Eggplant is a species of S. melongena, belonging to the family
Solanaceae and native to India. The plant has been cultivated in
southern and eastern Asia since prehistory. It is famous with its
deeply purple and the best eggplant can be found from August through
October when it is in season.
Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Pantothenic acid (B5)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12. Vitamin C
13. Tryptophan
14. Manganese
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron
18. Magnesium
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Etc.
Chemical constituents
The vegetable chemical compounds containing include sterols (i.e.
typical plant sterols, androstane, pregnane and cholestane derivatives,
steroidal alkaloids and sapogenins), phytosterols, triterpenes, δ-amyrin, Chlorogenic acid, Nasunin and other Polyphenolic compounds.
1. Eggplant and cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of
cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our
body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy
tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or
blood and results may be in death.
The study of antiproliferative activities against human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells conducted by Yeungnam University, the eggplant
glycoalkaloids solamargine showed to inhibit both cancer cell lines but
greater in colon cancer cell line(1). In human fibrosarcoma HT-1080
cell, delphinidin, a flavonoid pigment contained in the peel of
eggplant, slightly inhibited tumor cell invasiveness probably through
slight inhibition of the activity of MMPs(secretes matrix
metalloproteinase)(2). According to Dr. Shimada A. in an one year
(continuous 2 days for 12 months) food surveys held at 5 areas in Japan,
the frequency of intake eggplant may associate to increase risk of
gastric cancer and gastric cancer mortality rate(3), but may account
partly for the geographic variation in gastric cancer mortality in Japan(4).
References
(1) Glycoalkaloids and metabolites inhibit the growth of human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells by Lee KR1, Kozukue N, Han JS, Park JH, Chang EY, Baek EJ, Chang JS, Friedman M.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibitory effect of delphinidin from Solanum melongena on human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 invasiveness in vitro by Nagase H1, Sasaki K, Kito H, Haga A, Sato T.(PubMed)
(3) [Regional differences in gastric cancer mortality and eating habits of people].[Article in Japanese] by Shimada A.(PubMed)
(4) Food consumption and gastric cancer mortality in five regions of Japan by Tsubono Y1, Kobayashi M, Tsugane S.(PubMed)
2. Eggplant and cholesterol
Cholesterol is needed for our body to build cell walls, make hormones
and vitamin D, and create bile salts that help you digest fat. However
too much of it can be dangerous because cholesterol
cannot dissolve in your blood. The special particle called lipoprotein
moves this waxy, soft substance from place to place. If you have too
much low density lipoprotein LDL that is known as bad cholesterol,
overtime cholesterol can build up in your arterial walls causing
blockage and leading to heart attack and stroke.
Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
has been used as hypocholesterolemic agent in many countries,
including Brazil. its phenolic may has the potential to reduce
hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis linked to cellular oxidation
stress(1). In a study of 38 hypercholesterolemic human volunteers
ingesting S. melongena infusion for five weeks, researchers found no differences when compared to control, but in Intraindividual analysis S. melongena infusion significantly reduced the blood levels of total and LDL cholesterol and of apolipoprotein B(1).
But in a double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness of oral Solanum melongena (SM) against hyperlipidemia, showed the potential result in decreased serum total cholesterol,
LDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c, but no change in serum triglycerides, HDL-c,
VLDL-c, AST, ALT, gGT, glucose and body mass index, after 3 months(2)
and according to Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, eggplant did not alter the total cholesterol and atherogenic lipoproteins after 12 week of intake in its study (3).
References
(1) In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension by Kwon YI1, Apostolidis E, Shetty K.(PubMed)(2) Eggplant (Solanum melongena) infusion has a modest and transitory effect on hypercholesterolemic subjects by Guimarães PR1,
Galvão AM, Batista CM, Azevedo GS, Oliveira RD, Lamounier RP, Freire N,
Barros AM, Sakurai E, Oliveira JP, Vieira EC, Alvarez-Leite JI.(PubMed)(3) [Absence of hypolipidemic effect of Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) on hyperlipidemic patients].[Article in Portuguese] by Silva GE1, Takahashi MH, Eik Filho W, Albino CC, Tasim GE, Serri Lde A, Assef AH, Cortez DA, Bazotte RB.(PubMed)
(4) Effects of eggplant (Solanum melongena) on the atherogenesis and oxidative stress in LDL receptor knock out mice (LDLR(-/-)) by Botelho FV1, Enéas LR, Cesar GC, Bizzotto CS, Tavares E, Oliveira FA, Gloria MB, Silvestre MP, Arantes RM, Alvarez-Leite JI.(PubMed)
3. Eggplant as antioxidant
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons
through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical
reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired
electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human
body, leading to aging and cancers.
Eggplant fruit contains a rich source of polyphenol compounds endowed with antioxidant
properties. According to Università degli Studi di Catania, dry peeled
skin combined with 50% aqueous ethanol, irradiated with microwave
contained showed a high quantity of flavonoids with good antioxidant activity expressed through its capacity to scavenge superoxide anion and to inhibit lipid peroxidation(1). Solanum
anguivi fruit (SAG) exhibited potent and concentration dependent free
radical-scavenging activity as well as protected against Ca(2+) (110
μmol/L)-induced mitochondrial swelling and maintained the mitochondrial
membrane potential, in the evaluation of the antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of Solanum anguivi fruit (SAG) and its possible effect on mitochondrial permeability transition pore(2).
The City University of New York, in the study of the antioxidant-caffeoylquinic acid isomers in fruits of wild eggplant
relatives, 3-O-malonyl-5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid (isomer 1) and
4-O-(E)-caffeoyl-5-O-malonylquinic acid (isomer 2) exhibited free
radical scavenging activity, albeit about 4-fold lower than that of the
flavonol quercetin dehydrate(3).
References
(1) Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of microwave-assisted Solanum melongena extracts by Salerno L, Modica MN, Pittalà V, Romeo G, Siracusa MA, Di Giacomo C, Sorrenti V, Acquaviva R.(PubMed)
(2) African eggplant (Solanum anguivi Lam.) fruit with bioactive polyphenolic compounds exerts in vitro antioxidant properties and inhibits Ca(2+)-induced mitochondrial swelling by Elekofehinti OO1, Kamdem JP, Bolingon AA, Athayde ML, Lopes SR, Waczuk EP, Kade IJ, Adanlawo IG, Rocha JB.(PubMed)
(3) Two new antioxidant malonated caffeoylquinic acid isomers in fruits of wild eggplant relatives by Ma C1, Dastmalchi K, Whitaker BD, Kennelly EJ.(PubMed)
4. Eggplant and cardiovascular diseases
Beside cancer, heart disease kills more than 2,000 Americans everyday.
Approximately 60 million Americans have heart disease. Most of heart
diseases are caused by high blood pressure contributes to hardening of
the arteries. High levels of bad cholesterol (LDL) build up in the
arteries as a result of uncontrolled diet with high levels of saturated
fat and trans fat.
Animals fed freeze-dried products of either raw or grilled eggplants
for 30 days study showed a positive effect of raw and cooked eggplant (Solanum melongena
L) in increase left ventricular function, and reduce myocardial infarct
size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis with high potency in grilled
eggplants(1). According to Tuskegee University, eggplant containing
high sources of phenolic compounds, which might provide anti-oxidative
protection against free radicals in the human body and might reduce the
risk of chronic diseases(2)
References
(1) Cardioprotective properties of raw and cooked eggplant (Solanum melongena L) by Das S1, Raychaudhuri U, Falchi M, Bertelli A, Braga PC, Das DK.(PubMed)
(2) Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of indigenous vegetables in the southeast United States: Alabama Collaboration for Cardiovascular Equality Project by Huang Z1, Wang B, Eaves DH, Shikany JM, Pace RD.(PubMed)
5. Eggplant and Type II diabetes
Diabetes is defined as a condition caused by
insufficient insulin entering the bloodstream to regulate the glucose.
It is either caused by cells in pancreas dying off or receptor sites
clogged up by fat and cholesterol. In some cases, diabetes is also caused by allergic reactions of cells in the immune system.
According to University of Massachusetts, phenolic-enriched extracts of eggplant
with moderate free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity had
high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, through inhibition of key
enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension(1). Chlorogenic
acids (CGAs (71 compounds), being esters of derivatives of cinnamic
acids with quinic acid found in many foods, including eggplant may be
associated to reduce risk of the risk of human chronic diseases such as
inflammation, diabetes(2).
References
(1) In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension by Kwon YI1, Apostolidis E, Shetty K.(PubMed)
(2) n outlook on chlorogenic acids-occurrence, chemistry, technology, and biological activities by Upadhyay R1, Mohan Rao LJ.(PubMed)
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Monday, 9 June 2014
Phytochemical Sulforaphane (Dithiolthiones) and Prostate cancer
Dithiolthiones are phytochemicals in the class of Organosulfides, found abundantly in cruciferous vegetables, garden sorrel, horseradish, etc.
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.
Oral administration of d,l-sulforaphane (SFN) can decrease the incidence or burden of early-stage prostate cancer [prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)] and well-differentiated cancer (WDC) but not late-stage poorly differentiated cancer (PDC)., according to the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine(1)
In advanced prostate cancer stem-like cells, sulforaphane showed to inhibit tumor engraftment and tumor growth, without the induction of liver necrosis or other obvious side effects, In vivo(2).
In the comparison of the effect of sulforaphane(SFN) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane(DIM) in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells, researchers at the Oregon State University found that SFN and DIM reversed many of the cancer-associated methylation alterations, including aberrantly methylated genes that are dysregulated or are highly involved in cancer progression(3).
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References
(1) Chemoprevention of prostate cancer by d,l-sulforaphane is augmented by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by Vyas AR1, Hahm ER, Arlotti JA, Watkins S, Stolz DB, Desai D, Amin S, Singh SV.(PubMed)
(2) Sulforaphane and TRAIL induce a synergistic elimination of advanced prostate cancer stem-like cells by Labsch S, Liu L, Bauer N, Zhang Y, Aleksandrowicz E, Gladkich J, Schönsiegel F, Herr I.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of sulforaphane and 3,3'-diindolylmethane on genome-wide promoter methylation in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells by Wong CP1, Hsu A1, Buchanan A2, Palomera-Sanchez Z1, Beaver LM1, Houseman EA2, Williams DE3, Dashwood RH3, Ho E4.(PubMed)
Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.
Oral administration of d,l-sulforaphane (SFN) can decrease the incidence or burden of early-stage prostate cancer [prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)] and well-differentiated cancer (WDC) but not late-stage poorly differentiated cancer (PDC)., according to the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine(1)
In advanced prostate cancer stem-like cells, sulforaphane showed to inhibit tumor engraftment and tumor growth, without the induction of liver necrosis or other obvious side effects, In vivo(2).
In the comparison of the effect of sulforaphane(SFN) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane(DIM) in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells, researchers at the Oregon State University found that SFN and DIM reversed many of the cancer-associated methylation alterations, including aberrantly methylated genes that are dysregulated or are highly involved in cancer progression(3).
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References
(1) Chemoprevention of prostate cancer by d,l-sulforaphane is augmented by pharmacological inhibition of autophagy by Vyas AR1, Hahm ER, Arlotti JA, Watkins S, Stolz DB, Desai D, Amin S, Singh SV.(PubMed)
(2) Sulforaphane and TRAIL induce a synergistic elimination of advanced prostate cancer stem-like cells by Labsch S, Liu L, Bauer N, Zhang Y, Aleksandrowicz E, Gladkich J, Schönsiegel F, Herr I.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of sulforaphane and 3,3'-diindolylmethane on genome-wide promoter methylation in normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells by Wong CP1, Hsu A1, Buchanan A2, Palomera-Sanchez Z1, Beaver LM1, Houseman EA2, Williams DE3, Dashwood RH3, Ho E4.(PubMed)
The Dressing - Shallot and grapefruit dressing
Recipe by Cooking light, the complete Quick Cook, (A practical Guide to Smart,
Fast home Cooking) by Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarborough, Publisher
Oxmoor House.
Drizzle this zesty dressing over mixed salad green topped with goat cheese. Squeeze the juice from juicy grapefruit or look for fresh grapefruit juice in a produce section of the grocery store.
1 tsp. olive oil
1/2 cup chopped shallots
2 cups fresh grapefruit juice (about 3 grapefruit)
2 tsp. chopped fresh cilantro
2 tsp. sugar
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
2 tsp. olive oil
Bloat 1 tsp. oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add shallots, cook for 5 minutes or until golden brown. Stir in juice. Bring to a boil over medium high heat, cook until reduced to 1 cup, about 6 minutes. Removed from heat cool to room temperature.
Place grapefruit mixture, cilantro, sugar and pepper in a food processor, process until smooth. With processor on, slowly pour 2 tsp. oil through food chute, process until smooth. Store, covered in refrigerator for up to 1 week. Yield 1 cup (Serving size: 1 tsp.)
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Drizzle this zesty dressing over mixed salad green topped with goat cheese. Squeeze the juice from juicy grapefruit or look for fresh grapefruit juice in a produce section of the grocery store.
1 tsp. olive oil
1/2 cup chopped shallots
2 cups fresh grapefruit juice (about 3 grapefruit)
2 tsp. chopped fresh cilantro
2 tsp. sugar
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
2 tsp. olive oil
Bloat 1 tsp. oil in large nonstick skillet over medium heat. Add shallots, cook for 5 minutes or until golden brown. Stir in juice. Bring to a boil over medium high heat, cook until reduced to 1 cup, about 6 minutes. Removed from heat cool to room temperature.
Place grapefruit mixture, cilantro, sugar and pepper in a food processor, process until smooth. With processor on, slowly pour 2 tsp. oil through food chute, process until smooth. Store, covered in refrigerator for up to 1 week. Yield 1 cup (Serving size: 1 tsp.)
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The Easy and Quick recipe - Sweet Soya sauce substitute
Recipe by 125 Best Chinese Recipe1 By Bill Jones and Stephen Wong (Robert Rose)
1 cup dark soya sauce
2 tbsp. brown sugar
1 tbsp. dark molasses
Place ingredients in a small bowl; mix well to combine. Cover and store in refrigerator until needed.
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1 cup dark soya sauce
2 tbsp. brown sugar
1 tbsp. dark molasses
Place ingredients in a small bowl; mix well to combine. Cover and store in refrigerator until needed.
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Sunday, 8 June 2014
Herbal Therapy - Herbal Chamomile
By Kyle J. Norton
Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.
Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).
1. Chamomile and anti inflammatory effect
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.
In the study at Case Western Reserve University, showed its potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms, through inhibited NO production and iNOS gene expression via inhibiting RelA/p65 activation(1). The study of whether chamomile interferes with the COX-2 pathway, showed a positive effect of the herb in inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity and causation of reduction in LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression(2),
The study of supplement containing 2 flavonoids (>95% pure), luteolin (100 mg/capsule, from chamomile) and quercetin (70 mg/capsule), and the quercetin glycoside rutin (30 mg/capsule) from the Sophora japonica leaf, formulated in olive kernel oil to increase oral absorption, suggested that the combination of the flavonoids luteolin and quercetin seemed to be effective in reducing ASD symptoms, with no major adverse effects through it anti inflammatory activities(3)
References
(1) Chamomile: an anti-inflammatory agent inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by blocking RelA/p65 activity by Bhaskaran N1, Shukla S, Srivastava JK, Gupta S.(PubMed)
(2) Chamomile, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity by Srivastava JK1, Pandey M, Gupta S.(PubMed)
(3) An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders by Taliou A1, Zintzaras E, Lykouras L, Francis K.(PubMed)
2. Chamomile and dermatitis
Dermatitis or eczema, is defined as a condition of inflammation of skin including itchy, erythematous, vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches.
The use of chamomile oil in folk medicine for treatment of skin disorder may have found to be effect in modern medicine, according to Howon University, application of German chamomile oil to alleviating atopic dermatitis, such as reduced serum IgG1 level and significantly lower serum histamine level through influencing of Th2 cell activation(1).
Dr Dohil MA. in the study of herbal effects on in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease, indicated there may be a positive effect of herbal medicine, including chamomile through the present recent multicenter and international clinical studies that support their efficacy and safety profile for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions(2). and herbs containing anti inflammatory activity such as chamomile may be particularly well suited as alternatives to pharmacologic therapies in chronic conditions for which long-term use is required,(3), Dr. Wu J. said.
Although, German chamomile may be effective for treatment of skin disorder, but it was found to allergic effect in some patients in external use of chamomile tea or use of chamomile-containing topical herbal remedies, due to its chemical constituent herniarin(4)
References
(1) Effect of German chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice.by Lee SH1, Heo Y, Kim YC.(PubMed)
(2) Natural ingredients in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease.
4. Chamomile and insomnia
Insomnia is a sign and symptom of sleep disorder and defined as a condition in which a person has a difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep or sleep of poor quality that can lead to substantial impairments in the quality of life and functional capacity of an individual. Most adults have experienced insomnia sometimes in their life. According to statistic, more than 30% of the population suffers from insomnia, one in three people suffer from some form of insomnia during their lifetime and women suffer from insomnia more often than men.
Chamomile, one of most popular herb used for sleep disorders in herbal medicine. According to the Dr. Srivastava JK and research team at the Case Western Reserve University. Many different preparations of the herb have been developed, the most popular of which is in the form of herbal tea consumed more than one million cups per day(1).
In a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia study, in adults with chronic primary insomnia, the herb showed a modest benefits of daytime functioning and mixed benefits on sleep diary(2). According to DR. Wheatley D., the anxiolytic or sedative properties of chamomile, Ylang-Ylang) would appear to improve sleep, but how practical a form of treatment. This may be remains to be determined(3).But in the assessing the benefits of chamomile in sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep quality, and number of awakenings, researchers at the1University of Michigan, indicated that it may be the modest advantage on daytime functioning, but did not reach statistical significance(4).
References
(1) Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future by Srivastava JK1, Shankar E, Gupta S.(PubMed)(2) Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study by Zick SM1, Wright BD, Sen A, Arnedt JT.(PubMed)
(3) Medicinal plants for insomnia: a review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability. by Wheatley D.(PubMed)
(4) Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study by Zick SM1, Wright BD, Sen A, Arnedt JT.(PubMed)
5. Chamomile and cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
According to the study by Dr. Srivastava JK and Dr.Gupta S. in cancer cells, chamomile extract showed to induce minimal growth inhibitory responses in normal cells, but significant decrease in cell viability was observed in various human cancer cell lines, through exhibition of its antiproliferative and apoptotic activities(1). The Harokopio University, study also indicated the effectiveness of chamomile in inhibition of epithelial colon cancer (HT29) cell line probably through regulation of regulate nuclear factor-kappa B(2). The testing of biological activity of 20 essential oils (EOs) from herbal plants for theirs effectiveness in numbers of cancer cell line, including human colon carcinoma, (HCT116), rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells, according to Kobe Gakuin University, chamomile showed a significant effecton both cancer cell growth and mast cell degranulation(3).
References
(1) Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of chamomile extract in various human cancer cells.
6. Chamomile and skin cancer
Basal cell cancer is the most common type of skin cancer as a result of abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis. The cancer rarely spread and kill but can cause significant destruction and disfigurement to the affected skin area and accounted for more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S.
According to statistic, skin cancers accounted for approximately 40% of all cancers reported in the United States and approximately 9,500 deaths per year. Herbal chamomile showed to inhibited skin cancer cell lines through its antioxidant effects via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) type free radicals probably via downregulation of H2O2-generated free radicals in human skin fibroblasts (1). Apigenin , a chemical constituent of flavonoid found in chamomile, with 10 mumoles apigenin in 200 microliters DMSO:acetone (1:9) prior to each UVB exposure showed a promised resulted in reduction in cancer incidence (52% inhibition), through absorbing ultraviolet light or decreasing DNA damage(2). In support of the above, the National Taiwan University, indicated that a effectiveness of apigenin, in suppression of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-(TPA)-mediated tumor promotion of mouse skin, through vary mechanisms(3).
References
(1) The active natural anti-oxidant properties of chamomile, milk thistle, and halophilic bacterial components in human skin in vitro by Mamalis A1, Nguyen DH, Brody N, Jagdeo J.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibition of ultraviolet light induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by apigenin, a plant flavonoid by Birt DF1, Mitchell D, Gold B, Pour P, Pinch HC.(PubMed)
(3) Suppression of protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin and curcumin by Lin JK1, Chen YC, Huang YT, Lin-Shiau SY.(PubMed)
7. Chamomile and Neuroprotective effect
The evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of German chamomile against aluminium fluoride (AlF₄⁻)-induced oxidative stress in rats. showed a neuroprotective effect of herbal chamomile, through significantly decreased in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total thiol levels in extract-treated animals(1). The Hanagal Shri Kumareshawr College of Pharmacy study, in support of the above, showed that the same effectiveness of the herb also through same mechanisms in extract treated groups but this time in global model of ischemia in rats(2)
References
(1) Neuroprotective activity of Matricaria recutita against fluoride-induced stress in rats by Ranpariya VL1, Parmar SK, Sheth NR, Chandrashekhar VM.(PubMed)
(2) Neuroprotective activity of Matricaria recutita Linn against global model of ischemia in rats vy Chandrashekhar VM1, Ranpariya VL, Ganapaty S, Parashar A, Muchandi AA(PubMed)
8. Chamomile and hepoprotective effect
Chamomilla recutita flavonoids (chamiloflan) showed to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through induced decrease of ceramide levels in the liver of old rats, according to the Kharkov Karazin National University(1). Flavonoids of German chamomile also exhibited the hepatoprotective effect, through affect sphingolipid metabolism and reduced the elevated ceramide level in the aged liver by normalized activities of key enzymes of sphingolipid turnover (neutral SMase and ceramidase) and ceramide contents in the damaged liver and liver cells, and stabilized the hepatocyte membranes.(2)
References
(1) Effects of Chamomilla recutita flavonoids on age-related liver sphingolipid turnover in rats.
9. Herbal chamomile and anxiety disorder
According to the Canadian mental health association, Anxiety disordered is a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and other individual factors(1a).
Anxiety is the most commonly reported psychiatric conditions and frequently occur as comorbid disorders.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and tolerability trial of Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) showed to effective of modest anxiolytic activity with patient mild to moderate GAD(1). The University of Ottawa study insisted at Matricaria recutita (German chamomile) and Humulus lupulus (hops) showed significant inhibition of GAD activity at doses of 0.11-0.65 mg/mL(2). The study containing 57 participants in the 2009 trial, 19 had anxiety with comorbid depression; 16 had anxiety with a past history of depression; and 22 had anxiety with no current or past depression, chamomile showed a clinically meaningful antidepressant activity to its previously observed anxiolytic activity(3). Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, in in mice study, exerted its anxiolytic and slight sedative effects through the central benzodiazepine receptors(4).
References
(a) Guaianolides and volatile compounds in chamomile tea by Tschiggerl C1, Bucar F.(PubMed)
(b) Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds by UHPLC-UV-MS and use of partial least-square discriminant analysis to differentiate chemo-types of Chamomile/Chrysanthemum flower heads by Avula B1, Wang YH, Wang M, Avonto C, Zhao J, Smillie TJ, Rua D, Khan IA.(PubMed)
(1a) Anxiety disorder(Canadian mental health association)
(1) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder by Amsterdam JD1, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J.(PubMed)
(2) Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Awad R1, Levac D, Cybulska P, Merali Z, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT.(PubMed)
(3) Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: an exploratory study by Amsterdam JD1, Shults J, Soeller I, Mao JJ, Rockwell K, Newberg AB.(PubMed)
(4) Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects by Viola H1, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC.(PubMed)
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Chamomile is also known as camomile, common name of many species daisy-like plants in the family Asteraceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory constituents and to treat menstrual cramps and sleep disorders, reduce cramping and spastic pain in the bowels, relieve excessive gas and bloating in the intestine, etc.
Ingredients
Guaianolides matricarin and achillin, acetoxyachillin and leucodin (= desacetoxymatricarin), corresponding C-11 stereoisomers(a),(Z)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (cis-GMCA), chlorogenic acid, (E)-2-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid (trans-GMCA), quercetagetin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside, chamaemeloside, apigenin 7-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), apigenin] and one polyacetylene (tonghaosu)(b).
1. Chamomile and anti inflammatory effect
The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises of the body's defense system against diseases. The immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. Beside foods and nutritional supplements, herbs also play a important role in helping the immune system defend against viruses and bacteria attacks.
In the study at Case Western Reserve University, showed its potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms, through inhibited NO production and iNOS gene expression via inhibiting RelA/p65 activation(1). The study of whether chamomile interferes with the COX-2 pathway, showed a positive effect of the herb in inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity and causation of reduction in LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression(2),
The study of supplement containing 2 flavonoids (>95% pure), luteolin (100 mg/capsule, from chamomile) and quercetin (70 mg/capsule), and the quercetin glycoside rutin (30 mg/capsule) from the Sophora japonica leaf, formulated in olive kernel oil to increase oral absorption, suggested that the combination of the flavonoids luteolin and quercetin seemed to be effective in reducing ASD symptoms, with no major adverse effects through it anti inflammatory activities(3)
References
(1) Chamomile: an anti-inflammatory agent inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by blocking RelA/p65 activity by Bhaskaran N1, Shukla S, Srivastava JK, Gupta S.(PubMed)
(2) Chamomile, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity by Srivastava JK1, Pandey M, Gupta S.(PubMed)
(3) An open-label pilot study of a formulation containing the anti-inflammatory flavonoid luteolin and its effects on behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders by Taliou A1, Zintzaras E, Lykouras L, Francis K.(PubMed)
2. Chamomile and dermatitis
Dermatitis or eczema, is defined as a condition of inflammation of skin including itchy, erythematous, vesicular, weeping, and crusting patches.
The use of chamomile oil in folk medicine for treatment of skin disorder may have found to be effect in modern medicine, according to Howon University, application of German chamomile oil to alleviating atopic dermatitis, such as reduced serum IgG1 level and significantly lower serum histamine level through influencing of Th2 cell activation(1).
Dr Dohil MA. in the study of herbal effects on in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease, indicated there may be a positive effect of herbal medicine, including chamomile through the present recent multicenter and international clinical studies that support their efficacy and safety profile for a variety of inflammatory skin conditions(2). and herbs containing anti inflammatory activity such as chamomile may be particularly well suited as alternatives to pharmacologic therapies in chronic conditions for which long-term use is required,(3), Dr. Wu J. said.
Although, German chamomile may be effective for treatment of skin disorder, but it was found to allergic effect in some patients in external use of chamomile tea or use of chamomile-containing topical herbal remedies, due to its chemical constituent herniarin(4)
References
(1) Effect of German chamomile oil application on alleviating atopic dermatitis-like immune alterations in mice.by Lee SH1, Heo Y, Kim YC.(PubMed)
(2) Natural ingredients in atopic dermatitis and other inflammatory skin disease.
Dohil MA.(PubMed)
(3) Anti-inflammatory ingredients by Wu J.(PubMed)
(4) The coumarin herniarin as a sensitizer in German chamomile [Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert, Compositae] by Paulsen E1, Otkjaer A, Andersen KE.(PubMed)
4. Chamomile and insomnia
Insomnia is a sign and symptom of sleep disorder and defined as a condition in which a person has a difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep or sleep of poor quality that can lead to substantial impairments in the quality of life and functional capacity of an individual. Most adults have experienced insomnia sometimes in their life. According to statistic, more than 30% of the population suffers from insomnia, one in three people suffer from some form of insomnia during their lifetime and women suffer from insomnia more often than men.
Chamomile, one of most popular herb used for sleep disorders in herbal medicine. According to the Dr. Srivastava JK and research team at the Case Western Reserve University. Many different preparations of the herb have been developed, the most popular of which is in the form of herbal tea consumed more than one million cups per day(1).
In a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia study, in adults with chronic primary insomnia, the herb showed a modest benefits of daytime functioning and mixed benefits on sleep diary(2). According to DR. Wheatley D., the anxiolytic or sedative properties of chamomile, Ylang-Ylang) would appear to improve sleep, but how practical a form of treatment. This may be remains to be determined(3).But in the assessing the benefits of chamomile in sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), sleep quality, and number of awakenings, researchers at the1University of Michigan, indicated that it may be the modest advantage on daytime functioning, but did not reach statistical significance(4).
References
(1) Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future by Srivastava JK1, Shankar E, Gupta S.(PubMed)(2) Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study by Zick SM1, Wright BD, Sen A, Arnedt JT.(PubMed)
(3) Medicinal plants for insomnia: a review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability. by Wheatley D.(PubMed)
(4) Preliminary examination of the efficacy and safety of a standardized chamomile extract for chronic primary insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study by Zick SM1, Wright BD, Sen A, Arnedt JT.(PubMed)
5. Chamomile and cancer
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in death.
According to the study by Dr. Srivastava JK and Dr.Gupta S. in cancer cells, chamomile extract showed to induce minimal growth inhibitory responses in normal cells, but significant decrease in cell viability was observed in various human cancer cell lines, through exhibition of its antiproliferative and apoptotic activities(1). The Harokopio University, study also indicated the effectiveness of chamomile in inhibition of epithelial colon cancer (HT29) cell line probably through regulation of regulate nuclear factor-kappa B(2). The testing of biological activity of 20 essential oils (EOs) from herbal plants for theirs effectiveness in numbers of cancer cell line, including human colon carcinoma, (HCT116), rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells, according to Kobe Gakuin University, chamomile showed a significant effecton both cancer cell growth and mast cell degranulation(3).
References
(1) Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of chamomile extract in various human cancer cells.
Srivastava JK1, Gupta S.(PubMed)
(2) Herbal infusions; their phenolic profile, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in HT29 and PC3 cells by Kogiannou DA1, Kalogeropoulos N, Kefalas P, Polissiou MG, Kaliora AC.(PubMed)
(3) Effects of essential oils from herbal plants and citrus fruits on DNA polymerase inhibitory, cancer cell growth inhibitory, antiallergic, and antioxidant activities by Mitoshi M1, Kuriyama I, Nakayama H, Miyazato H, Sugimoto K, Kobayashi Y, Jippo T, Kanazawa K, Yoshida H, Mizushina Y.(PubMed)
Basal cell cancer is the most common type of skin cancer as a result of abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis. The cancer rarely spread and kill but can cause significant destruction and disfigurement to the affected skin area and accounted for more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S.
According to statistic, skin cancers accounted for approximately 40% of all cancers reported in the United States and approximately 9,500 deaths per year. Herbal chamomile showed to inhibited skin cancer cell lines through its antioxidant effects via inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) type free radicals probably via downregulation of H2O2-generated free radicals in human skin fibroblasts (1). Apigenin , a chemical constituent of flavonoid found in chamomile, with 10 mumoles apigenin in 200 microliters DMSO:acetone (1:9) prior to each UVB exposure showed a promised resulted in reduction in cancer incidence (52% inhibition), through absorbing ultraviolet light or decreasing DNA damage(2). In support of the above, the National Taiwan University, indicated that a effectiveness of apigenin, in suppression of 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-(TPA)-mediated tumor promotion of mouse skin, through vary mechanisms(3).
References
(1) The active natural anti-oxidant properties of chamomile, milk thistle, and halophilic bacterial components in human skin in vitro by Mamalis A1, Nguyen DH, Brody N, Jagdeo J.(PubMed)
(2) Inhibition of ultraviolet light induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 mice by apigenin, a plant flavonoid by Birt DF1, Mitchell D, Gold B, Pour P, Pinch HC.(PubMed)
(3) Suppression of protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin and curcumin by Lin JK1, Chen YC, Huang YT, Lin-Shiau SY.(PubMed)
7. Chamomile and Neuroprotective effect
The evaluation of the neuroprotective effect of German chamomile against aluminium fluoride (AlF₄⁻)-induced oxidative stress in rats. showed a neuroprotective effect of herbal chamomile, through significantly decreased in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increased in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and total thiol levels in extract-treated animals(1). The Hanagal Shri Kumareshawr College of Pharmacy study, in support of the above, showed that the same effectiveness of the herb also through same mechanisms in extract treated groups but this time in global model of ischemia in rats(2)
References
(1) Neuroprotective activity of Matricaria recutita against fluoride-induced stress in rats by Ranpariya VL1, Parmar SK, Sheth NR, Chandrashekhar VM.(PubMed)
(2) Neuroprotective activity of Matricaria recutita Linn against global model of ischemia in rats vy Chandrashekhar VM1, Ranpariya VL, Ganapaty S, Parashar A, Muchandi AA(PubMed)
8. Chamomile and hepoprotective effect
Chamomilla recutita flavonoids (chamiloflan) showed to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through induced decrease of ceramide levels in the liver of old rats, according to the Kharkov Karazin National University(1). Flavonoids of German chamomile also exhibited the hepatoprotective effect, through affect sphingolipid metabolism and reduced the elevated ceramide level in the aged liver by normalized activities of key enzymes of sphingolipid turnover (neutral SMase and ceramidase) and ceramide contents in the damaged liver and liver cells, and stabilized the hepatocyte membranes.(2)
References
(1) Effects of Chamomilla recutita flavonoids on age-related liver sphingolipid turnover in rats.
Babenko NA1, Shakhova EG.(PubMed)
(2) Effects of flavonoids on sphingolipid turnover in the toxin-damaged liver and liver cells by Babenko NA1, Shakhova EG.(PubMed)
According to the Canadian mental health association, Anxiety disordered is a result of a combination of biological, psychological, and other individual factors(1a).
Anxiety is the most commonly reported psychiatric conditions and frequently occur as comorbid disorders.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and tolerability trial of Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) showed to effective of modest anxiolytic activity with patient mild to moderate GAD(1). The University of Ottawa study insisted at Matricaria recutita (German chamomile) and Humulus lupulus (hops) showed significant inhibition of GAD activity at doses of 0.11-0.65 mg/mL(2). The study containing 57 participants in the 2009 trial, 19 had anxiety with comorbid depression; 16 had anxiety with a past history of depression; and 22 had anxiety with no current or past depression, chamomile showed a clinically meaningful antidepressant activity to its previously observed anxiolytic activity(3). Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, in in mice study, exerted its anxiolytic and slight sedative effects through the central benzodiazepine receptors(4).
References
(a) Guaianolides and volatile compounds in chamomile tea by Tschiggerl C1, Bucar F.(PubMed)
(b) Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds by UHPLC-UV-MS and use of partial least-square discriminant analysis to differentiate chemo-types of Chamomile/Chrysanthemum flower heads by Avula B1, Wang YH, Wang M, Avonto C, Zhao J, Smillie TJ, Rua D, Khan IA.(PubMed)
(1a) Anxiety disorder(Canadian mental health association)
(1) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder by Amsterdam JD1, Li Y, Soeller I, Rockwell K, Mao JJ, Shults J.(PubMed)
(2) Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system by Awad R1, Levac D, Cybulska P, Merali Z, Trudeau VL, Arnason JT.(PubMed)
(3) Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) may provide antidepressant activity in anxious, depressed humans: an exploratory study by Amsterdam JD1, Shults J, Soeller I, Mao JJ, Rockwell K, Newberg AB.(PubMed)
(4) Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects by Viola H1, Wasowski C, Levi de Stein M, Wolfman C, Silveira R, Dajas F, Medina JH, Paladini AC.(PubMed)
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
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will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
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Home style 5 spice mix
Recipe by 125 Best Chinese Recipe1 By Bill Jones and Stephen Wong (Robert Rose)
2 tbsp. fennel seeds
2 tbsp. clove sticks
2 tbsp. star rinse
2 tbsp. Szechuan peppercorns
2 cinnamon sticks
1. In a nonstick pan over medium heat, cook the spices, shaking the pan constantly. When the pan just begins to smoke, remove from heat transfer contents to a place to cool.
2 In a small coffee or spice grinder ( you canalso use a mortar and pestle or blender or food processor) grind spices until a fine powder is obtained. transfer to a small, sealable plastic container and reserve until needed
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2 tbsp. fennel seeds
2 tbsp. clove sticks
2 tbsp. star rinse
2 tbsp. Szechuan peppercorns
2 cinnamon sticks
1. In a nonstick pan over medium heat, cook the spices, shaking the pan constantly. When the pan just begins to smoke, remove from heat transfer contents to a place to cool.
2 In a small coffee or spice grinder ( you canalso use a mortar and pestle or blender or food processor) grind spices until a fine powder is obtained. transfer to a small, sealable plastic container and reserve until needed
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
If You Are Looking For a SoulMate
Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
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Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to 1000 free AND HEALTHY recipes and counting
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The dressings: Creamy raspberry dressing
Recipe by Cooking light, the complete Quick Cook, (A practical Guide to Smart,
Fast home Cooking) by Bruce Weinstein and Mark Scarborough, Publisher
Oxmoor House.
You can have a bright spark of summer any time of year with this easy dressing. You can even make and refrigerate it for up to a week in advance. Try it on spinach salad with some chopped hard cooking egg and shredded carrot or a fruit salad with plenty of hulled strawberries and sliced peaches.
1/3 cup honey
1/4 cup raspberry vinegar
1/4 cup plain fat free yogurt
1 tsp. Dijon mustard
2 tsp. olive oil
1/4 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
Combine all ingredients, stir with a whisker until creamy. Store, covered, in refrigerator for up to 1 week. Yield 3/4 cup. (Serving size: 3 tsp.)
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Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
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You can have a bright spark of summer any time of year with this easy dressing. You can even make and refrigerate it for up to a week in advance. Try it on spinach salad with some chopped hard cooking egg and shredded carrot or a fruit salad with plenty of hulled strawberries and sliced peaches.
1/3 cup honey
1/4 cup raspberry vinegar
1/4 cup plain fat free yogurt
1 tsp. Dijon mustard
2 tsp. olive oil
1/4 tsp. salt
1/4 tsp. freshly ground black pepper
Combine all ingredients, stir with a whisker until creamy. Store, covered, in refrigerator for up to 1 week. Yield 3/4 cup. (Serving size: 3 tsp.)
Weight Loss the Easy Ways
Andrea Albright Featured on Health and Fitness Jan. 2015
will Personally Coach You How to Get There The Easy Way
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Celebrity Patti Stanger Will Coach You To Get Him/Her
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Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
Holistic System In Existence That Will Show You How To
Permanently Eliminate All Types of Ovarian Cysts Within 2 Months
Back to 1000 free AND HEALTHY recipes and counting
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