Thursday, 28 August 2014

Obesity Complication of Infertility

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including
world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
All right reserved.


Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

Infertility is defined as a condition of the female partner who can not get pregnant after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse.
How do calculate your BMI indexBMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

How obesity associates with Infertility
1. Hormonal effects
In a study of " Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic." by Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Wright DL, Meeker JD, Hauser R. (Source from Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. jchavarr@hsph.harvard.edu, Copyright 2010 American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.), posted in PubMed, using the Standard semen analysis, sperm DNA fragmentation, and serum levels of reproductive hormones, researchers found that despite major differences in reproductive hormone levels with increasing body weight, only extreme levels ofobesity may negatively influence male reproductive potential.

2. Sperm concentration and total sperm count
According to the study of " Is overweight a risk factor for reduced semen quality and altered serum sex hormone profile?" by Aggerholm AS, Thulstrup AM, Toft G, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Bonde JP. (Source from Department of Occupational Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. ansag@as.aaa.dk), posted in PubMed, researchers found that The T and inhibin B serum concentrations were 25%-32% lower in obese men in comparison with normal-weight men, whereas the E(2) concentration was 6% higher in obese men. Overweight men (BMI, 25.1-30.0 kg/m(2)) had a slightly lower adjusted sperm concentration and total sperm count than did men with a normal BMI (20.0-25.0 kg/m(2)), but no reduction in sperm count was observed among the obese men and suggested that that overweight and obese men have a markedly changed sex hormone profile in serum, whereas reduction of semen quality, if any, was marginal and below the detection limit of this large study.

3. Egg quality
In a stidu of " The impact of obesity on egg quality" by Purcell SH, Moley KH.(Source from Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA), posted in PubMed, researchers found that Both oocyte maturation and metabolism are impaired due to obesity, negatively impacting further development. In addition to reproductive hormones, obesity induced elevations in insulin, glucose, or free fatty acids, and changes in adipokines appear to impact the developmental competence of the oocyte. The data indicate that any one of these hormones or metabolites can impair oocyte developmental competence in vivo, and the combination of all of these factors and their interactions are the subject of ongoing investigations

4. Ovarian structure and function
In a study of " The New Zealand obese mouse model of obesity insulin resistance and poor breeding performance: evaluation of ovarian structure and function" by Radavelli-Bagatini S, Blair AR, Proietto J, Spritzer PM, Andrikopoulos S. (Source from Department of Medicine (Austin Health/Northern Health), Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg Heights, Melbourne, Victoria 3081, Australia), researchers concluded that NZO mice (New Zealand obese mice) show a poor breeding performance due to decreased ovulation, increased number of primordial and atretic follicles, and ovarian size. Given that NZO mice are obese, hyperinsulinemic and insulin resistant, they are suitable for investigating pathophysiological mechanisms linking metabolic alterations with reproductive defects.

5. Ovarian dysfunction
According to the study of "Inflammatory pathways linking obesity and ovarian dysfunction" by
Robker RL, Wu LL, Yang X. (Source from School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia. rebecca.robker@adelaide.edu.au, Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved), posted in PubMed, researchers found that Studies in mice support this and allow further dissection of the pathways by which diet-induced obesity contributes to changes in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. These studies are in their infancy but cumulatively provide basic information about the cellular mechanisms that may lead to the impaired ovulation and reduced oocyte developmental potential that is observed in obese females.

6. Pregnancy-related complications
According to the study "Effect of body mass index on in vitro fertilization outcomes in women" by Sathya A, Balasubramanyam S, Gupta S, Verma T. (Source from Consultant Endocrinologist, Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Women's Health, Madras Medical Mission Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India), posted in PobMed, researchers concluded in abstract that Increase in body mass index in women does not appear to have an adverse effect on IVF outcome. However, preconceptual counselling for obese women is a must as weight reduction helps in reducing pregnancy-related complications.

7. Etc.

Effect of Female obesity and Newborn

In a study of "[Obesity and female reproduction].[Article in French], by Sarfati J, Young J, Christin-Maitre S. (Source from Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bicêtre - APHP, 78 rue du Général-Leclerc 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France. sarfati_julie@yahoo.fr, Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved), posted in PobMed, researchers found that In this model, all weaned pups have been fed with a regular diet. At 13 weeks, pups delivered from obese mice were significantly larger, and these pups demonstrated early development of a metabolic-type syndrome. These findings suggest that maternal obesity has adverse effects as early as the oocyte and preimplantation embryo stages and that these effects may contribute to lasting morbidity in offspring, underscoring the importance of optimal maternal weight and nutrition before conception.

The importance of Obesity and Infertility treatment
1. According to the study of "Impact of obesity on female fertility and fertilitytreatment" by Zain MM, Norman RJ. (Source from University of Adelaide, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, School of Paediatrics & Reproductive Health, South Australia, Australia. murizah.mohdzain@adelaide.edu.au), posted in PubMed, researchers filed in abstract that treatment of obesity itself should be the initial aim in obese infertile women before embarking on ovulation-induction drugs or assisted reproductive techniques. While various strategies for weight reduction, including diet, exercise, pharmacological and surgical intervention exist, lifestyle modification continues to be of paramount importance.

2. In a study of "Improving reproductive performance in overweight/obese women with effective weight management" by Norman RJ, Noakes M, Wu R, Davies MJ, Moran L, Wang JX. (Source from Reproductive Medicine Unit, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville Rd, Woodville, SA5011, Australia_, posted in PubMed, researchers found that weight loss can improve the fertility of obese women through the recovery of spontaneous ovulation, whereas others will have improved response to ovarian stimulation in infertility treatment. Therefore, it is proposed that following the initial assessment of infertility and body mass index or other measurement of obesity, various weight management interventions, including diet, exercise or pharmacotherapeutic approaches, should be considered for overweight and obese infertile women.

3. Reported from the study of "The obese patient with infertility: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment" by Moran LJ, Norman RJ. (Source from Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia, Australia), posted in Pubmed, researchers found that weight loss should be promoted as an initial treatment option for obese women with infertility. However, the most effective method for achieving and maintaining weight loss is unclear. Gradual weight loss is best achieved through a sensible eating plan that can be maintained over long periods of time. The likelihood of maintaining weight loss is increased when diet is combined with regular exercise, cognitive behaviortherapy, and a supportive group environment. Adoption of these principles in a primary healthcare setting can therefore aid in treatment of infertility related toobesity.

4. Etc.
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Mint sauce with apple and onion for roast lamp or lamp chops.

Diabetic recipe
Attributed to Delicious Dish for diabetics by Robin Ellis, Published by Skyhorse Publishing Inc. New York. You can view its website atwww.skyhorsepublishing.com.

This to my mind is so much nicer than traditional mint sauce. The apple and onion put a real spring in its step - helped on by the cider vinegar. Goes wonderful with roast lamp or lamp chops.
Leave from a bunch of mint
1 apple - peeled, cored and roughly chopped
1 small onion - quartered
salt
Good splash of cider vinegar
1. Process the mint, apple and onion in a blender - not too finely: it should have texture.
2. Add some salt and a good splash of vinegar. Taste to see if it needs a little more of anything - it may take a couple of goes to get the balance right. Then leave to marinade in the fridge.
3. Bring it back to room temperature before serving.

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The Immunity Curried tomato and Shellfish broth

Recipe attributed to 125 Chinese recipes with Bill Jones and Stephen Wong

6 scallops, thinly sliced
8 prawns, peeled and deveined
salt and freshly ground white pepper to taste
2 tsp. vegetable oil
1 small onion, sliced
1tbsp. curry powder, preferably madras
5 cups chicken stock
4 small tomatoes, seed and quartered
12 clams scrubbed
2 cups thinly sliced mustard green or sui choy (Napa cabbage)
salt and pepper to taste
season seafood with salt and pepper; set aside
In a large saucepan or soup pot, heat oil over medium heat for 30 seconds. Add onion and curry powder; sauté for 1 minute. Add chicken stock; bring to a boil. Add tomatoes and cook for 3 minutes. Add clam; cook until they open, about 2 - 5 minutes, depending on size. Skim off any impurities that rise to the top.
Add scallops, prawns and mustard green or cabbage; bring to a boil. Remove from heat. Season to taste with salt and pepper. Cover and allow to steep for 2 minutes. Serve immediately.10 - 20 years younger of your ageing forearms

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Wednesday, 27 August 2014

Obesity Complication of Impotence

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including
world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
All right reserved.


Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

Impotence is classified as a condition of erectile dysfunction of male with characteristic of inability maintain an erection of the penis during sexual intercourse.

How do calculate your BMI index
BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)

How Obesity associates with Impotence

1. In a study of "Obesity and sexual dysfunction, male and female" by Esposito K, Giugliano F, Ciotola M, De Sio M, D'Armiento M, Giugliano D" ( from Source Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, University of Naples SUN, Naples, Italy. katherine.esposito@unina2.it, Int J Impot Res. 2008 Jul-Aug;20(4):358-65. Epub 2008 Apr 10), posted in PubMed, researchers stated that
a. Overweight and obesity may increase the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) by 30-90% as compared with normal weight subjects. On the other hand, subjects with ED tend to be heavier and with a greater waist than subjects without ED, and also are more likely to be hypertensive and hypercholesterolemic.
b. The metabolic syndrome, characterized by a clustering of risk factors associated with insulin resistance and abdominal obesity, associates with ED.

2. According to the abstract of study of "Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: androgen deficiency and endothelial dysfunction may be the link between obesity and erectile dysfunction" by Traish AM, Feeley RJ, Guay A. (Source from Department of Biochemistry and Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118, USA. atraish@bu.edu, FEBS J. 2009 Oct;276(20):5755-67. Epub 2009 Sep 15), posted in PubMed, researchers found that visceral obesity, a component of the metabolic syndrome, adversely affects endothelial function and testosterone levels, contributing to hypogandism and erectile dysfunction. Thus, clinical screening for the risk of erectile dysfunction in obese patients should include the assessment of waist circumference, testosterone levels, body mass index and physical inactivity.

3. According to the study of "Androgen deficiency and abnormal penile duplex parameters in obese men with erectile dysfunction" by Zohdy W, Kamal EE, Ibrahim Y. (Source from University of Cairo, Department of Andrology, Cairo, Egypt. wzohdy62@hotmail.com, J Sex Med. 2007 May;4(3):797-808), posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that Obesity is associated with lower TT and disturbances of penile hemodynamics. It is an independent clinical factor for vasculogenic ED.

4. In a study of "Obesity, low testosterone levels and erectile dysfunction" by Diaz-Arjonilla M, Schwarcz M, Swerdloff RS, Wang C. (Source from Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90803, USA.Int J Impot Res. 2009 Mar-Apr;21(2):89-98. Epub 2008 Oct 9), researchers found that the relationships between low serum testosterone concentrations and ED in obese patients and those with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

5. According to the abstract of study of "Complications of a buried penis in an extremely obese patient" by Mattsson B, Vollmer C, Schwab C, Padevit C, Horton K, John H, Horstmann M. (Source from Department of Urology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.© 2011 Blackwell Verlag GmbH), posted in PubMed, researchers concluded that Whereas acute complications of a buried penis in obese patients include local infection and urinary retention, chronic problems are undirected voiding, disturbed vaginal penetration and erectile dysfunction. Even though several surgical techniques are described, weight reduction should be primarily preferred.

6. In a study of "Body mass index regulates hypogonadism-associated CV risk: results from a cohort of subjects with erectile dysfunction" by Corona G, Rastrelli G, Monami M, Melani C, Balzi D, Sforza A, Forti G, Mannucci E, Maggi M. (Source from Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, © 2011 International Society for Sexual Medicine.), posted in PubMed, researchers found that Hypogonadism-associated CV risk depends on the characteristics of subjects, being more evident in normal weight than in obese patients. Further studies are advisable to clarify if low T in obese patients is a (positive) consequence of a comorbid condition (i.e., to save energy) or if it represents a pathogenetic issue of the same illness. Hence, possible misuse/abuse of T treatment in obese subjects must be avoided.

7. Etc.

Treatments of Obesity and Impotence
1. According to the study of "The importance of risk factor reduction in erectile dysfunction" by
Jackson G. (Source from Cardiothoracic Centre, 6th floor, East Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Lambeth Palace Road, London, SE1 7EH, United Kingdom. gjcardiol@talk21.com, Curr Urol Rep. 2007 Nov;8(6):463-6.), posted in PubMed, researchers Intensive intervention with lifestyle advice focusing on a healthy diet, weight loss, and increased physical activity benefits men with ED, reducing the markers of inflammation and improving endothelial function. Though phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are highly effective in treating ED, lifestyle advice and aggressive risk reduction remain fundamental to the overall vascular good health of the individual.

2. In a study of "Beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors" by Hannan JL, Maio MT, Komolova M, Adams MA. (Source fromDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada,J Sex Med. 2009 Mar;6 Suppl 3:254-61), posted in PubMed, the result showed that Physical inactivity negatively impacts on erectile function, and experimental and clinical exercise interventions have been shown to improve sexual responses and overall cardiovascular health. Mediterranean-style diets and a reduction in caloric intake have been found to improve erectile function in men with the aspects of the metabolic syndrome. In addition, both clinical and experimental studies have confirmed that combining the two interventions provides additional benefit to erectile function, likely via reduced metabolic disturbances (e.g., inflammatory markers, insulin resistance), decreased visceral adipose tissue, and improvement in vascular function (e.g., increased endothelial function), researchers concluded that Lifestyle modifications provide significant benefits to vascular health and erectile function in a population that is increasingly aged and more obese.

3. In an abstract of the study of "Physical activity and erectile dysfunction in middle-aged men : a brief review" by La Vignera S, Condorelli R, Vicari E, D'Agata R, Calogero A. (J Androl. 2011 May 19. [Epub ahead of print]), posted in PubMed researchers found that Conflicting data regarding the effects of exercise on the androgen status. In clinical practice would be recommended to add regular physical activity to balanced diet and drugs to achieve better therapeutic results.

4. Etc.

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A Simple Green sauce 4 salmon fillet or chicken

Diabetic recipe
Attributed to Delicious Dish for diabetics by Robin Ellis, Published by Skyhorse Publishing Inc. New York. You can view its website atwww.skyhorsepublishing.com.

This is a stunner and goes well with salmon fillet or chicken. You need a decent pile of herbs. Use whatever is available with parley, mint and chives as the base.
1 bunch parley
1 bunch mint
2 bunch chives
1 bunch chervil/tarragon
1 tbsp. capers
salt and pepper
2 cloves of garlic - sliced wafer-thin
1 tbsp. Dijon
2 lemon - juiced
200 ml/7fl oz./3/4 cup olive oil
1. Pile the herbs together and chop them roughly.
2. Add the capers, salt and garlic to the pile and chop thoroughly.
3. Put this in a bowl and mix in the mustard, lemon juice and the oil. Seasoning with pepper.
4. Taste it for the balance of lemon and olive oil: you should end up with a rough mush, a delicious looking green mess.

Soft fruit salad for Seasonal fruit lovers

Recipes attributed to Company Coming salad by Jean Pare

Definitely an in season salad. Try it when ingredients permit
Banana, peeled and sliced 2
Papaya, peeled and sliced 1
Mango, peeled and sliced 1
Kiwi fruit, peeled and sliced 2
Orange, section or sliced 1
Sliced almonds, toasted (See note) 1/2 cup, 125 mL
Maraschino cherry juice 2 tbsp., 30 mL
Vinegar 1 tbsp., 15 mL
Cooking oil 1tbsp., 15 mL
Granulated sugar 2 tbsp., 30 mL
Combine first 4 ingredients in bowl.
Put almond, cherry juice, vinegar, cooking oil and sugar in small bowl. Stir. Pour over fruits. Toss slightly. Serve 8.
Note: toast almonds in 360 degree F (175 degree C) oven until golden, about 5 minutes.

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Tuesday, 26 August 2014

Obesity Complication of Sleep Disorder

By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including
world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, etc,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com
Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
All right reserved.


Obesity is defined as a medical condition of excess body fat accumulated overtime, while overweight is a condition of excess body weight relatively to the height. According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered over weight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. According to the statistic, 68% of American population are either overweight or obese.

How to calculate your BMI index
BMI= weight (kg)/ height (m2)


Sleep disorder (somnipathy) is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns. It’s important to understand why sleep disorder can deteriorate your health and interfere with normal physical, mental and emotional functioning as it effects your nervous system in the production of the natural hormone melatonin which is necessary for sleep and wakefulness. Polysomnography testing can help to evaluate and detect the patterns of sleep disorder.

How Obesity associates with Sleep Disorder
1. In the study of "Sleep apnea: a proinflammatory disorder that coaggregates with obesity" by Mehra R, Redline S., posted in PubMed, researchers found that this article elucidates mechanistic associations amongobesity, sleep apnea, and systemic inflammation; highlights interrelationships between these factors with cardiopulmonary disease; and identifies specific areas for future research directions.

2. According to the abstract of the study of "Postoperative considerations for patients with obesity and sleep apnea" by Bell RL, Rosenbaum SH., posted inPubMed, researchers stated that p apnea and obesity are prevalent and often coexisting conditions that challenge medical, anesthetic, and surgical treatment. It is essential to possess knowledge of the magnitude of the sleep disorder as well as concomitant medical comorbidities. Management of obese patients requires a thorough preoperative evaluation and appraisal of anesthetic and operative risks. Postoperatively, these patients can present an additional challenge.

3. In a study of "Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult obese patient: implications for airway management" by Benumof JL., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Obstructive sleep apnea in the adult obese patient may be due, in part, to an increased amount of pharyngeal tissue. Therefore, there is an increased risk of intubation and extubation difficulties and pain management can be expected to be complicated by opioid/sedative-induced pharyngeal collapse.

4. In the abstract of the study of "The relationship between obesity and craniofacial structure in obstructive sleep apnea" by Ferguson KA, Ono T, Lowe AA, Ryan CF, Fleetham JA., posted in PubMed, researchers that there is a spectrum of upper airway soft-tissue and craniofacial abnormalities among OSA patients: obese patients with increased upper airway soft-tissue structures, nonobese patients with abnormal craniofacial structure, and an intermediate group of patients with abnormalities in both craniofacial structure and upper airway soft-tissue structures.

5. According to the study of "Cephalometric abnormalities in non-obese and obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea" by Sakakibara H, Tong M, Matsushita K, Hirata M, Konishi Y, Suetsugu S., posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that Japanese obstructive sleep apnoea patients have a series of cephalometric abnormalities similar to those described in Caucasian patients, and that the aetiology of obstructive sleep apnoea in obese patients may be different from that in non-obese patients. In obese patients, upper airway soft tissue enlargement may play a more important role in the development of obstructive sleep apnoea, whereas in non-obese patients, bony structure discrepancies may be the dominant contributing factors for obstructive sleepapnoea.

6. In a study of "Dentofacial characteristics as indicator of obstructive sleepapnoea-hypopnoea syndrome in patients with severe obesity" by Maciel Santos ME, Laureano Filho JR, Campos JM, Ferraz EM., posted in PubMed, researchers found that the most prevalent modified Mallampati index score was between 3 and 4, while grade 1 was the most prevalent tonsillar hypertrophy index score (46%). Cephalometry revealed angular and linear measurements with normally acceptable values for the hard tissues. Obese patients seem to have a normal craniofacial structure and the risk of developing OSAHS is especially related to obesity.

7. Etc.

Treatments of Obesity and Sleep Disorder
1. According to the study of "Quantification of sleep behavior and of its impact on the cross-talk between the brain and peripheral metabolism" by Hanlon EC, Van Cauter E., posted in PubMed, researchers indicated that... Simultaneously, average sleep times have progressively decreased. Recently, evidence from both laboratory and epidemiologic studies has suggested that insufficient sleep may stimulate overeating and thus play a role in the currentepidemic of obesity and diabetes,.... The findings provide evidence that sleeprestriction does indeed impair glucose metabolism and alters the cross-talk between the periphery and the brain, favoring excessive food intake. A better understanding of the adverse effects of sleep restriction on the CNS control of hunger and appetite may have important implications for public health.

2. In a study of "Sleep apnea and obesity" by Yu JC, Berger P 3rd., posted inPubMed, researchers wrote that Perhaps, the strongest observational evidence to support a link between sleep apnea and obesity is the similarity in age distribution of symptomatic sleep apnea and metabolic syndrome. The putative causal links between sleep apnea and each individual component of the metabolic syndrome have been extensively evaluated and have implicated bidirectional causality in certain metabolic conditions, such as obesity and sleep apnea, sleep apnea and diabetes mellitus, and obesity and diabetes mellitus. These studies collectively suggest that even modest weight loss improves OSA, and positively affects both metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles.

3. in the abstract of the study of "Pharmacological treatment of obstructivesleep apnea", by Abad VC, Guilleminault C., posted in PubMed, researchers wrote that Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a growing public health hazard fueled by the obesity epidemic and an aging population. Untreated sleep apnea can result in significant consequences both in the short-term and long-term. We need to educate the public to recognize the symptoms of sleep apnea and to publicize that effective treatments are available. Positive airway pressure therapy remains the gold standard currently in treating OSA. Alternative treatments include an oral appliance or surgical options. This paper discusses the pharmacologic treatment of sleep apnea: goals include medications to address the ventilatory control of breathing, treat co-morbid diseases, treat associated health problems/complaints, address special issues, such as anesthetic precautions, and propose future targets.

4. Etc.

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