Endometriosis: The effects of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Vitamins(Revised Edition with References)

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

During the last stage of the menstrual cycle, normally a layer of endometriosis lining on the inside of the uterus is expelled, known as menstruation blood, instead some of the endometriosis tissues grow somewhere in the body to cause endometriosis. Endometriosis also react to hormone signals of the monthly menstrual cycle, by building and breaking up tissues and eliminating them through menstrual period.

The oral contraceptive pill is defined as one type of birth control pill containing both estrogen and progesterone that helps to control unwanted pregnancy and reducing symptoms of abdominal pain before, during or after menstrual cycle such as endometriosis, premenstrual symptoms etc.
Since women taking the pills have the pregnancy-like state, it influences a number of nutrients
1. Vitamin B2(3)
Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is an essential nutrient and plays a key role in energy production. It is is easily destroyed by light and heat. The good source of vitamin B2 is dark green leafy vegetables and lean meat. Vitamin B2 is necessary because it increases the digestive absorption of other vitamins and minerals. Intake of Oral Contraceptive Pills may cause vitamin B2 deficiency(1)
2. Vitamin B3(3)
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is one of water-soluble B vitamins. It helps to release energy and increase the function of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins as well as strengthening the nervous system. Vitamin B3 deficiency may cause depression, dizziness, fatigue, insomnia, loss of appetite, low blood sugar, muscular weakness. Intake of oral contraceptive pills have been shown to decrease the levels of vitamin B3 in the body(2).

3. Vitamin B6(3)
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It helps to increase the amount of oxygen level in the blood that is vital for women taking the pill ( Low level of oxygen causes the heart to work harder). Vitamin B6 deficiency causes depression, confusion, skin inflammation weaken immune system. Major sources of vitamin B6 include cereal grains, legumes and vegetables,etc. Woman who is on oral contraceptive pill may decease the ability of her body's absorption of vitamin B6(1) that is essential to manufacture its own vitamin B3.

4. Folic acid(3)
Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin and also known vitamin M or B9. It is essential for women taking the oral contraceptive pill, because Increase serum of blood folic acid may interfere with vitamin B synthesis and utilization of the body(1)(2).

5. Vitamin A(2)(3)(4)
Vitamin A is a general term of Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, gamma-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin best known for its functions for vision health and antioxidant scavenger and essential for growth and differentiation of a number of cells and tissues.Intake of non deficiency women may increase risk of abnormal menstrual cycle(5).

6. Vitamin C(2)(3)
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Since our body can not make vitamin C itself, we must obtain vitamin C through our diet. Study shows that taking vitamin C with oral contraceptive pill will increase estrogen absorption and stop spotting. You should stop taking the high dose of Vitamin C when the spotting stops.

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References
(1) Impact of hormonal contraceptives vis-à-vis non-hormonal factors on the vitamin status of malnourished women in India and Thailand. World Health Organization: Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Task Force on Oral Contraceptives by Joshi UM, Virkar KD, Amatayakul K, Singkamani R, Bamji MS, Prema K, Whitehead TP, Belsey MA, Hall P, Parker RA, et al.(PubMed)
(2) Nutrition and the pill by Tyrer LB.(PubMed)
(3) Effect of oral contraceptive agents on vitamin and mineral requirements by Thorp VJ.(PubMed)
(4) Nutritional effects of oral contraceptive use: a review by Webb JL.(PubMed)
(5) Serum vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in malnourished women treated with oral contraceptives: effects of estrogen dose and duration of treatment by Mohan Ram M, Bamji MS.(PubMed)

The Best of Weight Loss recipe: Berry lemon Creme

Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Recipe contributed by eat well and lose weight by better Holmesd and Gardens (more than 500 delicious satisfying recipes), published by Houghton Miffin Harcourt. You can view its website at www.hmhbooks.com.

Let 1/2 cup frozen berries thaw slightly; coarsely mash berries. Fold berries into one 6 ounces carton lemon low fat yogart. Spoon into a small freezer safe dish. Cover and freeze 4-24 hours. Remove from freezer 20 minutes before serving.
Per serving; 148 cal., 2g fat(2g sat. fat), 15 mg chol., 128 mg sodium, 21 carb., 12g sugar, 3g fiber, 9g pro.
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Endometriosis: The Effects, Side effects and Risk factors of Prostaglandins Inhibitors(Revised edition with references)

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

During the last stage of the menstrual cycle, normally a layer of endometriosis lining on the inside of the uterus is expelled, known as menstruation blood. Instead, some of the endometriosis tissues grow somewhere in the body to cause endometriosis. Endometriosis also react to hormone signals of the monthly menstrual cycle, by building and breaking up tissues and eliminating them through menstrual period.

Prostaglandins inhibitors are men made prostaglandins hormones helped  to block the production of prostaglandins(6) from our body during menstrual cycle. Over production of certain types of prostaglandins hormones cause of over contraction of uterine muscles may result in menstrual cramps. Blocking them are benefits for women with severe period pain.
I. The effectiveness
a) Inhibiting the natural prostaglandins in the women menstrual cycle will reduce the over active uterine and ovarian muscles that cause the abdominal pain(1)(2), if endometrial implants and adhesion in the wall of the ovary.
b) The medication can be brought without prescription, such as flufenamic acid, ibuprofen and naproxen(2)(3), etc.
c) They also help to reduce the heavy period(2)(3) as uterine muscles now are being controlled by the effects of the medication.
d) They are more effective in treating symptoms of menstrual cycle(4)(5) if taking together with other oral contraceptive pills.
e) They sometime may also correct the prostaglandins imbalance(6) for some women.
f) Reduced menstrual fluids(2)(3).

2. Risks
a) Most prostaglandins inhibitors only correct the symptoms while they are around. Symptoms of menstrual cycle will re appear when the medication is wire off.
b) Over taking porstaglandins inhibitor will severely damage the liver(8), causing variety of diseases(7).
c) The medication may cause gastro-intestine system problem(9), such as stomach pain, vomiting, nausea, constipation. Taking them with foods can reduce the above side effects.
d) Increase the risk of asthma(10), lupus(11) and clotting disorders(12).
e) They may cause intrauterine infection(13).

3. Side effects(9)(14)
It is advised that prostaglandins inhibitors drugs should be taken with food to prevent any problem with the gastro-intestine system. Since prostaglandins inhibitors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, they have below side effects if overdose.
1) Nausea
2) Vomiting
3) Stomach pain
4) Micro-bleeding and ulcers
5) Abdominal cramps.

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References
(1) Prostaglandin inhibitors: rational therapy for dysmenorrhea by Sorbie J.(PubMed)
(2) Dysmenorrhoea and prostaglandins: pharmacological and therapeutic considerations by Dawood MY.(PubMed)
(3) Relief of dysmenorrhea with the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor ibuprofen: effect on prostaglandin levels in menstrual fluid by Chan WY, Dawood MY, Fuchs F.(PubMed)

(4) Regulation of the 24h body temperature rhythm of women in luteal phase: role of gonadal steroids and prostaglandins by Cagnacci A¹, Arangino S, Tuveri F, Paoletti AM, Volpe A.(PubMed)
(5) Pharmacologic strategies for managing premenstrual syndrome by Moline ML.(PubMed)
(6) Role of indomethacin in acute pain and inflammation management: a review of the literature by Nalamachu S¹, Wortmann R.(PubMed)
(7) COX-2 signaling and cancer: new players in old arena by Misra S, Sharma K¹.(PubMed)
(8) Preventive efficacy and safety of rebamipide in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced mucosal toxicity by Kim JH¹, Park SH¹, Cho CS², Lee ST³, Yoo WH⁴, Kim SK⁵, Kang YM⁶, Rew JS⁷, Park YW⁸, Lee SK⁹, Lee YC¹⁰, Park W¹¹, Lee DH¹².(PubMed)

(9) [Mucosa protective therapy with long-term nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs].[Article in German]

by Cozzarini W¹, Rath J, Bauer A, Györög I, Györög M, Prenner M, Trianto T, Maderbacher H, Höller E, Grusch B, Sebesta C.(PubMed)

(10) Effects of selective COX-2 inhibition on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation in asthma by Daham K¹, James A², Balgoma D², Kupczyk M², Billing B³, Lindeberg A³, Henriksson E³, FitzGerald GA⁴, Wheelock CE⁵, Dahlén SE², Dahlén B³.(PubMed) 

(11) Prostaglandin E2-mediated dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production in pristane-induced lupus mice by Chae BS¹, Shin TY, Kim DK, Eun JS, Leem JY, Yang JH.(PubMed) 

(12) Endothelial prostaglandin and nitric oxide synthesis in atherogenesis and thrombosis by Wu KK.(PubMed) 

(13) Expression of selected genes in preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes by Kuć P¹, Laudański P, Kowalczuk O, Chyczewski L, Laudański T.(PubMed) 

(14) Mitigating GI risks associated with the use of NSAIDs by Momeni M¹, Katz JD.(PubMed)

Weight Loss recipe: Moroccan Couscous salad

Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Recipe contributed by eat well and lose weight by better Holmesd and Gardens (more than 500 delicious satisfying recipes), published by Houghton Miffin Harcourt. You can view its website at www.hmhbooks.com.

Toss together 3/4 cup cooked Israeli (large pearl) couscous; 4 steamed asparagus spears, cut into 1 inch piece; 2 tablespoon vinaigrette salad dressing; 1 tablespoon chopped Kalamata olives and  if desire, 1/2 teaspoon snipped fresh thyme. Top with 2 ounces roasted salmon. Serve with a medium apple.
Per serving; 493 cal., 13g fat (2 g sat. fat), 31mg chol., 605md sodium, 75g carb., 24g sugar, 9g fiber, 20g pro.
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Anti Skin Aging in Dehydroascorbic Acid* (DHA) and Vitamin C Points of View

By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Skin aging is one of the most visible aging processes that occur constantly in our skin. According to the Clinical Centre of Nis, certain plant extracts may have the ability to scavenge free radicals to protect the skin matrix through the inhibition of enzymatic degradation, or to promote collagen synthesis in the skin, and affect skin elasticity and tightness (a). Another study suggested that free radicals induced domino effects in production of reactive oxygen species and can react with DNA, proteins, and fatty acids causing oxidative damage and impairment of the antioxidant system, leading to injuries, damage of the regulation pathways of skin causing wrinkles, roughness, appearance of fine lines, lack of elasticity, and de-pigmentation or hyperpigmentation marks (b). Walking through the drug and commercial cosmetic stores, one can see hundreds of anti-aging creams and products displayed. Many of them have also gone through certain studies for its efficacy with advertisement through media and celebrities. In fact, according to statistics, Global Anti-Aging Products Market will be worth $291.9 Billion by 2015. Searching through the key word of Dehydroascorbic Acid (Oxidized Vitamin C, DHAA) and skin has yielded no related studies or clinical trials. It may be the result of the solution having no commercial value as it can be made by any cosmetic purchaser, or the studies indicate that L-ascorbic acid must be formulated at pH levels less than 3.5 to enter the skin with maximal concentration of 20% for optimal percutaneous absorption. But according to Dr. Douglas Q. Kitt, Dehydroascorbic Acid (DHAA) permeates stratum corneum at a rate up to 12 times faster than AA. This supports the concept that lower concentrations of DHAA in topical preparations can enhance skin vitamin C levels with less potential side effects (c).

A. Dehydroascorbic Acid (DHA) (vitamin C supplement oxidized form)  
The Chemical Reaction and Structure 



Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavenging activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune system support. In skin aging, the vitamin may improve solar radiation protection and epidermal aging (1) through production of collagen due to its antioxidant activity (2)(3). Epidemiological studies linking vitamin C in prevention of skin damage and aging have produced some certain results (3a)(3b)(3c), but the large sample size and multi-centred studies are necessary to validate its effectiveness. Vitamin C oxidized form or dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) processed antiviral and virucidal effects (23) showed to prevent H2O2-induced cell death by increasing the GSH levels mediated by the GPx and GR activities and PPP (17), and regulated neuronal energy metabolism, through facilitating the utilization of glucose via the PPP for antioxidant purposes (18) by increasing antioxidant potential in the central nervous system (19). Dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) may be a potential anti-cancer agent to treat aggressive cancers (20)(21). Dr. Toohey at the Cytoregulation Research said "rapidly-dividing tumour cells make unusually large amounts of homocysteine thiolactone and that administered dehydroascorbic acid enters the cells and converts the thiolactone to mercaptopropionaldehyde which kills the cancer cells" (22).

B. Vitamin C
  1. Plasma levels of vitamin C 
 L-ascorbic acid is known for its effects on skin-whitening and against the anti-oxidation causes of skin aging. During the aging process, levels of vitamin C was found to slowly deplete according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology in the measurement of plasma and urine of C57BL/6 male mice during 3 to 30 months of aging(4). Therefore, restoration of physiological levels of vitamin C inside the cells might improve the lysosomal degradation (protection of cell from the degradative enzymes through protection of the cytosol) in the outflow pathway cells and prevent the pathogenesis of glaucomadegrade proteins(5). Unfortunately, some researchers suggested that higher levels of circulating vitamin C may not provide protection against incident radiographic knee OA, and be associated with an increased risk of knee OA(6) and the ¹Panorama Research Institute and Regenerative Sciences Institute, insisted "careful attention to individual and family medical history and personal genomic data may prove essential to make wise dietary and supplement choices to be combined with exercise”(7).  

2. The effects According to the Minghsin University of Science and Technology, in doses of a dependent manner, the concentration of L-ascorbic acid induced absorption of the collagen solution in exhibition of smoothing wrinkles and clear up spots(8). Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential in stimulating collagen gene expression. In type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2, the vitamin was found to enhance the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagens and SVCT2 mRNA in cultured human skin fibroblasts at 100 μM AA placed every 24h for 5 days to prevent depletion(9). The Chiang Mai University study also supported the effects of ascorbic acid in the anti-aging process through exhibition pro and active MMP-2 inhibitory(10). Other studies suggested the combined vitamins, including vitamin C in a single formulation had a slightly lower degradation rate and more stable formulations as compared to different preparations containing only one of the vitamins(11)(12). Amazingly, in vivo, application of vitamin C showed a significant reduction of oxidative stress in the skin, an improvement of the epidermal-dermal microstructure and a reduction of fine lines and wrinkles in aged skin within a relatively short period of time of product application(13). The Bruce and Associates study also insisted the effectiveness of vitamin C application over a 12 week period as the vitamin enhanced the overall intensity of pigmentation, fine lines and wrinkles, tactile roughness, and laxity with a 100% satisfaction of overall appearance of the tested subjects’ skin(14).
1. Skin roughness and Scaliness
Skin roughness due to aging is a result of dead skin cells shedding more slowly, and building up in the upper layer of skin causing skin complexion to become rough and dull. According to the University of California at San Francisco, they are the result of aging and anatomic site of which demonstrated a significant influence on skin roughness and scaliness(25). Another study suggested that frictional properties of skin are dependent on more than water content or non-apparent sweating and the role of sebum secretion may be one possible factor(26), or it may be result of depletion of surface lipid content(27).
 
2. Wrinkles  
Wrinkles are also associated with aging, hormonal status, smoking, and intercurrent disease according to the study by the University of California-San Francisco(28). Some researchers suggested that vitamin C may play an important role in collagen production due to its antioxidant properties(28). Another study indicated a positive anti-wrinkle effect through consumption of a mixture of soy isoflavones, lycopene, vitamin C, vitamin E, and fish oil(29).

 3. Skin elasticity and firming
Skin sagging is a result of a loss of collagen and elastin of the skin due to aging in combination with the dreaded pull of gravity. The study of a novel dietary supplement (Imedeen Prime Renewal) including soy extract, fish protein polysaccharides, extracts from white tea, grape seed and tomato, vitamins C and E as well as zinc and chamomile extract, showed to inhibit forehead, periocular and perioral wrinkles, mottled pigmentation, laxity, sagging, under eye dark circles, and overall appearance. After 6 months treatment, it was suggested that the formula may provide improved condition, structure and firmness of the skin in post-menopausal women(30). Other studies insisted that since vitamin C (Vit. C) in the form of L-ascorbic acid (Asc) can accelerate wound healing(33)(32) and protect fatty tissues from oxidation damage(33), it may play an integral role in collagen synthesis of reducing wrinkles and skin sagging(34)(35)

4. Liver and aging spots 
  Liver spot is a condition of brown or black spots appearing on the surface of the skin due to aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. According to skin care guides, high concentration of Vitamin C may improve the skin and lighten the spots(36). Other articles insisted that liver spots may be the result of a deficiency of vitamin C(37). According to the Duke University Medical Center, the application of topical solutions containing vitamins C and E provided protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet radiation(38)(39)(40)(41).

5. Pigmentation  
Skin pigmentation disorder is a result of damage most likely caused by UV sunlight, or unhealthy cells due to aging affecting the production of melanin. Vitamin C topical and by iontophoresis are found effectively in aiding post-laser hyperpigmentation  or short and long term treatment (42) for melism (43). In an experiment where 29 females with melisma enrolled for iontophoresis, a vitamin C solution was applied to one side of the face, while distilled water was applied to the other side as a control, treatment with colorimeter site showed a significant decrease in the luminance value, (a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light) compared to that of the control site (44).

6. Acne and Acne scars 
 According to Dr. GEORGE E. MORRIS, M.D., in a study of 60 patients with acne being given 8 oz of citrus juice twice daily and vitamin C in 3 gm a day, after 4 months 43 showed improvement, 10 failed to show improvement and 7 did not return for follow up(45). Some articles showed that vitamin C may be effective in the reduction of the formation of acne scars through it’s anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenger activities(46), but no study has been found through searching on PubMed.

7. Back and White heads 
  Black and white heads are the result of a skin pore becoming clogged with sebum from the body's natural oil and becoming black heads if oxidized. No study has been found specifically for the key word vitamin C and back and white heads on PubMed.

8. Fine Lines  
No study and been found.

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References
 (*) http://authors.library.caltech.edu/11677/1/BORjbc37a.pdf (The oxidation of ascorbic acid and its reduction in vitro and vivo) 
(a) Skin ageing: natural weapons and strategies by Binic I¹, Lazarevic V, Ljubenovic M, Mojsa J, Sokolovic D.(PubMed)
(b) Phytoconstituents as photoprotective novel cosmetic formulations by Saraf S¹, Kaur CD.(PubMed)
(c) Topical Dehydroascorbic Acid (Oxidized Vitamin C) Permeates Stratum Corneum More Rapidly Than Ascorbic Acid by Douglas Q Kitt
(1) Active ingredients against human epidermal aging by Lorencini M¹, Brohem CA², Dieamant GC², Zanchin NI³, Maibach HI(PubMed)
(2) CAM use in dermatology. Is there a potential role for honey, green tea, and vitamin C? by Barbosa NS¹, Kalaaji AN².(PubMed)
(3) The science behind vitamins by Linder J.(PubMed)
(3a) Split-face study of topical 23.8% L-ascorbic acid serum in treating photo-aged skin by Xu TH¹, Chen JZ, Li YH, Wu Y, Luo YJ, Gao XH, Chen HD(PubMed)
(3b) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(3c) Formulation and in-vivo evaluation of a cosmetic multiple emulsion containing vitamin C and wheat protein by Akhtar N¹, Yazan Y(PubMed)
(4) Ascorbic acid levels in various tissues, plasma and urine of mice during aging by Iwama M¹, Amano A, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(5) Ascorbic Acid Modulation of Iron Homeostasis and Lysosomal Function in Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Xu P¹, Lin Y, Porter K, Liton PB(PubMed)
(6) High plasma levels of vitamin C and E are associated with incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis by Chaganti RK¹, Tolstykh I², Javaid MK³, Neogi T⁴, Torner J⁵, Curtis J⁶, Jacques P⁷, Felson D⁴, Lane NE⁸, Nevitt MC⁹; Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study Group (MOST)(PubMed)
(7) Trade-offs between anti-aging dietary supplementation and exercise by Mendelsohn AR¹, Larrick JW(PubMed)
(8) [The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW¹, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(9) Ascorbic acid enhances the expression of type 1 and type 4 collagen and SVCT2 in cultured human skin fibroblasts by Kishimoto Y¹, Saito N, Kurita K, Shimokado K, Maruyama N, Ishigami A.(PubMed)
(10) Nanoscale gelatinase A (MMP-2) inhibition on human skin fibroblasts of Longkong (Lansium domesticum Correa) leaf extracts for anti-aging by Manosroi A¹, Kumguan K, Chankhampan C, Manosroi W, Manosroi J.(PubMed)
(11) Benefits of combinations of vitamin A, C and E derivatives in the stability of cosmetic formulations by Gianeti MD¹, Gaspar LR, Camargo FB Jr, Campos PM.(PubMed)
(12) Stability of vitamin C derivatives in topical formulations containing lipoic acid, vitamins A and E. by Segall AI¹, Moyano MA.(PubMed)
(13) Topical activity of ascorbic acid: from in vitro optimization to in vivo efficacy by Raschke T¹, Koop U, Düsing HJ, Filbry A, Sauermann K, Jaspers S, Wenck H, Wittern KP.(PubMed)
(14) Evaluation of a prescription strength 4% hydroquinone/10% L-ascorbic acid treatment system for normal to oily skin by Bruce S¹, Watson J(PubMed)
(15) Fatal vitamin C-associated acute renal failure by McHugh GJ, Graber ML, Freebairn RC.(PubMed)
(16) Ascorbic acid overdosing: a risk factor for calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis by Urivetzky M, Kessaris D, Smith AD.(PubMed)
(17) Dehydroascorbic acid prevents oxidative cell death through a glutathione pathway in primary astrocytes by Kim EJ¹, Park YG, Baik EJ, Jung SJ, Won R, Nahm TS, Lee BH.(PubMed)
(18) The oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbic acid, regulates neuronal energy metabolism by Cisternas P¹, Silva-Alvarez C, Martínez F, Fernandez E, Ferrada L, Oyarce K, Salazar K, Bolaños JP, Nualart F.(PubMed)
(19) Vitamin C crosses the blood-brain barrier in the oxidized form through the glucose transporters by Agus DB¹, Gambhir SS, Pardridge WM, Spielholz C, Baselga J, Vera JC, Golde DW.(PubMed)
(20) Expression and/or activity of the SVCT2 ascorbate transporter may be decreased in many aggressive cancers, suggesting potential utility for sodium bicarbonate and dehydroascorbic acid in cancer therapy by McCarty MF.(PubMed)
(21) Gelatin crosslinked with dehydroascorbic acid as a novel scaffold for tissue regeneration with simultaneous antitumor activity by Falconi M¹, Salvatore V, Teti G, Focaroli S, Durante S, Nicolini B, Mazzotti A, Orienti I.(PubMed)
(22) Dehydroascorbic acid as an anti-cancer agent by Toohey JI.(PubMed)
(23) Antiviral and virucidal activities of natural products by Arakawa T¹, Yamasaki H, Ikeda K, Ejima D, Naito T, Koyama AH.(PubMed)
(24) Topical L-ascorbic acid: percutaneous absorption studies, by Pinnell SR¹, Yang H, Omar M, Monteiro-Riviere N, DeBuys HV, Walker LC, Wang Y, Levine M.(PubMed)
(25) Use of topical ascorbic acid and its effects on photodamaged skin topography by Traikovich SS.(PubMed)
(26) Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss by Cua AB¹, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(27) Skin surface lipid and skin friction: relation to age, sex and anatomical region by Cua AB¹, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(28) Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content by Wilhelm KP¹, Cua AB, Maibach HI.(PubMed)
(29) Wrinkle reduction in post-menopausal women consuming a novel oral supplement: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study by Jenkins G¹, Wainwright LJ, Holland R, Barrett KE, Casey J.(PubMed)
(30) Effect of a novel dietary supplement on skin aging in post-menopausal women by Skovgaard GR¹, Jensen AS, Sigler ML.(PubMed)
(31) Vitamin C: a wound healing perspective, by Moores J.(PubMed)
(32) Nutrition 411: revisiting vitamin C and wound healing by Collins N.(PubMed)
(33) Ef[The study of absorption efficiency and restoring effects of collagen and ascorbic acid on aged skin by fluorescence and reflection spectroscopy].[Article in Chinese] by Yang BW¹, Lin YM, Wang SY, Yeh DC.(PubMed)
(34) Regulation of collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts in contracted collagen gels by ascorbic acid, growth factors, and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation by Gessin JC¹, Brown LJ, Gordon JS, Berg RA(PubMed)
(35) Electroporation-mediated topical delivery of vitamin C for cosmetic applications by Zhang L¹, Lerner S, Rustrum WV, Hofmann GA.(PubMed)
(36) Liver Spot Removal: Vitamin C Products(Skin care guide)
(37) Lack of vitamin leads to brown spot on hand(livestrong)
(38) A topical antioxidant solution containing vitamins C and E stabilized by ferulic acid provides protection for human skin against damage caused by ultraviolet irradiation by Murray JC¹, Burch JA, Streilein RD, Iannacchione MA, Hall RP, Pinnell SR.(PubMed)
(39) UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E by Lin JY¹, Selim MA, Shea CR, Grichnik JM, Omar MM, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Pinnell SR.(PubMed)
(40) Protective effects of topical antioxidants in humans by Dreher F¹, Maibach H.(PubMed)
(41) Effectiveness of antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with and without sunscreens as topical photoprotectants by Darr D¹, Dunston S, Faust H, Pinnell S.(PubMed)
(42) Successful short-term and long-term treatment of melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation using vitamin C with a full-face iontophoresis mask and a mandelic/malic acid skin care regimen by Taylor MB¹, Yanaki JS, Draper DO, Shurtz JC, Coglianese M.(PubMed)
(43) Intravenous vitamin C in the treatment of post-laser hyperpigmentation for melasma: a short report by Lee GS.(PubMed)
(44) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin C iontophoresis in melisma by Huh CH¹, Seo KI, Park JY, Lim JG, Eun HC, Park KC.(PubMed)
(45) USE OF VITAMIN C IN ACNE VULGARIS  by GEORGE E. MORRIS, M.D.(Jama dermatology)
(46) Vitamin C and Acne Scar By Melodie Anne Coffman(Livestrong

Endometriosis: The Effects, Side effects and Risk factors of GnRH agonists(revised edition with references)

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

During the last stage of the menstrual cycle, normally a layer of endometriosis lining on the inside of the uterus is expelled, known as menstruation blood, instead some of the endometriosis tissues grow somewhere in the body to cause endometriosis. Endometriosis also react to hormone signals of the monthly menstrual cycle, by building and breaking up tissues and eliminating them through menstrual period.

GnRH is a hormone released by the hypothalamus which stimulates the pituitary to produce luteinising hormones (LH) and follicle that stimulate hormone (FSH) to drive a menstrual cycle.
1. Effectiveness of GnRH
Just likes progesterone-like agonists, GnRH ( gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) have been used in treating endometriosis for more than 20 years. They come in different forms: three-monthly injection, monthly injection, daily injection and nasal spray because of their chemical make up. GnRH are natural hormone blocking medicines, they help to stop the ovulation(2) and create a temporary menopause state(2).
Study shows that GnRH are effective in reducing the symptoms such as pain and infertility. Dysmenorrhoea, deep dyspareunia, dyschezia and dysuria(1) and the size of endometrial implants(1) but unfortunately, symptoms tend to return(3) after stopping treatment in 4 months.

2. Side effects
a) Hot flush, interruption of sleep (4), dry vagina(5), sweating(5), caused by temporary of menopause state.
b) Nutritional deficiency(7) caused by symptoms of menopause state as our body is no longer absorb magnesium and calcium effectively.
ce)  Bleeding (spotting, break-through bleeding, menstruation)(5)

3. Risks
1. Loss of bone density(6)
Loss of bone density is normal for women taking the GnRH drug. Since it causes menopause state, it deplete the calcium in the body that is essential for building a healthy bone. It also distorts the ratio of magnesium and calcium.
2) Reducing sexual desire(5)
Sexual libido may be caused by dry vagina, one of many symptoms of GnRH. It may also be caused by low level of estrogen that is essential for driving sexual desire.
3) Increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy(8).
4) Diminished ovarian reserve(9).
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References
(1) Endometriosis: pathogenesis and treatment by Vercellini P¹, Viganò P², Somigliana E¹, Fedele L¹.(PubMed)
(2) Endometriosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews by Brown J¹, Farquhar C.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of laparoscopic ovarian endometriosis cystectomy combined with postoperative GnRH-a therapy on ovarian reserve, pregnancy, and outcome recurrence by Yang XH, Ji F, AiLi A, TuerXun H, He Y, Ding Y.(PubMed)
(4) A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist model demonstrates that nocturnal hot flashes interrupt objective sleep by Joffe H¹, Crawford S, Economou N, Kim S, Regan S, Hall JE, White D.(PubMed)
(5) [Ovarian suppression by the GnRH analog buserelin in the treatment of endometriosis. Clinical, biochemical and pelviscopic studies].[Article in German] by Raitz von Frentz M¹, Schweppe KW.(PubMed)
(6) [A meta-analysis of preventing bone mineral loss in patients with endometriosis treated by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues with add-back therapy].[Article in Chinese] by Niu ZR¹, Yue XJ, Kong QY, Wang YF, Yao YQ.(PubMed)
(7) Effect of an aproteic diet on gonadotropin release response to GnRH and estrogen-progesterone in rats. by Ponzo OJ¹, Rondina D, Szwarcfarb B, Carbone S, Moguilevsky JA, Scacchi P.(PubMed)
(8) The risk of ectopic pregnancy following GnRH agonist triggering compared with hCG triggering in GnRH antagonist ivf cycles by Sahin S¹, Ozay A, Ergin E, Turkgeldi L, Kürüm E, Ozornek H.(PubMed)
(9) Diminished ovarian reserve is the predominant risk factor for gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist failure resulting in breakthrough luteinizing hormone surges in in vitro fertilization cycles by Reichman DE¹, Zakarin L², Chao K¹, Meyer L¹, Davis OK¹, Rosenwaks Z³.(PubMed)

The Best waffles weight Loss recipe: Berry delicious waffles

Posted By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Recipe contributed by eat well and lose weight by better Holmesd and Gardens (more than 500 delicious satisfying recipes), published by Houghton Miffin Harcourt. You can view its website at www.hmhbooks.com.

Prepare 2 frozen multi grain waffles according to package direction. Top with 1/2 cup fresh berries, 2 tablespoons mable syrup and 1 tablespoon sliced almond, toasted. Serve with 3/4 plain fat free yogurt mixed with tablespoon honey.
per serving; 478 cal/. 5 g fat (1g sat. fat), 0mg chol., 500mg sodium, 61 g carb., 60g sugar, 5g fiber, 21g pro.

Weight Loss the Easy Ways 
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way

If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
and Keep Him/Her for Good,The Simple Way
Super foods Library, Eat Yourself Healthy With The Best of the Best Nature Has to Offer

Back to Obesity's Complications http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/obesitys-complications.html

Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca