treatment with the uses of medical instrument of the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) surgically removed cone shaped areas of abnormal tissue with general anesthesia. It is normally done in hospital as outpatient.

3. Etc.


Invasive cervical cancer
An advanced stages of cervical cancer as the cancerous cells have spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to distant parts of the body.

A. Symptoms
1. Abnormal bleeding
2. Unusual heavy discharge
3. Pain and bleeding during sexual intercourse
4. Pelvic cramps and pain
5. Pain during urination
6. Bleeding between period
7. Etc.

B. Causes and risk factors
See above

C. Stage of invasive cervical cancer
1. Stage 0
Cervical caner is classified as Stage 0. if the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but remain in the surface of the cervical lining.
2. Stage I
In stage I, The cancerous are no longer in the surface but have invaded into deep cervical lining
a. Stage IA1
The cancer is not ≤ 3 mm (1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.1. Stage IA1: The spreading is not ≤ 3mm(1/8 inch) deep and ≤ 7mm (1/4 inch) wide.
a.2. Stage IA2: The invasion area is ≥ 3 mm but ≤ 5 mm (about 1/5 inch) deep and ≤ 7 mm (about 1/4 inch) wide.
b. Stage IB: The cancer in this stage have invaded the connective tissue of the cervix, ≥ 5mm (1/5 inch).
b.1. Stage IB1: Cancer is ≥ 4 cm large (1 3/4 inches).
b.2. Stage IB2: Cancer is ≥ 4 cm (1 3/4 inches) but ≤ 5cm (2 inches)
3. Stage II
In stage II, the cancer cells have spread to distant tissues, but is still within the pelvic area.
a. Stage IIA: Cancer has spread to the 2/3 of upper part of the vagina.
b. Stage IIB: In this stage, cancer has spread to tissue near the cervix. This tissue is called parametrial tissue of the cervix.
4. Stage III
In this stage, cancer cells have spread to entire vagina and penetrate deep into the pelvic wall.
a. Stage IIIA: Cancer has spread to the entire vagina and contained in the area.
b. Stage IIIB: Cancer has spread deep into to the pelvic wall and interfered with the flow of urine to the bladder.
5. Stage IV
In stage IV is the most advance stage of cervical cancer as cancer cells have spread to the distant parts of the body
a. Stage IVA:
In this stage, cancer cells have spread to the nearby organs and tissue but closed to the cervix , including bladder or rectum.
b. Stage IVB:
In this stage, cancer cells have spread to distant areas of the body, including the lungs, kidney, etc.


D. Types of invasive cervical cancer
D.1 Squamous cell carcinomas
Squamous cells are the thin, flat cells that line the bottom of the cervix. Abnormal growth of squamous cells accounted for 80 to 90% of invasive cervical cancer. Squamous cell carcinomas is defined as a cancer of which the squamous cells in the cervix have divided and replication in uncontrolled matter due to DNA alternation caused by virus or other factors.

D. 2. Adenocarcinoma
Glandular cells that line the upper portion of the cervix. Abnormal growth of glandular epithelial cells are accounted 10 to 20 percent of invasive cervical cancers. Adenocarcinoma is defined as a cancer a cancer of which the glandular epithelium cells in the cervix have divided and replication in uncontrolled matter due to DNA alternation caused by virus or other factors.

F. Preventions and Treatments
A. Preventions
A.1. How to avoid
1. VaccineGardasil, is approved for females between nine and 26 years of age in Canada to prevent infection of two types of HPV and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2006.
Symptoms include
1.1. Pain in the area of the injection
1.2. Swelling in the area of the injection
1.3. Redness in the area of the injection
1.4. Fever
1.5. Nausea
1.6 Dizziness
1.7. Diarrhea
1.8. Vomiting
1.9. Cough
1.10. Etc.
But most people have no symptom after injection
2. If you are sexual active use condom to protect against sexual transmitting infection cause of cervical cancer.
3. Stop smoking to reduce the carcinogen effect
4. Annual pap test or cervical smear test to catch abnormal cell growth early
5. Limited numbers of sexual partners
6. Etc.

A.2. Nutritional supplements
1. Antioxidants For more detial of antioxidants, please visit http://the-anti-aging-guide.blogspot.com/2011_04_01_archive.html
Antioxidants have been proven in many studies to be effective in preventing the alternation of DNA in cell division and replication caused by oxidation.In fact, people eating diets high in antioxidant-rich foods are less likely to develop cancer.

2. Beta-carotene
Beta-carotene in foods beside is the precursor of vitamin A is a powerful free radical scavenging antioxidant helped to reduce the risk of cell mutation caused by free radical affects, but also enhances immune system in fighting against virus causes of cervical cancer.
Deficiency of beta-carotene can cause to develop cancerous or precancerous cervical lesions.

3. Folate
Researchers found that folate enhances normal cellular changes seen in cervical dysplasia due to deficiency of folate, by reducing the risk of altered homocysteine.

4. Omega 3 fatty acid
Omega-3 fatty acids decrease inflammation by balancing the Omega 3 and 6 fatty acid that cause inflammation due to over production of certain prostaglandins hormone family. Recent study found that omega-3 from fish inhibited the growth of cancerous cervical cells caused by HPV virus.

5. Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 enhances energy production by promoting the process of the production of ATP then serving as fuel for the cells and acts an antioxidant to prevent the generation of free radicals during this process, thus reducing the risk of cervical cancers.

6. Etc.

Treatment with invasive cervical cancers depends on the stage of above

B. Types of treatments
B.1. Conventional medicine
1. Surgery
Most patients with invasive or non invasive cervical cancer are required surgery. While non invasive cancer patients are not needed further treatment, invasive cancer patients usual needed to combine other treatments, such as radiation therapy. Types of surgery include those of above.
a. Trachelectomy
Trachelectomy or cervicectomy is a surgery to remove the cervix, but preserve the uterine, if infertility is the concern of younger women with early stage of cervical cancer
b. Hysterectomy or radical trachelectomy
Since removal of uterus causes patients' inability to bear children, so the surgery is normally recommended for past menopause or have finished having children women or no other treatment option is available due to advance of the diseases.


2. Radiation therapy
By using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, radiation therapy kills breast cancer cells and keep them from growing or regrowing. If the cancer is small in size, cancer can be cured. If the cancer is large, radiation therapy can be used to control local bad symptoms.
a. External beam irradiation
In External beam therapy (EBT), a beam of high-energy x-rays or or other types of radiation is directed to a patient's tumor externally depending to the stage of the cancer.
b. Brachytherapy
By placing a small quantity radioactive seeds or sources by a medical instrument into uterus or vagina, before using high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancerous cells without causing radiation affects in the nearby healthy tissues.
c. Side effects
c.1. Fatigue
c.2. Chest pain
c.3. Heart problem
c.4. Short of breath
c.5. Skin discoloration or pinkness, irritation.
c.6. Etc.

3. Chemotherapy
a. Chemotherapy is most use to treat with advance stage of cervical cancer combined with radio therapy, as it has spread to a distant parts of the body by using drugs taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle of the patient to stop the growth of or to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy medicine includes platinum drugs and Taxol.
b. Side effects
b.1. Nausea
b.2. Vomiting
b.3. Hair loss
b.4. Fatigue
b.5. Anemia
b.6. Mouth sores taste and smell changes
b.7. Infection
b.8. Etc.

Treatment options depending to the stageA. Stage 0
Cervical caner is classified as Stage 0. if the cancerous cell have not penetrated in deeper tissue but remain in the surface of the cervical lining.

B. Stage I
B. 1. Treatment options for stage IA1 may include:
1. Conization
2.Trachelectomy
3. Brachytherapy
4. Etc.

B. 2. Stage IA2.
Treatment options for stage IA2 may include:
1. Hysterectomy
2. External beam radiation therapy and brachytherapy
3. Trachelectomy (removal cervix only) if pregnancy is a concern

B.3. Stage IB1.
Treatment options for stage IB1 may include
1. Hysterectomy
2. Internal and external radiation therapy (brachytherapy)
3. Radical trachelectomy

B.4. Stage IB2. Treatment options for stage 1B2 may include
1. Hysterectomy
2. Chemotherapy
3. Radiation therapy

C. Stage II
C.1. Stage IIA.
Treatment options for stage IIA may include
1. Internal and external radiation therapy
2, Radiation therapy
3. Chemotherapy
4. Radical hysterectomy

C.2. Stage IIB.
Treatment options for stage IIB may include
1. Combined internal and external radiation therapy along with
2. Chemotherapy with cisplatin

D. Stage III.
Treatment options for stage IIIA and stage IIIB may include
1. Combined internal and external radiation therapy plus
2. Chemotherapy

E. Stage IV
E.1. Stage IVA.
Treatment options for stage IVA may include
1. Combined internal and external radiation therapy plus
2. Chemotherapy

E.2. Stage IVB.
Stage IVB cancer is generally not considered curable. Treatment options may include:
1. Radiation therapy to relieve symptoms
2. Chemotherapy with cisplatin and combination with another drugs


B.2. With Herbs
1. Reishi Mushroom
Reishi mushroom is a species of fungal, genus Ganoderma, beloning to family Ganodermataceae, it is also known as Ling Zhi in traditional Chinese medicine and highly regarded for its cancer protective action. It has been used as anti-inflammatory, antioxidative agent in TCM and researcher found that reishi mushroom promotes the body's natural cancer killer cells T lymphocytes to slow the growth of cervical cancer cells.

2. Aloe Extract

Aloe vera is a genus Aloe, belonging to the family Xanthorrhoeaceae originated in the Sudan. Emodin extract from the aloe vera not only has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties but also inhibits cell proliferation by triggering apoptosis, a self-destruct mechanism in cancer cells

3. Astragalus extract
Astragalus is herb, genus of Astragalus, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae. In rat study, researcher found that astragalus extract possess cytostatic properties in inhibiting tumor growth and delay chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

4. Green tea catechin extract.
Green tea has been consumed over thousands of year in human history, it is made solely with the leaves of Camellia sinensis that have undergone minimal oxidation. Polyphenols, a powerful antioxidant found in green tea reduces the risk of cancer caused by alternation of cells DNA by scavenging free radicals before oxidation can start. It also contains substance-epigallocatechin-3-gallate which has been shown to exhibit cervical cancer-preventive activities in animal research, according to a 2009 study published in the Arizona Cancer Center website.

5. Turmeric curcumin
Turmeric (Curcuma longa), a member of the ginger family, is used in a traditional Indian as curry spice. According to a study published in the book "Herbal Medicine, Healing, and Cancer" written by Donald Yance and Arlene Valentine, turmeric seems to reduce the growth of cervical cancer, by inhibiting the forming of free radicals.

6. Etc.


B.3. With Chinese herbs
1. Dang Qui
Dang Qui, also known as Chinese angelica root, has been used in TCM for over thousands of year and is considered a queen herb for women reproductive enhancer. Researcher found that Dang Qui contains anti oxidation property by getting rid of free radicals before it can cause mutation of cells. In vitro, researchers found that extracts of dang qui exhibits antitumor, anti-tuberculosis (TB), neuroprotective, and hemotopoeitic effects.

2. Huang Qi
Huang Qi is also known as astragalus. The sweet herb has been used in TCM to
improve endurance, protect the liver and regulate blood sugar by enhancing the functions of lung and spleen channels. In rat study, researcher found that astragalus extracts possess cytostatic properties by inhibiting tumor growth and delaying chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis

3. Ren Shen
Ren Shen, also known as Panax ginseng. The sweet, warm aromatic herb has been used in TCM as anti-cancer, anti aging, anti stress agent and to improve cardiac function including short of breath, palpitation, instant sweating, dropping of blood pressure, etc, by enhancing the functions of lung and spleen channels. In vitro study, researcher found that Ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng demonstrated anticancer effects.

4. Chai Hu
Chai Hu is also known as bupleurum. The bitter and cold herb has been used in TCM as anti inflammatory, anti tumor, anti bacterial and anti viral agent and to relieve pain, improve immune system, reduce heat, etc. by enhancing the functions of liver, gall bladder, pericardium and triple burner channels. Saikosaponins, substances found in Chai Hu, in vitro studies were found to enhance the cytotoxicity, a self-destruct mechanism in cancer cells.

5. Qing Dai
Qig Dai is also known as Natural Indigo. the salty and cold herb has bben used in TCM as anti inflammatory agent and to treat Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), eczema, children epilepsy, etc. by enhancing the function of liver, lung and stomach channels. It is used in combination with other herbs to treat cancer.

6. Etc.

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