By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
The Symptoms
1. Emotional symptoms
a) Unhealthy diet(6)
Since we all know that our diet contains high amount of saturated and trans fat, unbalance of levels of essential fatty acids causes inability of liver in secreting bile into the digestive system and in fat and protein metabolism(7) that causes nervous tension resulting in increasing the emotional symptoms of PMS such as depression, anger, and fatigue(1), poorer sleep quality(2) stress(5), anxiety(3), irritability, aggression, tension, anxiety, depression, lethargy, insomnia, poor coordination and concentration, etc.(4).
b) Vitamins and minerals deficiency
It is unknown why women with PMS are found to have low levels of vitamin B6 and magnesium(8)(9). These may be caused by low levels of stomach acid or inability of digestive system in absorbing vital nutrients before period resulting in increasing nervous tension(10) and emotional and physical symptoms.
c) Hormone imbalance
Researchers found that women with PMS always have unbalance of levels of estrogen and progesterone before menstruation. It may be caused abnormal function of some glands in the body including the pituitary(14), thyroid gland(11). Over or under production of certain hormones such as serotonin, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, adrenaline increases the nervous disorder resulting in symptoms of PMS.
d) Thyroid gland(10)
Women with PMS are found to have low thyroid function(12) resulting in increasing the risk of depression, stress, fatigue, tiredness, insomnia, etc.(13).
2. Physical symptoms
a) Foods and sugar craving
Strong liver is important for women with PMS. Unfortunately, most women with PMS are found to have sluggish liver function before menstruation caused by abnormal function of liver in carbohydrate synthesis and insulin regulating(15) resulting in foods and sugar craving(16).
b) Breast tenderness and water retention(17)
For what ever reasons, researchers show that some women with PMS are found to have high levels of prolactin and low levels of potassium as resulting in abnormal function of pituitary gland(18) and lymphatic function(19)(20) resulting in breast tenderness and water retention accordingly.
c) Palpitation(21)
Some women with PMS might experience heart palpitation, it is caused by malfunction of thyroid gland(23) and unbalance of estrogen and progesterone(24).
d) Menstrual cramps
Some women may experience menstrual cramps(25) which will disappear as soon as period start. It may be caused by irregular function of ovaries in hormones secretion or essential fatty acids deficiency(26) resulting in balancing levels of estrogen and progesterone and over production of certain hormone in the prostaglandins family(27).
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Ecological validity and clinical utility of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) instruments for detecting premenstrual symptoms of depression, anger, and fatigue by Junghaenel DU1, Schneider S2, Stone AA2, Christodoulou C2, Broderick JE2.(PubMed)
(2) Sleep quality and the sleep electroencephalogram in women with severe premenstrual syndrome by Baker FC1, Kahan TL, Trinder J, Colrain IM.(PubMed)
(3) Premenstrual anxiety and depression: comparison of objective psychological tests with a retrospective questionnaire by Chisholm G1, Jung SO, Cumming CE, Fox EE, Cumming DC.(PubMed)
(4) Premenstrual syndrome: a psychological overview by Riven L.(PubMed)
(5) Menstrual mood disorders are associated with blunted sympathetic reactivity to stress by Klatzkin RR1, Bunevicius A2, Forneris CA2, Girdler S2.(PubMed)
(6) Factors associated with premenstrual syndrome - a survey of new female university students by Cheng SH1, Shih CC, Yang YK, Chen KT, Chang YH, Yang YC.(PubMed)
(7) Beneficial effects of enteral fat administration on liver dysfunction, liver lipid accumulation, and protein metabolism in septic rats by Hayashi N1, Kashiwabara N, Yoshihara D, Takeshita Y, Handa H, Yanai M, Maeda J, Yamakawa M.(PubMed)
(8) Vitamin and trace element status in premenstrual syndrome by Mira M1, Stewart PM, Abraham SF.(PubMed)
(9) A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study by De Souza MC1, Walker AF, Robinson PA, Bolland K.(PubMed)
(10) Nutritional factors in the etiology of the premenstrual tension syndromes by Abraham GE.(PubMed)
(11) Thyroid axis function during the menstrual cycle in women with premenstrual syndrome by Girdler SS1, Pedersen CA, Light KC.(PubMed)
(12) Thyroid function and treatment in premenstrual syndrome by Nikolai TF1, Mulligan GM, Gribble RK, Harkins PG, Meier PR, Roberts RC.(PubMed)
(13) TSH-controlled L-thyroxine therapy reduces cholesterol levels and clinical symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double blind, placebo-controlled trial (Basel Thyroid Study) by Meier C1, Staub JJ, Roth CB, Guglielmetti M, Kunz M, Miserez AR, Drewe J, Huber P, Herzog R, Müller B.(PubMed)
(14) The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in mood disorders by Young EA1, Korszun A.(PubMed)
(15) Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c): two key regulators of glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis in liver by Dentin R1, Girard J, Postic C.(PubMed)
(16) The high-sweet-fat food craving among women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: emotional response, implicit attitude and rewards sensitivity by Yen JY1, Chang SJ, Ko CH, Yen CF, Chen CS, Yeh YC, Chen CC.(PubMed)
(17) Effect of an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone on body composition of young women affected by premenstrual syndrome with symptoms of water retention.by Fruzzetti F1, Lazzarini V, Ricci C, Quirici B, Gambacciani M, Paoletti AM, Genazzani AR.(PubMed)
(18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland(wikipedia)
(19) [Regulation of the interstitial fluid volume]. [Article in Japanese] by Kawahara K1, Yasuoka Y, Kawada H.(PubMed)
(20) Impairment of lymphatic function in women with gynoid adiposity and swelling syndrome by L'Hermitte F1, Behar A, Pariès J, Cohen-Boulakia F, Attali JR, Valensi P.(PubMed)
(21) The incidence of premenstrual tension in a gynecologic clinic by Hargrove JT, Abraham GE.(PubMed)
(22) Heart rate variability in premenstrual dysphoric disorder by Landén M1, Wennerblom B, Tygesen H, Modigh K, Sörvik K, Ysander C, Ekman A, Nissbrandt H, Olsson M, Eriksson E.(PubMed)
(23) Thyroid hormones and the heart by Vargas-Uricoechea H, Sierra-Torres CH.(PubMed)
(24) Hormone replacement therapy (estrogen and progesterone): is it necessary for heart disease prevention? by Freeman R.(PubMed)
(25) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder among Jordanian women by Hamaideh SH1, Al-Ashram SA, Al-Modallal H.(PubMed)
(26) Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on intensity of primary dysmenorrhea by Rahbar N1, Asgharzadeh N, Ghorbani R.(PubMed)
(27) [Etiopathogenesis of dysmenorrhea].[Article in Polish] by Mrugacz G1, Grygoruk C, Sieczyński P, Grusza M, Bołkun I, Pietrewicz P.(PubMed)
Saturday, 22 November 2014
#Healthy #recipe for Busy #Mom: #Spicy #veggie #Pizza
Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and
researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written
and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles,
article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate
GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Everything Busy Moms' Cook Book By Susan Whetzel Published by Adamsmedia. You can view its website at www.everything.com.
Boboli pizza crust are available in any deli, and you can usually find plain pizza crust there too. This easy pizza is delicious severed with deli fruit salad and cold milk.
Serves 4
Ingredients
2 cups marinated deli vegetables
1 (12-14-inch) Boboli pizza crust
1 (10ounces) container garlic and herb cram cheese
1 cup shredded provolone cheese
1/2 cup parmesan cheese
1. Preheat oven to 400 degree F. Chop the marinated vegetable into small pieces and place in saucepan with the marinate. Bring to a simmer over medium heat. Simmer for 3-4 minutes, until vegetable are tender. Drain thoroughly.
2. place pizza crust on a cookie sheet and spread with the cream cheese. Arrange vegetable on top and sprinkle with provolone and parmesan cheese. bake for 15-18inutes, until crust is hot and crisp and cheese is melted and begins to brown.
Make your own pizza crust
Make your own pizza crust by combining 2 cups flour, 1 cup cornmeal, 3 tablespoon oil, 1 (.75 ounce) package yeast and 11/2 cups water in a bowl. Knead thoroughly, let rise, punch down, divide in half and roll out.
prebake the crust at 400 degree F for 8-10 minutes, then cool, wrap well and freeze until ready for use.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Everything Busy Moms' Cook Book By Susan Whetzel Published by Adamsmedia. You can view its website at www.everything.com.
Boboli pizza crust are available in any deli, and you can usually find plain pizza crust there too. This easy pizza is delicious severed with deli fruit salad and cold milk.
Serves 4
Ingredients
2 cups marinated deli vegetables
1 (12-14-inch) Boboli pizza crust
1 (10ounces) container garlic and herb cram cheese
1 cup shredded provolone cheese
1/2 cup parmesan cheese
1. Preheat oven to 400 degree F. Chop the marinated vegetable into small pieces and place in saucepan with the marinate. Bring to a simmer over medium heat. Simmer for 3-4 minutes, until vegetable are tender. Drain thoroughly.
2. place pizza crust on a cookie sheet and spread with the cream cheese. Arrange vegetable on top and sprinkle with provolone and parmesan cheese. bake for 15-18inutes, until crust is hot and crisp and cheese is melted and begins to brown.
Make your own pizza crust
Make your own pizza crust by combining 2 cups flour, 1 cup cornmeal, 3 tablespoon oil, 1 (.75 ounce) package yeast and 11/2 cups water in a bowl. Knead thoroughly, let rise, punch down, divide in half and roll out.
prebake the crust at 400 degree F for 8-10 minutes, then cool, wrap well and freeze until ready for use.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Friday, 21 November 2014
Women's Health - Premenstrual syndrome(PMS): Diagnosis and Risk Factors(Revised edition with references)
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
Diagnosis
Premenstrual syndrome may be similar to other types of symptoms such as candida, diabetic reaction, allergic intolerance, thyroid function. As of today, no test can diagnose PMS, due to confusion over exact signs and symptoms, the only method is to photocopy and fill in the menstrual symptom diary(2). If there are increasing symptoms in the two weeks before menstruation then it may be premenstrual syndrome(1)(2).
Risk factors
Women in the below categories will be more likely to develop premenstrual syndrome.
1. Genetics and family history
If any one in your family have it, you may have it(4), although there is no proof about it. According to University of British Columbia, the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 43.0% and 46.8% in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, respectively found in genetic modeling(3).
2. Age
Fertile women are associated to increase risk of 86% in moderate to severe of PMS symptoms(5) compared to 95% of perimenopausal women(6).
3. Emotional and severe childhood physical abuse
Early childhood motional and severe childhood physical abuse are associated to risk of PMS in 2.6 and 2.1 time higher in comparison to those with no abuse(7).
4. Smoking
Smoking, especially in adolescence and young adulthood, may increase risk of moderate to severe PMS, according to University of Massachusetts(8).
5. Alcohol
Although alcohol drinking is not associated to risk of the syndrome, risk of premenstrual syndrome increased for early age at first use and long-term(9).
6. Early maternal age, and having more than three children
If you have children in early age or more than 3 children, your risk of premenstrual syndrome increases significantly(10).
7. Supplements intake
High intake of potassium was associated to a relative risk of 1.46 time higher compared to women in the lowest quintile. High intake of zinc supplements was marginally associated with PMS, according to University of Massachusetts(11).
8. Total fluid consumption a day
The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome increased if you consume more than 13-19 cups of fluid per day(12).
9. Caffeine
Consumption of caffeine-containing beverages, such as coffee and tea are associated to risk of premenstrual syndrome only to those drinking 7 to 10 cups per day(12).
10. Pregnancy succession
Your risk of PMS increases if you have experienced many pregnancies in quickly succession, but we can not find any study for supporting this risk factor.
11. High sugar and sweet intake
The prevalence of the premenstrual syndrome is higher in women with high intake of sugar and taste sweet(13).
12. Abnormal Hormone upheaval
If you have experienced a hormone upheaval caused by miscarriage(14), pregnancy, or pregnancy termination(15), you are at a high risk of developing PMS. Logically, it can happen, but we do not find any study to support this theory.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Premenstrual syndrome: diagnosis and intervention by Ugarriza DN1, Klingner S, O'Brien S.(PubMed)
(2) [An overview of premenstrual syndrome].[Article in French] by Zaafrane F1, Faleh R, Melki W, Sakouhi M, Gaha L.(PubMed)
(3) The heritability of premenstrual syndrome.by Zahanfar S1, Lye MS, Krishnarajah IS.(PubMed)
(4) Premenstrual syndrome in Turkish medical students and their quality of life by Goker A1, Artunc-Ulkumen B, Aktenk F, Ikiz N.(PubMed)
(5) Premenstrual syndrome symptomatology among married women of fertile age based on methods of contraception (hormonal versus non-hormonal methods of contraception) by Bakhshani NM1, Hosseinbor M, Shahraki Z, Sakhavar N(PubMed)
(6) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in perimenopausal women by Chung SH1, Kim TH1, Lee HH1, Lee A1, Jeon DS1, Park J1, Kim Y2.(PubMed)
(7) Early life emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the development of premenstrual syndrome: a longitudinal study by ertone-Johnson ER1, Whitcomb BW, Missmer SA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Rich-Edwards JW(PubMed)
(8) Cigarette smoking and the development of premenstrual syndrome by Bertone-Johnson ER1, Hankinson SE, Johnson SR, Manson JE.(PubMed)
(9) Timing of alcohol use and the incidence of premenstrual syndrome and probable premenstrual dysphoric disorder by Bertone-Johnson ER1, Hankinson SE, Johnson SR, Manson JE.(PubMed)
(10) Maternal age and number of children are risk factors for depressive disorders in non-perinatal women of reproductive age by Aras N1, Oral E, Aydin N, Gulec M.(PubMed)
(11) Intake of selected minerals and risk of premenstrual syndrome by Chocano-Bedoya PO1, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Johnson SR, Chasan-Taber L, Ronnenberg AG, Bigelow C, Bertone-Johnson ER.(PubMed)
(12) Caffeine-containing beverages, total fluid consumption, and premenstrual syndrome by Rossignol AM1, Bonnlander H.(PubMed)
(13) Prevalence and severity of the premenstrual syndrome. Effects of foods and beverages that are sweet or high in sugar content by Rossignol AM1, Bonnlander H.(PubMed)
(14) Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone and ovarian steroids in women with recurrent early miscarriage. Watson H1, Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Scanlon MJ, Barnard C, Collins WP, Bonney RC, Franks S.(PubMed)
(15) Growth hormone secretion during termination of pregnancy. Further evidence of a placental variant. Eriksson L1, Frankenne F, Edén S, Hennen G, von Schoultz B.(PubMed)
(16) Molecular basis of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone action during implantation and early development. Colicchia M1, Campagnolo L2, Baldini E3, Ulisse S3, Valensise H4, Moretti C5.(PubMed)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
Diagnosis
Premenstrual syndrome may be similar to other types of symptoms such as candida, diabetic reaction, allergic intolerance, thyroid function. As of today, no test can diagnose PMS, due to confusion over exact signs and symptoms, the only method is to photocopy and fill in the menstrual symptom diary(2). If there are increasing symptoms in the two weeks before menstruation then it may be premenstrual syndrome(1)(2).
Risk factors
Women in the below categories will be more likely to develop premenstrual syndrome.
1. Genetics and family history
If any one in your family have it, you may have it(4), although there is no proof about it. According to University of British Columbia, the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome was 43.0% and 46.8% in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, respectively found in genetic modeling(3).
2. Age
Fertile women are associated to increase risk of 86% in moderate to severe of PMS symptoms(5) compared to 95% of perimenopausal women(6).
3. Emotional and severe childhood physical abuse
Early childhood motional and severe childhood physical abuse are associated to risk of PMS in 2.6 and 2.1 time higher in comparison to those with no abuse(7).
4. Smoking
Smoking, especially in adolescence and young adulthood, may increase risk of moderate to severe PMS, according to University of Massachusetts(8).
5. Alcohol
Although alcohol drinking is not associated to risk of the syndrome, risk of premenstrual syndrome increased for early age at first use and long-term(9).
6. Early maternal age, and having more than three children
If you have children in early age or more than 3 children, your risk of premenstrual syndrome increases significantly(10).
7. Supplements intake
High intake of potassium was associated to a relative risk of 1.46 time higher compared to women in the lowest quintile. High intake of zinc supplements was marginally associated with PMS, according to University of Massachusetts(11).
8. Total fluid consumption a day
The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome increased if you consume more than 13-19 cups of fluid per day(12).
9. Caffeine
Consumption of caffeine-containing beverages, such as coffee and tea are associated to risk of premenstrual syndrome only to those drinking 7 to 10 cups per day(12).
10. Pregnancy succession
Your risk of PMS increases if you have experienced many pregnancies in quickly succession, but we can not find any study for supporting this risk factor.
11. High sugar and sweet intake
The prevalence of the premenstrual syndrome is higher in women with high intake of sugar and taste sweet(13).
12. Abnormal Hormone upheaval
If you have experienced a hormone upheaval caused by miscarriage(14), pregnancy, or pregnancy termination(15), you are at a high risk of developing PMS. Logically, it can happen, but we do not find any study to support this theory.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Premenstrual syndrome: diagnosis and intervention by Ugarriza DN1, Klingner S, O'Brien S.(PubMed)
(2) [An overview of premenstrual syndrome].[Article in French] by Zaafrane F1, Faleh R, Melki W, Sakouhi M, Gaha L.(PubMed)
(3) The heritability of premenstrual syndrome.by Zahanfar S1, Lye MS, Krishnarajah IS.(PubMed)
(4) Premenstrual syndrome in Turkish medical students and their quality of life by Goker A1, Artunc-Ulkumen B, Aktenk F, Ikiz N.(PubMed)
(5) Premenstrual syndrome symptomatology among married women of fertile age based on methods of contraception (hormonal versus non-hormonal methods of contraception) by Bakhshani NM1, Hosseinbor M, Shahraki Z, Sakhavar N(PubMed)
(6) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in perimenopausal women by Chung SH1, Kim TH1, Lee HH1, Lee A1, Jeon DS1, Park J1, Kim Y2.(PubMed)
(7) Early life emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and the development of premenstrual syndrome: a longitudinal study by ertone-Johnson ER1, Whitcomb BW, Missmer SA, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Rich-Edwards JW(PubMed)
(8) Cigarette smoking and the development of premenstrual syndrome by Bertone-Johnson ER1, Hankinson SE, Johnson SR, Manson JE.(PubMed)
(9) Timing of alcohol use and the incidence of premenstrual syndrome and probable premenstrual dysphoric disorder by Bertone-Johnson ER1, Hankinson SE, Johnson SR, Manson JE.(PubMed)
(10) Maternal age and number of children are risk factors for depressive disorders in non-perinatal women of reproductive age by Aras N1, Oral E, Aydin N, Gulec M.(PubMed)
(11) Intake of selected minerals and risk of premenstrual syndrome by Chocano-Bedoya PO1, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, Johnson SR, Chasan-Taber L, Ronnenberg AG, Bigelow C, Bertone-Johnson ER.(PubMed)
(12) Caffeine-containing beverages, total fluid consumption, and premenstrual syndrome by Rossignol AM1, Bonnlander H.(PubMed)
(13) Prevalence and severity of the premenstrual syndrome. Effects of foods and beverages that are sweet or high in sugar content by Rossignol AM1, Bonnlander H.(PubMed)
(14) Hypersecretion of luteinizing hormone and ovarian steroids in women with recurrent early miscarriage. Watson H1, Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Scanlon MJ, Barnard C, Collins WP, Bonney RC, Franks S.(PubMed)
(15) Growth hormone secretion during termination of pregnancy. Further evidence of a placental variant. Eriksson L1, Frankenne F, Edén S, Hennen G, von Schoultz B.(PubMed)
(16) Molecular basis of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone action during implantation and early development. Colicchia M1, Campagnolo L2, Baldini E3, Ulisse S3, Valensise H4, Moretti C5.(PubMed)
#Healthy #recipe for Busy #Mom: Turkey #Pizza
Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Everything Busy Moms' Cook Book By Susan Whetzel Published by Adamsmedia. You can view its website at www.everything.com.
Pizza is fun to make at home. use your family's favorite foods and favors to create your own specially. This one is a variation of the classic ham and pineapple pizza.
Serves 4
Ingredients
1 (12-14 inch) Bololi pizza crust
1 cup pizza sauce
4 pieces of turkey cutlets
1(8 ounces) can pineapple tidbits, drained
1/1/2 cups shredded Swiss cheese
1. preheat oven to 400 degree F. Pace pizza crust on a large cookie sheet and spread with pizza sauce. Cut turkey cutlets into thin strip and arrange on pizza sauce. along with well drained pineapple tidbits. Sprinkle with cheese.
2. Bake pizza for 15-20 minutes, or until pizza is hot and cheese is melted and beginning to brown. let stand for 5 minutes and then serve.
Pizza crust: There are a lots of place to buy pizza crust. the deli department at your local grocery store has Boboli pizza crust, focaccia, thin prebaked pizza crust, and refrigerated pizza dough. You can even buy pizza dough from your local pizza parlor; roll it out, bake for a few minutes at 400 degree F and then freeze for later use.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Everything Busy Moms' Cook Book By Susan Whetzel Published by Adamsmedia. You can view its website at www.everything.com.
Pizza is fun to make at home. use your family's favorite foods and favors to create your own specially. This one is a variation of the classic ham and pineapple pizza.
Serves 4
Ingredients
1 (12-14 inch) Bololi pizza crust
1 cup pizza sauce
4 pieces of turkey cutlets
1(8 ounces) can pineapple tidbits, drained
1/1/2 cups shredded Swiss cheese
1. preheat oven to 400 degree F. Pace pizza crust on a large cookie sheet and spread with pizza sauce. Cut turkey cutlets into thin strip and arrange on pizza sauce. along with well drained pineapple tidbits. Sprinkle with cheese.
2. Bake pizza for 15-20 minutes, or until pizza is hot and cheese is melted and beginning to brown. let stand for 5 minutes and then serve.
Pizza crust: There are a lots of place to buy pizza crust. the deli department at your local grocery store has Boboli pizza crust, focaccia, thin prebaked pizza crust, and refrigerated pizza dough. You can even buy pizza dough from your local pizza parlor; roll it out, bake for a few minutes at 400 degree F and then freeze for later use.
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If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
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Thursday, 20 November 2014
Women's Health - Premenstrual syndrome(PMS): The Types(Revised edition with references)
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
Types of premenstrual syndrome
1. Anxiety
Anxiety is a common symptoms for women with PMS, caused by hormone imbalance between estrogen and progesterone(1). Most women with PMS is found to very high levels of estrogen and low levels of progesterone(4) before menstruation. Withdrawal from chronic exposure to the female sex steroid progesterone (P) may also contribute to the occurrence of PMS anxiety(2).
2. Craving
Some women with PMS may experience the symptom of food craving, caused by abnormal liver function in carbohydrate synthesis due to dietary habits(6) and abnormal levels of serotonin(10) cause of food intake, leading to carbohydrate craving(8). Other theory suggest when a woman under stress before period, she may grasp for everything which makes her feel more comfortable(7).
3. Hyperhydration(11)
Breast tenderness and water retention(12) are always a problem for some women with PMS. Breast tenderness is caused by over production of prolactin of abnormal function of pituitary gland(13). Water retention is either caused by over production of prolactin induced of renal sodium and potassium excretion(16) or abnormal function of lymphatic function(14)(15).
4. Depression
Researchers found that women with symptom of depression always have unbalance levels of estrogen(3) and progesterone as resulting of liver abnormal function of fat and protein metabolism(5). This unbalance induced nervous tension resulting in increasing nervous disorder including depression(3).
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will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
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References
(1) Estrogen and/or progesterone administered systemically or to the amygdala can have anxiety-, fear-, and pain-reducing effects in ovariectomized rats by Frye CA1, Walf AA.(PubMed)
(2) Progesterone withdrawal decreases latency to and increases duration of electrified prod burial: a possible rat model of PMS anxiety by Gallo MA1, Smith SS.(PubMed)
(3) A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior by Walf AA1, Frye CA.(PubMed)
(4) Progesterone facilitates exploration, affective and social behaviors among wildtype, but not 5α-reductase Type 1 mutant, mice by Koonce CJ1, Frye CA.(PubMed)
(5) Dynamic changes in serum estradiol and progesterone levels in patients of premenstrual syndrome with adverse flow of liver-qi by Qiao M1, Zhang H, Yu Y, Ci Y, Xu X, Ye Q, Chen Y.(PubMed)
(6) Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls by Derman O1, Kanbur NO, Tokur TE, Kutluk T.(PubMed)
(7) Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression by Wurtman RJ1, Wurtman JJ.(PubMed)
(8) Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood by Wurtman JJ.(PubMed)
(9) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome by Marjoribanks J1, Brown J, O'Brien PM, Wyatt K.(PubMed)
(10) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in perimenopausal women by Chung SH1, Kim TH1, Lee HH1, Lee A1, Jeon DS1, Park J1, Kim Y2.(PubMed)
(11) Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus by Loch EG1, Selle H, Boblitz N.(PubMed)
(12) Effect of an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone on body composition of young women affected by premenstrual syndrome with symptoms of water retention.by Fruzzetti F1, Lazzarini V, Ricci C, Quirici B, Gambacciani M, Paoletti AM, Genazzani AR.(PubMed)
(13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland(wikipedia)
(14) [Regulation of the interstitial fluid volume]. [Article in Japanese] by Kawahara K1, Yasuoka Y, Kawada H.(PubMed)
(15) Impairment of lymphatic function in women with gynoid adiposity and swelling syndrome by L'Hermitte F1, Behar A, Pariès J, Cohen-Boulakia F, Attali JR, Valensi P.(PubMed)
(16) Indirect evidence to suggest that prolactin induces salt retention in cirrhosis by Soupart A1, Buisson L, Prospert F, Decaux G.(PubMed)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
Types of premenstrual syndrome
1. Anxiety
Anxiety is a common symptoms for women with PMS, caused by hormone imbalance between estrogen and progesterone(1). Most women with PMS is found to very high levels of estrogen and low levels of progesterone(4) before menstruation. Withdrawal from chronic exposure to the female sex steroid progesterone (P) may also contribute to the occurrence of PMS anxiety(2).
2. Craving
Some women with PMS may experience the symptom of food craving, caused by abnormal liver function in carbohydrate synthesis due to dietary habits(6) and abnormal levels of serotonin(10) cause of food intake, leading to carbohydrate craving(8). Other theory suggest when a woman under stress before period, she may grasp for everything which makes her feel more comfortable(7).
3. Hyperhydration(11)
Breast tenderness and water retention(12) are always a problem for some women with PMS. Breast tenderness is caused by over production of prolactin of abnormal function of pituitary gland(13). Water retention is either caused by over production of prolactin induced of renal sodium and potassium excretion(16) or abnormal function of lymphatic function(14)(15).
4. Depression
Researchers found that women with symptom of depression always have unbalance levels of estrogen(3) and progesterone as resulting of liver abnormal function of fat and protein metabolism(5). This unbalance induced nervous tension resulting in increasing nervous disorder including depression(3).
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(1) Estrogen and/or progesterone administered systemically or to the amygdala can have anxiety-, fear-, and pain-reducing effects in ovariectomized rats by Frye CA1, Walf AA.(PubMed)
(2) Progesterone withdrawal decreases latency to and increases duration of electrified prod burial: a possible rat model of PMS anxiety by Gallo MA1, Smith SS.(PubMed)
(3) A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior by Walf AA1, Frye CA.(PubMed)
(4) Progesterone facilitates exploration, affective and social behaviors among wildtype, but not 5α-reductase Type 1 mutant, mice by Koonce CJ1, Frye CA.(PubMed)
(5) Dynamic changes in serum estradiol and progesterone levels in patients of premenstrual syndrome with adverse flow of liver-qi by Qiao M1, Zhang H, Yu Y, Ci Y, Xu X, Ye Q, Chen Y.(PubMed)
(6) Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls by Derman O1, Kanbur NO, Tokur TE, Kutluk T.(PubMed)
(7) Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression by Wurtman RJ1, Wurtman JJ.(PubMed)
(8) Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood by Wurtman JJ.(PubMed)
(9) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome by Marjoribanks J1, Brown J, O'Brien PM, Wyatt K.(PubMed)
(10) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in perimenopausal women by Chung SH1, Kim TH1, Lee HH1, Lee A1, Jeon DS1, Park J1, Kim Y2.(PubMed)
(11) Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus by Loch EG1, Selle H, Boblitz N.(PubMed)
(12) Effect of an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone on body composition of young women affected by premenstrual syndrome with symptoms of water retention.by Fruzzetti F1, Lazzarini V, Ricci C, Quirici B, Gambacciani M, Paoletti AM, Genazzani AR.(PubMed)
(13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland(wikipedia)
(14) [Regulation of the interstitial fluid volume]. [Article in Japanese] by Kawahara K1, Yasuoka Y, Kawada H.(PubMed)
(15) Impairment of lymphatic function in women with gynoid adiposity and swelling syndrome by L'Hermitte F1, Behar A, Pariès J, Cohen-Boulakia F, Attali JR, Valensi P.(PubMed)
(16) Indirect evidence to suggest that prolactin induces salt retention in cirrhosis by Soupart A1, Buisson L, Prospert F, Decaux G.(PubMed)
#Healthy #recipe for Busy #Mom: Chicken Fried Rice
Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Everything Busy Moms' Cook Book By Susan Whetzel Published by Adamsmedia. You can view its website at www.everything.com.
If you don't have left over cooked chicken and rice, you can get some cooked chicken from your local deli and purchase cooked rice from any Chinese takeout place.
Serves 4
Ingredients
2 cooked Chicken Breast
2 tablespoon olive oil
2 cups cooked Jasmin rice
1 cup frozen snap peas, thawed
and drained
1/3 cup apricot jam
2 tablespoons soy sauce
1/4 cup water
1. remove cooked meat from chicken; discard skin and bones. Cut chicken into 1-inch piece.
2. Heat olive oil in wok or heavy skillet. Add chicken and rice, stir fry for 4-5 minutes until heated, stirring gently to separate rice grains.
3. Add peas, jams, soy sauce, and water and stir-fry for 4-5 minutes longer, until peas are hot and favors are blended. Serve immediately.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Recipe contributed by Everything Busy Moms' Cook Book By Susan Whetzel Published by Adamsmedia. You can view its website at www.everything.com.
If you don't have left over cooked chicken and rice, you can get some cooked chicken from your local deli and purchase cooked rice from any Chinese takeout place.
Serves 4
Ingredients
2 cooked Chicken Breast
2 tablespoon olive oil
2 cups cooked Jasmin rice
1 cup frozen snap peas, thawed
and drained
1/3 cup apricot jam
2 tablespoons soy sauce
1/4 cup water
1. remove cooked meat from chicken; discard skin and bones. Cut chicken into 1-inch piece.
2. Heat olive oil in wok or heavy skillet. Add chicken and rice, stir fry for 4-5 minutes until heated, stirring gently to separate rice grains.
3. Add peas, jams, soy sauce, and water and stir-fry for 4-5 minutes longer, until peas are hot and favors are blended. Serve immediately.
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
Wednesday, 19 November 2014
(Preview) Most common diseases of 50 plus - Thyroid Disease - Hypothyroidism : Preventions, Managements and Treatments
By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid gland
Thyroid disease: Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is under active produced very little thyroid hormones.
A. Symptoms
Symptoms of the Hypothyroidism is depended to the severe stage of the disease, due to its progression slowly over years. Most common symptoms include
1. Weight gain and fatigue
Hyperthyroidism is associated to weight gain, especially in patients with co-existence of diabetes(1).
The comparable study of patients with thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and 138 with autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIH), also indicated a significantly higher levels of fatigue in hypothyroidism patients(1b). Statistics of study of 198 consecutive breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, 22.2% of this patient population showed a significant and progressive weight gain of 6.7 lbs, and 94% of all patients with reported fatigue caused cytotoxic agents influence hypothyroidism in breast cancer patients(1a).
2. Vitiligo and alopecia areata
Vitiligo is associated with autoimmune endocrine disorders, especially with hypothyroidism(2). Primary hypothyroidism patients is at increased risk to develop vitiligo, depigmentation of parts of the skin and hair lost from some or all areas of the body, especially in the scalp(2a)
3. Chronic constipation(3a)
Hypothyroidism may induce the pathogenesis of constipation, according to the study by the University of California at Los Angele(3).
4. Urticaria and puffiness of hands and feet, yellow ivory skin, coarse rough dry skin
Hypothyroid women showed a significantly higher frequency of urticaria and puffiness of hands and feet, yellow ivory skin, coarse rough dry skin(4).
5. Depression
Patients with hypothyroidism have a higher occurrence of depressive syndrome, caused by alterations in blood flow and glucose metabolism in the brain(5).
6. Mood and motor learning
Oral administration of usual dose l-T(4) (euthyroid arm) vs. higher dose l-T(4) (subclinical thyrotoxicosis arm) , showed to improve confusion, mood and motor learning in patients with hypothyroidism(6).
B. Risk Factors and Causes
B.1. Risk factors
1. Family history
The risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism is related to number of factors including, family history(11a). Family members of patients with autoimmune thyroid disorder(AITD) are at increased risk for AITD, but not all will develop overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, according to the study by the Academic Medical Center, Netherlands(11).
2. Smoking
Smoking is a powerful risk factor for thyroid disease, especially in populations with a high smoking frequency, according to the study by the Aarhus University Hospital(12). Smoking reduced the risk of hypothyroidism but increased the risk of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(13)(13a).
3. Age
Hypothyroidism is associated to increased age. In the old rat, the pituitary thyrotrophs increase hormonal secretion in response to decreased levels of thyroid hormones due to aging, even when the thyroid hormone levels are dramatically reduced, according to study of Dutch-Miranda and Wistar rats(14).
4. Autoimmune disorders, thyroid injury, post partum state, are common signs of patients with hypothyroidism, according to Dr. Zulewski H. at Universitätsspital Basel(15).
5. Radiation
Light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods, can cause pathological changes in the thyroid gland throuigh altering the gland structure and enhancing apoptosis(16).
6. Post pregnancy
Women with autoimmune thyroiditis are associated to increase risk of hypothyroidism at 3-6 months post-partum(17).
7. Partial thyroidectomy
Partial thyroidectomy, a removal of part of thyroid gland induces overall prevalence of 16% of hypothyroidism(18).
B.2. Causes
1. Autoimmune response
Autoimmune disease is an over reaction of immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally presented in the body. Primary overt autoimmune hypothyroidism is divided into primary idiopathic hypothyroidism with thyroid atrophy (Ord’s disease) and hypothyroidism with goitre (Hashimoto’s disease)(7).
2. Congenital Hypothyroidism(CH)
Baby with postdate delivery and macrosomia are associated to increased risk od congenital hypothyroidism(8a).The incidence of CH was greater in our population for 2007 to 2010, after an unexplained decline, according to the study by the Columbia University Medical Center(8).
3. Pituitary disorder
Pituitary disorders, is associated to reduce or increase secretion of hormones, affected growth and the functions of other glands in the body. A normal TSH does not exclude central hypothyroidism, but pituitary disease, with potential for deficiency of other anterior pituitary hormones, may contribute to correctly diagnosed hypothyroidism(9).
4. Pregnancy
Women with TSH values at or above the 97.5th percentile for gestational age with free thyroxine more than 0.680 ng/dL at the time screening and were retrospectively identified with subclinical hypothyroidism, according to University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center(10).
2. Iodine deficiency
Iodine is a key element in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, severe iodine deficiency is associated to risks of hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism due to biochemical alterations, according to Verheesen RH and Schweitzer CM(11).
C. Complications
1. Coronary heart disease and mortality
Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD mortality is higher in patients with diagnosed elevated TSH levels, particularly in those TSH concentration of 10 mIU/L or greater(19).
2. Pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality, and miscarriage
Thyroid dysfunction interferes with women reproductive physiology, reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and adversely affects pregnancy outcome. According to the study by the MGM Medical College, pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism has an increased risk of complications, especially pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality, and miscarriage(21).
3. Ovulatory dysfunction, pregnancy loss
Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with ovulatory dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcome(22).
4. Increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases
Hypothyroidism during gestation can influence the outcome of a CNS inflammatory disease, such as EAE, according to the study by the Universidad Andres Bello, Ciencias Biologicas(23).
5. Auditory function
Iodine deficiency may contribute auditory function (deaf and hard of hearing) in process information. Hearing deficit, an invisible abnormality, has major consequences for educational and social skills if not detected, according to the study by the Wageningen University, Wageningen(24).
6. Hearing loss
Hearing loss contribute a significant problem, in adult patients with severe chronic hypothyroidism(25).
D. Diseases associated to hypothyroidism
1. Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology, and several studies reported its association with thyroid autoimmune disorders, including hypothyroidism and thyroid dysfunction(26).
2. Osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia
Thyroid dysfunction is seen at least three times more often in women with RA than in women with similar demographic features with non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia(27).
3. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
8% of patients with T1DM had hypothyroidism, according to the data presented to department of Endocrinology from May 1997 to December 2011(28).
4. Adrenal insufficiency
According to study, long-term hypothyroidism is associated with adrenal insufficiency with abnormalities of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal(HPA) axis. Short-term hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is associated with increased pituitary corticotropic cells responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) produced by the hypothalamus(29).
5. Hyponatremia
Hypothyroidism is associated to 8% of patients with hyponatremia. Hyponatremia in hypothyroidism is due to a pure renal mechanism, and cannot be ascribed to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone(30) and severe primary hypothyroidism alone may not be enough to cause hyponatremia in the otherwise healthy individuals(30a).
6. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism as a result of an autoimmune disease.
7. Solitary toxic thyroid nodules
Treatment of patients with solitary toxic thyroid adenomas with 131I (mean dose, 10.3 mCi) showed a possibility in contribution to to late recurrent hyperthyroidism in patients at 4.5, 6, and 10 years after treatment(31).
8. Rhabdomyolysis
Although it is rare, rhabdomyolys, which is damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down rapidly, can be associated to hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Selcuk University(32).
9. Thyroid cancer
Thyroid hormone withdrawal may induce acute hypothyroidism in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and can impair quality of life, according to the study by the University of Athens(33).
10. Restless leg syndrome
Restless leg syndrome may be a result of moderate hypothyroidism(34).
11. Myxedema coma
Myxedema coma, a state of decompensated hypothyroidism, is the extreme process of hypothyroidism, typically seen in patients with severe biochemical hypothyroidism,, according to the study by the Prince Charles Hospital(35).
12. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome, a compression neuropathy and painful foot condition is associated to hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Atkinson Morley’s Hospital, Wimbledon(36).
13. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Treatment with radioactive iodine may induce hypothyroidism causes of developed symptoms of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome(37).
14. Fatty liver
Subclinical hypothyroidism may contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(38) as a result of impaired liver enzyme levels, according to a cross-sectional study from Korean researchers(38a).
15. Sleep apnea and sleep disorders
Central, obstructive, and mixed patterns of sleep apnea and sleep disorder are commonly observed in hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Medical College of Georgia(39).
E. Misdiagnosis
1. Normal aging process
A diagnosis of hypothyroidism in the elderly can easily be overlooked, easily misdiagnosis due to the signs and symptoms of the disease are common to other diseases typical of old age(40).
2. Reversal deterioration of renal function
Ageing with the deterioration of renal function may delay the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Military Medical Academy, Clinic of Endocrinology(41).
3. Respiratory failure
Hypothyroid may delay correct diagnosis, due to unexplained respiratory failure in effects of lower than normal thyroid hormone secretion, according to the study by the Servicio de Medicina del Hospital(42).
4. Brain stem infarct
The diagnosis of myxedema coma with longstanding low level of thyroid hormone in the blood was often missed or delayed due to various clinical findings and concomitant medical conditions and precipitating factors, especially for patients with no medical history of hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Hallym University(43).
5. Statin intolerance
Hypothyroidism may be misdiagnosed as statin intolerance, according to the study by Krieger EV, and Knopp RH(44).
6. Hypercholesterolaemia
With no measurement of the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free hypothyroidism may be misdiagnosed as hypercholesterolaemia, thyroxine(45).
F. Diagnosis
If you are experience certain symptoms of above and/or have had previous thyroid problems or goiter, your doctor may suspect that you have underactive thyroid. Blood test to measure the level of TSH and the level of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine, depending to the stage of the diseases, are necessary(46).
G. Prevention
G.1. Diet to prevent Hypothyroidism
1. Seaweed, kelp or laver, seafood and seawater fish
Adequate consumption of Seaweed, kelp or laver, seafood and seawater fish may reduce risk for the development of hypothyroidism. According to a study, population inHong Kong, a coastal city in the southern part of China showed a high incidence of transient neonatal hypothyroidism and a relatively high mean cord blood thyrotropin (TSH) concentration(47).
2. Iodized salt
Regular consumption of iodized salt may reduce risk of hypothyroidism and enhance urine iodine concentration in iodine sufficiency areas(48).
3. Seaweed
Intake of seaweed regularly is associated to reduce risk of hypothyroidism through its function in increased I/C concentrations (P < .0001) and serum TSH concentrations(49).
G.2. Antioxidants and phytochemicals to prevent Hypothyroidism
1. Iodine
Iodine, found abundantly in seaweed has been in Japanese diet for many centuries
may induce a protective effect on hypothyroidism and improve prognosis of thyroid autoimmunity (50).
2. Resveratrol
Resveratrol influences thyroid function by enhancing iodide trapping and increasing TSH secretion(51).
3. Polyphenolic flavonoids
Green tea extract at 2.5 g% and 5.0 g% doses and black tea extract only at 5.0 g% dose have the potential to alter the thyroid gland physiology and architecture, through significant decrease in serum T3 and T4, and increase serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)(52).
H. Treatments
H.1. In conventional medicine perspective
Patients with hypothyroidism are treated by thyroid hormone therapy with doses depending to the stage and types of the diseases
1, Levothyroxine
The medication is a prohormone activated by deiodination(a peroxidase enzyme involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones) in the organs to triiodothyronine(T3 thyroid hormone) for treatment of overt hypothyroidism with low FT4 and elevated TSH or TSH > 10 mU/L, and subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH between 4 and 10 mU/L and normal FT4, dependjng on the underlying disease and symptoms, according to the study by Medizinische Klinik IV der Universität München(52a).
2. Synthetic thyroxine
In patients with primary hypothyroidism, standard therapy synthetic thyroxine showed effectively in increased triiodothyronine through peripheral conversion(52b).
3. Combination levothyroxine plus liothyronine
Combination levothyroxine plus liothyronine produces same effect as of synthetic thyroxine with no beneficial changes in body weight, serum lipid levels, hypothyroid symptoms, according to University College Dublin(53)(54).
H.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Echinacea
a. Immune modulator
Ethanolic extract of fresh Echinacea purpurea exerts its immune modulator activity in regulation of cell signalling for immune responses against threads, depending to exogenous stimuli, viral infection and exposure to stress(55).
b. Anxiety
Some extracts from Echinacea preparations shoed effectively in decreased anxiety, depending to doses manner(56).
2. Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, a Indian ginseng, used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands, carbuncles, memory loss and ulcers and considered as anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging, is a nightshape plant in the genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean. Ashwagandha enhanced immune function by increasing immunoglobulin production and regulating antibody production through cell signalling, according to the studd(57).
3. Fucus vesiculosus
Fucus vesiculosus, also known as Bladderwrack, has been used extensively to treat goitre, swelling of the thyroid gland related to iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders including underactive thyroid (myxedema), over-sized thyroid gland, according to the study by Unidad de Salud Mental Hospital de Laredois, is a source of iodine, discovered in 1811(57a).
4. Kelp
Kelp, containing high amount of iodine, showed to exert its protective effect on hypothyroidism through improvement of the prognosis of thyroid autoimmunity(50), but excessive intake of iodine-rich seaweed (kelp) may induce hypothyroidism and chronic thyroiditis, according to the study of Japanese study(58).
H.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Yang tonifying herbs
Thyroidectomized rabbits treated by the Yang tonifying herbs showed to increase serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), according to the study by the Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, in a randomly study(59).
2. Baji Zibugao
Baji Zibugao (BJZBG), a medicinal plaster mainly consisting of Radix Morindae Officinalis), showed to maintain the levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) on total thyroidectomized rabbits(60).
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References
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17933284
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770939
(1a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997046
(1b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22989469
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22629523
(2a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21675503
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17219073
(3a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24693400
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21475555
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285104
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18285414
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088156
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785061
(8a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292624
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242401
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684146
(11)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695079
(11a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24910826
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838733
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808881
(13a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8957745
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15820614
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656490
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807179
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946603
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/871623
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858880
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565424
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794427
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565424
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23777566
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759468
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23780375
(25a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750835
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23780374
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8323398
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153973
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22695985
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11246114
(30a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982798
(30b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24600116
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6476634
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12803243
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218721
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3158897
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058937
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1027394/
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7310927
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940010
(38a) http://www.endocrineweb.com/professional/research-updates/thyroid-disorders/connection-between-hypothyroidism-non-alcoholic-fatt
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2764018
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640396
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500378
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15379058
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808690
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19581652
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11177166
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443971
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863020
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6437632
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Seaweed+consumption+increased+I%2FC+concentrations+(P+%3C+.0001)+and+serum+TSH+concentrations
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757962
(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946130
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20801949
(52a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801264
(52b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23900472
(55) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21726792
(56) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21031616
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21619924
(57a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127913
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8106628
(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9533431
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7744389
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Thyroid disease
Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid gland
Thyroid disease: Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is under active produced very little thyroid hormones.
A. Symptoms
Symptoms of the Hypothyroidism is depended to the severe stage of the disease, due to its progression slowly over years. Most common symptoms include
1. Weight gain and fatigue
Hyperthyroidism is associated to weight gain, especially in patients with co-existence of diabetes(1).
The comparable study of patients with thyroid carcinoma (DTC) and 138 with autoimmune hypothyroidism (AIH), also indicated a significantly higher levels of fatigue in hypothyroidism patients(1b). Statistics of study of 198 consecutive breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, 22.2% of this patient population showed a significant and progressive weight gain of 6.7 lbs, and 94% of all patients with reported fatigue caused cytotoxic agents influence hypothyroidism in breast cancer patients(1a).
2. Vitiligo and alopecia areata
Vitiligo is associated with autoimmune endocrine disorders, especially with hypothyroidism(2). Primary hypothyroidism patients is at increased risk to develop vitiligo, depigmentation of parts of the skin and hair lost from some or all areas of the body, especially in the scalp(2a)
3. Chronic constipation(3a)
Hypothyroidism may induce the pathogenesis of constipation, according to the study by the University of California at Los Angele(3).
4. Urticaria and puffiness of hands and feet, yellow ivory skin, coarse rough dry skin
Hypothyroid women showed a significantly higher frequency of urticaria and puffiness of hands and feet, yellow ivory skin, coarse rough dry skin(4).
5. Depression
Patients with hypothyroidism have a higher occurrence of depressive syndrome, caused by alterations in blood flow and glucose metabolism in the brain(5).
6. Mood and motor learning
Oral administration of usual dose l-T(4) (euthyroid arm) vs. higher dose l-T(4) (subclinical thyrotoxicosis arm) , showed to improve confusion, mood and motor learning in patients with hypothyroidism(6).
B. Risk Factors and Causes
B.1. Risk factors
1. Family history
The risk of progression to overt hypothyroidism is related to number of factors including, family history(11a). Family members of patients with autoimmune thyroid disorder(AITD) are at increased risk for AITD, but not all will develop overt hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, according to the study by the Academic Medical Center, Netherlands(11).
2. Smoking
Smoking is a powerful risk factor for thyroid disease, especially in populations with a high smoking frequency, according to the study by the Aarhus University Hospital(12). Smoking reduced the risk of hypothyroidism but increased the risk of hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(13)(13a).
3. Age
Hypothyroidism is associated to increased age. In the old rat, the pituitary thyrotrophs increase hormonal secretion in response to decreased levels of thyroid hormones due to aging, even when the thyroid hormone levels are dramatically reduced, according to study of Dutch-Miranda and Wistar rats(14).
4. Autoimmune disorders, thyroid injury, post partum state, are common signs of patients with hypothyroidism, according to Dr. Zulewski H. at Universitätsspital Basel(15).
5. Radiation
Light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods, can cause pathological changes in the thyroid gland throuigh altering the gland structure and enhancing apoptosis(16).
6. Post pregnancy
Women with autoimmune thyroiditis are associated to increase risk of hypothyroidism at 3-6 months post-partum(17).
7. Partial thyroidectomy
Partial thyroidectomy, a removal of part of thyroid gland induces overall prevalence of 16% of hypothyroidism(18).
B.2. Causes
1. Autoimmune response
Autoimmune disease is an over reaction of immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally presented in the body. Primary overt autoimmune hypothyroidism is divided into primary idiopathic hypothyroidism with thyroid atrophy (Ord’s disease) and hypothyroidism with goitre (Hashimoto’s disease)(7).
2. Congenital Hypothyroidism(CH)
Baby with postdate delivery and macrosomia are associated to increased risk od congenital hypothyroidism(8a).The incidence of CH was greater in our population for 2007 to 2010, after an unexplained decline, according to the study by the Columbia University Medical Center(8).
3. Pituitary disorder
Pituitary disorders, is associated to reduce or increase secretion of hormones, affected growth and the functions of other glands in the body. A normal TSH does not exclude central hypothyroidism, but pituitary disease, with potential for deficiency of other anterior pituitary hormones, may contribute to correctly diagnosed hypothyroidism(9).
4. Pregnancy
Women with TSH values at or above the 97.5th percentile for gestational age with free thyroxine more than 0.680 ng/dL at the time screening and were retrospectively identified with subclinical hypothyroidism, according to University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center(10).
2. Iodine deficiency
Iodine is a key element in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, severe iodine deficiency is associated to risks of hypothyroidism, goiter, and cretinism due to biochemical alterations, according to Verheesen RH and Schweitzer CM(11).
C. Complications
1. Coronary heart disease and mortality
Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with an increased risk of the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD mortality is higher in patients with diagnosed elevated TSH levels, particularly in those TSH concentration of 10 mIU/L or greater(19).
2. Pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality, and miscarriage
Thyroid dysfunction interferes with women reproductive physiology, reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and adversely affects pregnancy outcome. According to the study by the MGM Medical College, pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism has an increased risk of complications, especially pre-eclampsia, perinatal mortality, and miscarriage(21).
3. Ovulatory dysfunction, pregnancy loss
Subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with ovulatory dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcome(22).
4. Increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases
Hypothyroidism during gestation can influence the outcome of a CNS inflammatory disease, such as EAE, according to the study by the Universidad Andres Bello, Ciencias Biologicas(23).
5. Auditory function
Iodine deficiency may contribute auditory function (deaf and hard of hearing) in process information. Hearing deficit, an invisible abnormality, has major consequences for educational and social skills if not detected, according to the study by the Wageningen University, Wageningen(24).
6. Hearing loss
Hearing loss contribute a significant problem, in adult patients with severe chronic hypothyroidism(25).
D. Diseases associated to hypothyroidism
1. Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology, and several studies reported its association with thyroid autoimmune disorders, including hypothyroidism and thyroid dysfunction(26).
2. Osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia
Thyroid dysfunction is seen at least three times more often in women with RA than in women with similar demographic features with non-inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia(27).
3. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
8% of patients with T1DM had hypothyroidism, according to the data presented to department of Endocrinology from May 1997 to December 2011(28).
4. Adrenal insufficiency
According to study, long-term hypothyroidism is associated with adrenal insufficiency with abnormalities of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal(HPA) axis. Short-term hypothyroidism, on the other hand, is associated with increased pituitary corticotropic cells responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) produced by the hypothalamus(29).
5. Hyponatremia
Hypothyroidism is associated to 8% of patients with hyponatremia. Hyponatremia in hypothyroidism is due to a pure renal mechanism, and cannot be ascribed to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone(30) and severe primary hypothyroidism alone may not be enough to cause hyponatremia in the otherwise healthy individuals(30a).
6. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism as a result of an autoimmune disease.
7. Solitary toxic thyroid nodules
Treatment of patients with solitary toxic thyroid adenomas with 131I (mean dose, 10.3 mCi) showed a possibility in contribution to to late recurrent hyperthyroidism in patients at 4.5, 6, and 10 years after treatment(31).
8. Rhabdomyolysis
Although it is rare, rhabdomyolys, which is damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down rapidly, can be associated to hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Selcuk University(32).
9. Thyroid cancer
Thyroid hormone withdrawal may induce acute hypothyroidism in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer and can impair quality of life, according to the study by the University of Athens(33).
10. Restless leg syndrome
Restless leg syndrome may be a result of moderate hypothyroidism(34).
11. Myxedema coma
Myxedema coma, a state of decompensated hypothyroidism, is the extreme process of hypothyroidism, typically seen in patients with severe biochemical hypothyroidism,, according to the study by the Prince Charles Hospital(35).
12. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Tarsal tunnel syndrome, a compression neuropathy and painful foot condition is associated to hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Atkinson Morley’s Hospital, Wimbledon(36).
13. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Treatment with radioactive iodine may induce hypothyroidism causes of developed symptoms of bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome(37).
14. Fatty liver
Subclinical hypothyroidism may contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(38) as a result of impaired liver enzyme levels, according to a cross-sectional study from Korean researchers(38a).
15. Sleep apnea and sleep disorders
Central, obstructive, and mixed patterns of sleep apnea and sleep disorder are commonly observed in hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Medical College of Georgia(39).
E. Misdiagnosis
1. Normal aging process
A diagnosis of hypothyroidism in the elderly can easily be overlooked, easily misdiagnosis due to the signs and symptoms of the disease are common to other diseases typical of old age(40).
2. Reversal deterioration of renal function
Ageing with the deterioration of renal function may delay the diagnosis of hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Military Medical Academy, Clinic of Endocrinology(41).
3. Respiratory failure
Hypothyroid may delay correct diagnosis, due to unexplained respiratory failure in effects of lower than normal thyroid hormone secretion, according to the study by the Servicio de Medicina del Hospital(42).
4. Brain stem infarct
The diagnosis of myxedema coma with longstanding low level of thyroid hormone in the blood was often missed or delayed due to various clinical findings and concomitant medical conditions and precipitating factors, especially for patients with no medical history of hypothyroidism, according to the study by the Hallym University(43).
5. Statin intolerance
Hypothyroidism may be misdiagnosed as statin intolerance, according to the study by Krieger EV, and Knopp RH(44).
6. Hypercholesterolaemia
With no measurement of the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free hypothyroidism may be misdiagnosed as hypercholesterolaemia, thyroxine(45).
F. Diagnosis
If you are experience certain symptoms of above and/or have had previous thyroid problems or goiter, your doctor may suspect that you have underactive thyroid. Blood test to measure the level of TSH and the level of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and triiodothyronine, depending to the stage of the diseases, are necessary(46).
G. Prevention
G.1. Diet to prevent Hypothyroidism
1. Seaweed, kelp or laver, seafood and seawater fish
Adequate consumption of Seaweed, kelp or laver, seafood and seawater fish may reduce risk for the development of hypothyroidism. According to a study, population inHong Kong, a coastal city in the southern part of China showed a high incidence of transient neonatal hypothyroidism and a relatively high mean cord blood thyrotropin (TSH) concentration(47).
2. Iodized salt
Regular consumption of iodized salt may reduce risk of hypothyroidism and enhance urine iodine concentration in iodine sufficiency areas(48).
3. Seaweed
Intake of seaweed regularly is associated to reduce risk of hypothyroidism through its function in increased I/C concentrations (P < .0001) and serum TSH concentrations(49).
G.2. Antioxidants and phytochemicals to prevent Hypothyroidism
1. Iodine
Iodine, found abundantly in seaweed has been in Japanese diet for many centuries
may induce a protective effect on hypothyroidism and improve prognosis of thyroid autoimmunity (50).
2. Resveratrol
Resveratrol influences thyroid function by enhancing iodide trapping and increasing TSH secretion(51).
3. Polyphenolic flavonoids
Green tea extract at 2.5 g% and 5.0 g% doses and black tea extract only at 5.0 g% dose have the potential to alter the thyroid gland physiology and architecture, through significant decrease in serum T3 and T4, and increase serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)(52).
H. Treatments
H.1. In conventional medicine perspective
Patients with hypothyroidism are treated by thyroid hormone therapy with doses depending to the stage and types of the diseases
1, Levothyroxine
The medication is a prohormone activated by deiodination(a peroxidase enzyme involved in the activation or deactivation of thyroid hormones) in the organs to triiodothyronine(T3 thyroid hormone) for treatment of overt hypothyroidism with low FT4 and elevated TSH or TSH > 10 mU/L, and subclinical hypothyroidism with a TSH between 4 and 10 mU/L and normal FT4, dependjng on the underlying disease and symptoms, according to the study by Medizinische Klinik IV der Universität München(52a).
2. Synthetic thyroxine
In patients with primary hypothyroidism, standard therapy synthetic thyroxine showed effectively in increased triiodothyronine through peripheral conversion(52b).
3. Combination levothyroxine plus liothyronine
Combination levothyroxine plus liothyronine produces same effect as of synthetic thyroxine with no beneficial changes in body weight, serum lipid levels, hypothyroid symptoms, according to University College Dublin(53)(54).
H.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Echinacea
a. Immune modulator
Ethanolic extract of fresh Echinacea purpurea exerts its immune modulator activity in regulation of cell signalling for immune responses against threads, depending to exogenous stimuli, viral infection and exposure to stress(55).
b. Anxiety
Some extracts from Echinacea preparations shoed effectively in decreased anxiety, depending to doses manner(56).
2. Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha, also known as Withania somnifera, a Indian ginseng, used in Ayurvedic medicine over 3000 years to treat tumors and tubercular glands, carbuncles, memory loss and ulcers and considered as anti-stress, cognition-facilitating, anti-inflammatory and anti-aging, is a nightshape plant in the genus of Withania, belonging to the family Solanaceae, native to the dry parts of India, North Africa, Middle East, and the Mediterranean. Ashwagandha enhanced immune function by increasing immunoglobulin production and regulating antibody production through cell signalling, according to the studd(57).
3. Fucus vesiculosus
Fucus vesiculosus, also known as Bladderwrack, has been used extensively to treat goitre, swelling of the thyroid gland related to iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders including underactive thyroid (myxedema), over-sized thyroid gland, according to the study by Unidad de Salud Mental Hospital de Laredois, is a source of iodine, discovered in 1811(57a).
4. Kelp
Kelp, containing high amount of iodine, showed to exert its protective effect on hypothyroidism through improvement of the prognosis of thyroid autoimmunity(50), but excessive intake of iodine-rich seaweed (kelp) may induce hypothyroidism and chronic thyroiditis, according to the study of Japanese study(58).
H.3. In traditional Chinese medicine perspective
1. Yang tonifying herbs
Thyroidectomized rabbits treated by the Yang tonifying herbs showed to increase serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), according to the study by the Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, in a randomly study(59).
2. Baji Zibugao
Baji Zibugao (BJZBG), a medicinal plaster mainly consisting of Radix Morindae Officinalis), showed to maintain the levels of thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) on total thyroidectomized rabbits(60).
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer
Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html
Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca
References
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17933284
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22770939
(1a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14997046
(1b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22989469
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22629523
(2a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21675503
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17219073
(3a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24693400
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21475555
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24285104
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18285414
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19088156
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23785061
(8a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23292624
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23242401
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684146
(11)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695079
(11a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24910826
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11838733
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23808881
(13a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8957745
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15820614
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656490
(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20807179
(17) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/946603
(18) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/871623
(19) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20858880
(20) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565424
(21) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794427
(22) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565424
(23) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23777566
(24) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759468
(25) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23780375
(25a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23750835
(26) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23780374
(27) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8323398
(28) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153973
(29) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22695985
(30) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11246114
(30a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982798
(30b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24600116
(31) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6476634
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12803243
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17218721
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3158897
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058937
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1027394/
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7310927
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22940010
(38a) http://www.endocrineweb.com/professional/research-updates/thyroid-disorders/connection-between-hypothyroidism-non-alcoholic-fatt
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2764018
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21640396
(41) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500378
(42) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15379058
(43) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20808690
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19581652
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11177166
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443971
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863020
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6437632
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Seaweed+consumption+increased+I%2FC+concentrations+(P+%3C+.0001)+and+serum+TSH+concentrations
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14757962
(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21946130
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20801949
(52a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23801264
(52b) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23900472
(55) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21726792
(56) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21031616
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21619924
(57a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22127913
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8106628
(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9533431
(60) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7744389
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