#Phytochemical #Sinigrin Inhibits Gene Expression Associated with the Onset of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Researchers Say

Kyle J. Norton

Sinigrin may be used as a natural and bioactive compound against diseases associated with chronic inflammation, according to studies.

Acute inflammation that lasts a day or 2 mostly associated with a proinflammatory response to tissue injury, usually appearing within minutes or hours, depending on the severity of the damage.

In other words, in the acute phase of inflammation, the immune system response of the macrophages stimulates the process of coagulation to cover the wound or injury and the production of inflammatory cytokines to destroy the foreign pathogens that try to enter the body through the wound or injury.

The most common symptoms of acute inflammation are pain, redness, loss of function, swelling, and heat.

In the acute phase of inflammation, the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines that protect our body against foreign invasion may damage the nearby tissues and death of the healthy cells, leading to the abnormal formation of scars.

Chronic inflammation is a medical condition caused by the inability of the immune system to kill off all pathogens in the acute phase of inflammation, leading to the compromise of the immune system.

Chronic inflammation is a leading cause of various types of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis.

Unlike the symptoms in acute inflammation, symptoms of chronic inflammation are totally depending on the type of disease and location of the inflammation, including fatigue and unintended weight loss and loss of appetite in cancer, chest pain in chronic lung disease, and joint pain in RA.

In RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, sinigrin inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines including nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).


Injection of sinigrin significantly suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 by suppressing the protein in the cellular response to oxidative stress and stimuli.

In additional analysis, sinigrin also processed a significant effect in inhibiting gene expression involved in the mediation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses.

Dr. Lee HW, the lead scientist, wrote in the final report, " Our findings also provide evidence that the pharmacological modulation of sinigrin could have an anti-inflammatory effect".

In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation, AITC protected the microglial cells against neuroinflammation by inhibiting the cellular response against oxidative stress-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).

In other words, AITC protects neuroblastoma cells by controlling with JNK/NF-κB/TNF-α cross-linking associated with the expression of the gene in inducing apoptosis.


Dr. Subedi L, the lead scientist, after taking into account co and confounders said, "These findings provide novel insights into the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of AITC on microglial cells, which may have clinical significance in neurodegeneration".


Taken together, sinigrin may be considered a functional supplement for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with chronic inflammation, pending the confirmation of large sample size and multicenter human study.

However, intake of bioactive in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care, as liver toxicity may be induced if overdosed.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Sinigrin inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB/MAPK pathways or NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages by Lee HW1, Lee CG1, Rhee DK1, Um SH2, Pyo S. (PubMed)
(2) Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Allyl Isothiocyanate through Attenuation of JNK/NF-κB/TNF-α Signaling by Subedi L1, Venkatesan R2, Kim SY. (PubMed)

#Cranberry #Extract Inhibits Parameters Associated with Metabolic Profiles in the Induction of #Obesity, Researchers Say

Kyle J. Norton

A metabolic profile is a tool to diagnose metabolic disease.
A metabolic disease is a group of medical conditions that disrupt normal cell metabolism in converting food to energy.

The most common causes of metabolic disease are genetic prepositions. However, people with the mutated gene remain healthy for years.

Interestingly, cellular stress and family history have been found to be a major cause of the initiation of the symptoms of metabolic disease, epidemiologically.

As of today, there is no effective treatment for metabolic disease. Some children with the metabolic disease diagnosed at an early age may respond very well. However, many do not respond well to therapy and cause severe problems, despite the early diagnosis.

Dr. Ingraham RH, the lead scientist at the Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine wrote, "Except in cases of gross mismanagement, these profiles do not offer a "quick fix." In many of the reported cases in which diagnosis of herd problems was attributed to the metabolic profile, the clinician should have been able to identify the problem before the profile was conducted".

According to statistics, metabolic disease is uncommon in the US. Metabolic disorders affect approximately 1 in 1,000 individuals.

People who are overweight and obesity and physical inactivity and have a condition of insulin resistance are most likely to have metabolic disease.

According to the statistics, among US adults aged 18 years or older, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome rose by more than 35%. From 1988–1994 to 2007–2012, the condition increased from 25.3% to 34.2%.

Out of many risk factors associated with the onset of metabolic syndrome, some researchers suggested the promotion of the Western diet over the past few decades may be the major culprit in inducing the rise of the metabolic syndrome, globally.

Hypertension is a condition of abnormally high blood pressure in the bloodstream. Hypertension a member of the cluster conditions of metabolic syndrome associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps out blood.

According to the statistics provided by the American Heart Association, approximately, 103 million U.S. adults have high blood pressure, or 1 in 2 adults in the US have the syndrome.

Obesity is a medical and chronic condition caused by long-term excessive body fat accumulated. Overweight is a condition of excess body weight relative to height.

According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), people who have a BMI between 25 to 29.9 are considered overweight and a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity.
The formula of the BMI indexBMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

According to the statistics, 68% of the American population is either overweight or obese. However,

In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight, inclduing over 650 million who were obese worldwide.

Dr. Shu-Zhong Jiang, the lead scientist wrote in the examination of the metabolic profile ofthe obese, "There are currently over 1.9 billion people who are obese or overweight, leading to a rise in related health complications, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration".

And, "The finding that obesity and metabolic disorder are accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation has fundamentally changed our view of the underlying causes and progression of obesity and metabolic syndrome".

The results strongly suggested that obese subjects are at an increased risk of metabolic disease.

Cranberry is an evergreen dwarf shrub, genus Vaccinium, belonging to the family Ericaceae, native to Northern America and Southern Asia. Because of its health benefits, cranberry has been cultivated in some parts of the world for commercial profit and used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat wounds, urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems.

In finding a potential compound for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, researchers examined the effect of cranberry extract (CE) on the improvement of lipid dysfunction in HFD-induced obesity in an animal model.

The study included postnatal day 120 (PN120), male Wistar rats assigned into two groups: (1) SD (n = 36) fed with a standard diet and (2) HFD (n = 36), fed with a diet containing 44.5% (35.2% from lard) energy from fat.

According to the results from rats 12 animals from SD and HFD groups were killed at PN150 and others subdivided into four groups (n = 12/group): animals that received 200 mg/kg cranberry extract (SD CE, HFD CE) gavage/daily/30 days or water (SD, HFD) killed at PN180, HFD group showed higher body mass and visceral fat, cholesterol,l, and triglyceride contents.

Furthermore, the HFD group demonstrated a significantly higher lipid peroxidation in plasma and tissues and higher protein carbonylation in the liver and adipose tissue compared to the SD group.

The application of CE not only inhibited the aforementioned parameters induced by a high-fat diet but also protected the liver tissues by lowering lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation and accumulation of liver fat without completely reversing the adiposity.

Based on the findings, researchers aid, "cranberry extract improved the metabolic profile and reduced oxidative damage and steatosis in HFD-fed rats, which suggests that it can help manage obesity-related disorders".

Taken altogether, cranberry may be considered a remedy for the improvement of the metabolic profile of obesity, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years

Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.


Sources
(1) Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extract treatment improves triglyceridemia, liver cholesterol, liver steatosis, oxidative damage, and corticosteronemia in rats rendered obese by high-fat diet by Peixoto TC1, Moura EG1, de Oliveira E1, Soares PN1, Guarda DS1, Bernardino DN1, Ai XX1, Rodrigues VDST1, de Souza GR2, da Silva AJR2, Figueiredo MS1, Manhães AC3, Lisboa PC. (PubMed)
(2) Metabolic profile testing by Ingraham RH1, Kappel LC. (PubMed)
(3) Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease by Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. (PubMed)

#Phytochemical #Quercetin Isolated from #Onion Inhibits Matrix and Proteins Associated with the Onset of #OralCancer, According to Studies

Kyle J. Norton

Oral cancer is a medical condition of malignant cell growth in the tissue located in the oral cavity, including the tissue of the lips or the tongue, cheek lining, floor of the mouth, gums (gingiva), and the roof of the mouth (palate).

The most common types of oral cancer are
* Squamous cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common types of oral cancer accounting for over 90% of all cases and arises from the squamous cell layer in the lining of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

* Verrucous carcinoma
The low-grade and rarely spread verrucous carcinoma accounted for only approximately 5% of all cases. Cancer can spread deeply into the surrounding tissue.

* Minor salivary gland cancers
The cancer is originated from the salivary gland and accounted for less than 1% of all cases.

According to the statistics, approximately, 53,000 Americans will be diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer in 2019.

The disease also causes the death of over 9,750 patients, roughly 1 person per hour, 24 hours per day.

The grades of oral cancer are depending on the tendency to spread. Low-grade cancers usually grow more slowly and are less likely to spread while high-grade cancer indicates otherwise.

The 5-year survival rate of the localized stage of oral cancer is 84%. However, If cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the overall 5-year survival rate is 65%.

The survival rate is even lower (39%) If cancer has spread to a distant part of the body,

The onion is a plant in the genus Allium, belonging to the family Alliaceae, a close relation of garlic. It is often called the "king of vegetables" because of its pungent taste and found in a large number of recipes and preparations spanning almost the totality of the world's cultures.

Depending on the variety, an onion can be sharp, spicy, tangy, pungent, mild or sweet.

In the urgency to find a potential compound for the treatment of oral cancer, researchers investigated the potential effects of quercetin, a principal flavonoid compound in onions' anti-oral cancer activities.

On SAS human oral cancer cells, quercetin significantly reduced wound closure of SAS cells in culture plates after 12- and 24-h treatments.

Quercetin inhibits the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 that promotes cancer cell growth and proliferation and (MMP)-9 is involved in cancer cell angiogenesis and metastasis.

Additionally, quercetin also inhibited the proteins associated with the promotion of forming new blood vessels in SAS human oral cancer cells.

Furthermore, quercetin also blocked the expression of enzymes associated with the pathogenesis of many solid tumors through its inflammatory activation.
Moreover, proteins involved in cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix that cause tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis were also inhibited by the injection of quercetin.

More importantly, quercetin also exhibited the gene expression of tumor suppression such as P53 and apoptosis.

In other words, quercetin protects the oral cells by blocking the proteins involved in the signaling expression of tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis such as Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA), and protein kinase C (PKC).

Taken together, onion may be considered a remedy for the prevention and treatment of oral cancer, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

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Contrary To Professional Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

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Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton's Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the Karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Quercetin inhibits migration and invasion of SAS human oral cancer cells through inhibition of NF-κB and matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 signaling pathways by Lai WW1, Hsu SC, Chueh FS, Chen YY, Yang JS, Lin JP, Lien JC, Tsai CH, Chung JG. (PubMed)
(2) Mouth ( Oral Cancer) Cancer by Kyle J. Norton

#Garlic #Extracts and Individual Components Show a Strong #Antifungal Activity, According to Studies

Kyle J. Norton

Polysulfides are phytochemicals in a class of chemical compounds containing chains of sulfur atoms, belonging to the group of Organosulfides found abundantly in the oxidized product, including beer, wine, whiskey, garlic oil, etc.

The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprise the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Besides foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play an important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.

A range of sulfur-containing natural products showed to inhibit their antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, through specific chemical properties that converge in chemotypes, including polysulfides(1).

Garlic extracts and individual components, i.e., allicin, ajoene, polysulfides, and essential oil, showed significant antifungal activity, according to Katedra farmaceutické Botany an ecology Farmaceutické faculty University Karlovy(2). Polysulfides, through their biological activity, showed effectively against candidosis in mice, according to the 1Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories III, Takeda Chemical Industries, Japan(3).


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References
(1) A scent of therapy: Pharmacological implications of natural products containing redox-active sulfur atoms by Jacob C.(PubMed)
(1) [Pharmaceutical significance of Allium sativum L. 4. Antifungal effects].[Article in Czech]by Sovová M1, Sova P.(PubMed)
(2) Optically active antifungal azoles. II. Synthesis and antifungal activity of polysulfide derivatives of (2R,3R)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-mercapto-1-(1H- 1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)-2-butanol by Tasaka A1, Tamura N, Matsushita Y, Hayashi R, Okonogi K, Itoh K.(PubMed)

#Coffee and #CoffeeCaffeine Reduce the Risk of #BreastCancer in Women with BRCA Gene Mutation, Researchers Suiggest

Kyle J. Norton


Recent studies suggested that coffee and coffee caffeine may have a potential effect in reducing the risk and treatment of breast cancer, selectively.

Coffee, becoming a popular and social beverage all over the world, particular in the West, is a drink made from roast bean from the Coffea plant, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.

The review of literature from the database of PubMed with selection of 37 published articles, involving 59,018 breast cancer cases and 966,263 participants, suggested that
1. There is no significant association between coffee and coffee caffeine intake and breast cancer risk
2. Post menopause women drinking coffee daily and regularly have a reduced risk of breast cancer developing.
3. Women who are BRCA1 mutation carriers showed a positive risk of breast cancer from coffee intake

The study also indicated that for an additional cup of coffee consumed risk of breast cancer decreased by 2% and 1% for every 200mg/day increment in caffeine intake.


Contrastively, in a case-control analysis on 1,690 women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation from 40 centers in 4 countries.to determine coffee and coffee caffeine intake against the risk of breast cancer, returned self-administered questionnaire. showed a significant correlation of coffee intake in the elevated breast caner risk.

Women with breast cancer in BRCA carriers who habitually drank 0, 1-3, 4-5 and 6 or more cups of coffee showed a relative risk odds ratio of 1.00, 0.90, 0.75, and 0.31, respectively.

The finding evidence of a relatively odd ratio suggested that the risk of breast cancer was reduced in this group of women linearly to the number of coffee and coffee caffeine consumed daily.

Dr, Jiang W, lead author said, " (According to the findings) women with BRCA gene mutation, coffee consumption is unlikely to be harmful and that high levels of consumption may in fact be related to reduced breast cancer risk"

Interesting, in the investigated the common A to C polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene associated with decreased enzyme inducibility and impaired caffeine metabolism of caffeine to examine the risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers of 411 BRCA1 mutation carriers (170 cases and 241 controls) researchers at the University of Toronto found that risk of breast cancer decrease significantly by 64% in BRCA1 mutation carriers with at least one C polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene but not in CYP1A2 AA group in compared to women who never consumed coffee.

Collectively, coffee and coffee caffeine may only benefit certain ages and gene expression but are harmful to others. Further cohort studies are necessary to clarify these controversies.

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrients
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Coffee and caffeine intake and breast cancer risk: an updated dose-response meta-analysis of 37 published studies by Jiang W1, Wu Y, Jiang X.(PubMed)
(2) Coffee consumption and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers by Nkondjock A1, Ghadirian P, Kotsopoulos J, Lubinski J, Lynch H, Kim-Sing C, Horsman D, Rosen B, Isaacs C, Weber B, Foulkes W, Ainsworth P, Tung N, Eisen A, Friedman E, Eng C, Sun P, Narod SA.(PubMed)
(3) The CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee consumption and breast cancer risk among BRCA1 mutation carriers by Kotsopoulos J1, Ghadirian P, El-Sohemy A, Lynch HT, Snyder C, Daly M, Domchek S, Randall S, Karlan B, Zhang P, Zhang S, Sun P, Narod SA.(PubMed)

#Fennel Inhibits Proteins and Expression Associated with Liver Against Toxicity and Diseases Through Its Antioxidant Activities, Scientists Suggest

Kyle J. Norton


Fennel may be considered a functional food in exhibited liver protective effect against toxicity, some scientists suggested.

Liver protection is an action that prevents injury and damage to the liver, regardless of the causes.

Researchers do not know the exact cause of liver disease. However, they do know that genes inherited from the parents, aging, and viral and bacterial infection are associated with the increased risk of liver disease.

Additionally, long-term excessive alcohol drinking and obesity are also some prevalent risk factors for the onset of liver disease.

Untreated liver disease or liver disease that is not treated properly over time can increase the risk of cirrhosis, a leading cause of liver failure and a life-threatening condition.


Dr. William Nseir, the lead author in the assessment of the role of diet and lifestyle changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease wrote, "A combination of dietary modifications and increased physical activity remains the mainstay of NAFLD management. It is hard to maintain this mode of management; however, it seems to have significant long-term benefits" "Furthermore, NAFLD patients, whether obese or not, should be educated that a healthy diet and physical activity have benefits beyond weight reduction".

These results suggested that a change in diet and lifestyle with moderate exercise may have a strong effect on the prevention of liver disease.


Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belonging to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean.

The herb has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as a warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, regulate the menstrual cycle, and relieve PMS,...

In the evaluation of the liver protective effect against acute hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CLL4) in the rat model, researchers found that oral administration of essential oil isolated from the fennel exerts a strong activity in the decrease of levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin, the potential causes of liver damage through their toxic effects.

Further analysis insisted that the hepatoprotective activity of the essential oil was attributed to the expression of phytochemical constituents d-limonene and β-myrcene in the inhibition of the levels of carbon tetrachloride in catalyzing liver toxicity and initiating liver lesion and liver fibrosis.

Additional differentiation of the hepatic fibrosis model in rats induced by subcutaneous injection with 40% CCl4 olive oil mixture with 94 male SD rats given high lipoid-low protein animal feeds for 5 weeks then randomly divided into six groups, including blank control group (A-group), 8 rats were feed in normal, prevention model control group (B-group), 10 rats given saline solution by intragastric administration during the make of hepatic fibrosis model and FVM prevention group (C-group), 10 rats given FVM by intragastric administration during make of hepatic fibrosis model; model control group (D-group), FVM treatment group (E-group) and Fuzhenghuayu treatment group (F-group), after assessing the results from the 5-th weekend, A, B, C- group rats sacrificed at the 6-th, 7-th, 8-th, 9-th weekend and 4-6 rats in D, E, F-group sacrificed., researchers indicated that

* The expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin(a-SMA) associated with liver damage and correlated positively in the recurrent HCV hepatitis group are significantly higher in the HBV cirrhosis detected by immunohistochemical staining assay.

* Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), an amino acid found in proteins and intermediate in cellular energy production presented in the blood of tested subjects may be an indication of liver damage.

Low levels of ALT are found in the blood profiles of healthy individuals.

* Similar to ALT, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme associated with the liver parenchymal cell and presented in low levels in the blood of healthy individuals but significantly higher in liver damage-tested rats.

* Hyaluronic acid (HA) is distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues, the prediction of liver damage, particularly in the risk of liver fibrosis.

* Increased levels of Laminin (LN), a protein of the extracellular matrix, are also associated with a substantial risk of the development of liver fibrosis.

* Overexpression of levels of 8 - hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is another indication of oxidative stress and is also considered a critical biomarker of carcinogenesis.


The increased levels of the above expressions suggested substantial damage to the liver caused by ingestion of CCL4 in the non-fennel treatment group.

However, the application of fennel in such groups inhibited the overexpression of toxicity caused by the injection of CCL4 by restoring the normal levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), and 8 - hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG).

Further analysis also showed that oral administration of fennel inhibited the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in precipitated oxidative stress through lipid peroxidation.

Some researchers suggested that levels of MDA may be used as a biomarker in the assessment of oxidative stress status in patients with liver disease or cancer.

Moreover, injection of fennel exerted liver protective and anti-inflammatory effects through its antioxidants overexpression and improved production of natural antioxidants in the host tissue such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase levels in inhibited oxidative stress initiated by CCL4

Precisely, fennel significantly decreased expression serums of ALT, AST, HA, LN and MDA, 8-OHdG, fiber, and a-SMA expression in the FVM group and lowered inflammation grade and fibrosis stage compared to the control group.

Dr. Zhang ZG, the lead author, after taking into account other co-founders said, "Foeniculum Vulgare Mill declines liver inflammation response, and prevents the hepatic fibrosis progression,, this may be due to its effects of antioxidative results".

The findings suggested that fennel with abundant bioactive anethole may be considered a functional food in exhibited hepatoprotective effect through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.


Natural Medicine for Fatty Liver And Obesity Reversal - The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve Optimal Health And Lose Weight

How To Get Rid Of Eye Floaters
Contrary To Professional Prediction, Floaters Can Be Cured Naturally

Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How-To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months

Back to Kyle J. Norton's Homepage http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca


Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.



Sources
(1) Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil by Ozbek H1, Uğraş S, Dülger H, Bayram I, Tuncer I, Oztürk G, Oztürk A.(PubMed)
(2) [Antioxidant effects of the Uygur herb, Foeniculum Vulgare Mill, in a rat model of hepatic fibrosis].[Article in Chinese] by Zhang ZG1, Lu XB, Xiao L, Tang L, Zhang LJ, Zhang T, Zhan XY, Ma XM, Zhang YX(PubMed)
(3) Foeniculum vulgare Mill: A Review of Its Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Contemporary Application, and Toxicology by Shamkant B. Badgujar,* Vainav V. Patel, and Atmaram H. Bandivdekar(PubMed)

#Enzyme #Bromelain Inhibits Proteins Associated with Anti Apoptotic and Proliferative Signaling Against #Cholangiocarcinoma (CC), Researchers Say

Kyle J. Norton

Cholangiocarcinoma, also known as bile duct cancer, is a medical condition that originated from irregular cell growth in the bile ducts.

Most cases of cholangiocarcinoma are caused by the alternation of cell DNA in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the bile duct.

At the advanced stage, cancer cells in the bile duct may travel a distance away to infect other healthy tissues and organs through the circulation of blood and fluids.

Primary bile duct cancer has been found to spread to the regional lymph nodes and adjacent organs.

According to statistics, cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer that occurs in approximately 2,500 Americans each year compared to 5,000 cases of gallbladder cancer and 15,000 cases of hepatocellular cancer.

Believe it or not, the 5-year survival rate diagnosed with early-stage extrahepatic bile duct cancer is only 30%. If cancer has spread to the regional lymph nodes, the 5-year survival rate is 24%.

The most common type of cholangiocarcinoma found in the bile duct is perihilar cholangiocarcinoma, followed by the distal extra-hepatic and then the intrahepatic forms.

Epidemiologically parasitic infections, primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary-duct cysts, hepatolithiasis, and toxins are some prevalent factors that cause the onset of cholangiocarcinoma.

Dr. Gia L. Tyson, the lead scientist wrote, "Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy after hepatocellular cancer. It accounts for approximately 10–25% of all hepatobiliary malignancies".

And, "Other less-established, potential risk factors include inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, and host genetic polymorphisms".


However, most people with some of the above risk factors do not develop cholangiocarcinoma.

Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapples (Ananas comosus) has been used in traditional medicine as an inflammatory agent and to treat pains, strains, muscle aches and pains and ease back pain and chronic joint pain, skin diseases, etc.

With an aim to find a natural ingredient against Cholangiocarcinoma (CC), researchers investigated the anticancer effect of bromelain and papain in intra- and extrahepatic human CC cell lines.

According to the medical assays, bromelain and papain showed a similar effect inhibition of human CC cell growth, migration, and invasion.

Furthermore, according to cell proliferative assays, bromelain and papain resulted in a decrease in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CC cells.

Bromelain and papain-induced CC death by inhibiting protein-associated anti-apoptotic signaling as well as their downstream signaling proteins associated with CC proliferation.

Interestingly, compared to papain, bromelain showed an overall more effective inhibition of CC.

In additional differentiation of the anti-cancer activity, researchers found that bromelain and papain have cytotoxic effects on human CC cells.

Based on the findings, Dr. Müller A the lead scientist said, "Bromelain and papain have cytotoxic effects on human CC cell lines, and bromelain and partially papain in comparison impair tumor growth by NFκB/AMPK signaling".
And, " Especially bromelain can evolve as a promising, potential therapeutic option that might open new insights for the treatment of human CC".

Taken altogether, bromelain may be considered a supplement for the prevention and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, pending the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of bromelain in the form of supplements should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All rights reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10,000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, Best Before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for Shorty Award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Comparative study of antitumor effects of bromelain and papain in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines by Müller A1, Barat S1, Chen X1, Bui KC1, Bozko P1, Malek NP1, Plentz RR. (PubMed)
(2) Risk Factors of Cholangiocarcinoma by Gia L. Tyson, MD and Hashem B. El-Serag, MD, MPH. (PMC)