Friday, 16 May 2014

Herbal catnip as repellent

Catnip is also known as catswort, or catmint, a plant of Nepeta, belonging to the family of Lamiaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It has been use in herbal medicine as insect repellant and to treat digestive disorders, children restlessness and nervousness, fevers, cold and flu, skin irritations stimulate sweating, promote menstruation, etc..

Ingredients
Beside the major constituent of terpenoid nepetalactone, the herb also contains α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Cyclohexen-1-yl-methyl ketone, Triplal, Thymol, Nepetalactone, Nepetalactone, etc.


Herbal catnip as repellent
Catnip may be used as repellent agent in protect skin against insect and used as  mosquito repellent against several Aedes and Culex species, both topically and spatially and can be considered as a relatively safe repellent, which may cause minor skin irritation.(1).
In Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) study, chemical compound from catnip oil such as isolongifolenone, 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide and (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide, showed  a significant effect in repellency against stable flies(2).
But in the study by Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory, catnip oil and nepetalactone isomers are significantly less effective when compare with the repellents N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and chiral (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide (SS220)(3).

Side effects
 1. Overdose of Catnip may cause central nervous system depression.
2. Long-term exposure induced tolerance to stereotypic behavior, catalepsy and sleeping time, and increased the susceptibility to seizures.
3. Catnip may interacts with other medication if used  on a daily basis
4. Etc.

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References
(1) Efficacy and safety of catnip (Nepeta cataria) as a novel filth fly repellent by Zhu JJ1, Zeng XP, Berkebile D, DU HJ, Tong Y, Qian K.(PubMed)
(2) Nepetalactones from essential oil of Nepeta cataria represent a stable fly feeding and oviposition repellent by Zhu JJ1, Berkebile DR, Dunlap CA, Zhang A, Boxler D, Tangtrakulwanich K, Behle RW, Baxendale F, Brewer G.(PubMed)
(3) Feeding deterrent effects of catnip oil components compared with two synthetic amides against Aedes aegypti by Chauhan KR1, Klun JA, Debboun M, Kramer M.(PubMed)

Herbal Cat's claw as Antioxidants

Cat's claw found in in the tropical jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne, diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..
Ingredients
The chemical constustuents of Cat's claw include, ajmalicine, akuammigine, campesterol, catechin, carboxyl alkyl esters, chlorogenic acid, cinchonain, corynantheine, corynoxeine, daucosterol, epicatechin, harman, hirsuteine, hirsutine, iso-pteropodine, etc.
Free radicals are atoms, molecules, or ions with unpaired electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction. They may have positive, negative or zero charge. The unpaired electrons cause radicals to be highly chemically reactive in the human body, leading to aging and cancers.

Herbal Cat's claw has found to be efficacy for treatment of osteoarthritis, probably through its anti inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.
According to the, oral administration of Cat's claw protected against indomethacin-induced gastritis, and prevented TNFalpha mRNA(proteins are key regulators of T-cell activation, migration, and proliferation) expression and apoptosis due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities(1).
Pteropodine, a chemical compound isolated from Cat's claw, showed to exert its cytostatic, anti-inflammatory and antimutagenic properties in DPPH assay(2).
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the Uncaria tomentosa bark, in the study at the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, supported the antioxidant effect of the extract with the most in total phenolic compounds of the alcoholic preparations butmay cause undesirable gastric effects(3).
Other chemical compound, proanthocyanidins found in the decoctions prepared from the bark of Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) also was found to exert its high capacity to reduce the free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, and by its reaction with superoxide anion, peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals as well as with the oxidant species, hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid(4).

Side effects
1. It may cause allergic reaction, including itching, rash and allergic inflammation of the kidneys, etc. to certain people, according to the article of `Uncaria Tomentosa`by Wikipedia(a)
2. If you are taking blood pressure medicines, blood-thinning medications, hormones, or insulin do not take cat's claw
3. Do not take Cat's claw if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval of your related field specialist
4. Do not take cat’s claw if you have low blood pressure or an autoimmune disease (such as lupus or multiple sclerosis) or have had an organ or bone marrow transplant.
5. Etc.


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References
(1) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) are independent of their alkaloid content by Sandoval M1, Okuhama NN, Zhang XJ, Condezo LA, Lao J, Angeles' FM, Musah RA, Bobrowski P, Miller MJ.(PubMed)
(2) Antigenotoxic, antioxidant and lymphocyte induction effects produced by pteropodine by Paniagua-Pérez R1, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Molina-Jasso D, Reyes-Cadena S, Alvarez-González I, Sánchez-Chapul L, Pérez-Gallaga J.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC by Pilarski R1, Zieliński H, Ciesiołka D, Gulewicz K.(PubMed)

Simple and Quick recipe - Blue Cheese Cut-Out Crackers

Recipe contributed by Quick and easy family favorites (by Vickie and JoAnn)
These delicate cheese wafers carry a touch of hot pepper... but you can season to your own taste.
1 c. all purpose flour
7 T. crumbled blue cheese
1 egg yolk
4 t. whipping cream
7 T. butter, softened
1/2 dried parsley
1/8 tsp. salt
cayenne pepper tto taste
Mix all ingredients in a bowl; let rest for 80 minutes. Roll dough out to 1/8 inch thickness. Use your favorite cookie cutter shapes to cut out the crackers. bake on ungreased baking sheet at 400 degrees
for 8 to 10 minutes or just until golden. Carefully remove the delicate crackers when cool.
Make 11/2 to 2 dozen.

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Thursday, 15 May 2014

Angelica for Alleviating Menopausal Symptoms?

Kyle J. Norton

Most women living in West entering the stage of peri menopause onward, may experience certain menopausal symptoms due to the reduced production of certain steroid hormones because of aging.
According to the statistic, approximately 70% of menopausal women are experience some kinds of symptoms such as hot flash, vaginal dryness, problem sleeping, mood swing, etc. but only 10% in the East. Some researchers suggested that this may be resulted of social and cultural structure difference and dietary habits.

The Good
Dang Qui or Chinese Angelica, the Queen of all herbs, according to Chinese medical literature, may be the next single herb or used conjunction with other herbs which may be comparable to hormonal therapies in alleviating the symptoms of menopause with little or no adverse effects, through its effectiveness in balancing the body hormones, even in case of depletion(1).

According to the University of Messina, in ovariectomized rats study, Dang Qui extract exhibited estrogenic activity in relieving climacteric symptoms through stimulation of the uterine histoarchitecture, a significant cornification in the vaginal epithelium and a reduction of serum LH concentration(2).

Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) containing Radix Astragali (Huangqi) and Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Danggui) is a simple decoction, having about 800 years of usage in China to treat menopausal irregularity in women, suggested that the effectiveness of the formula may be depended on the crucial factors of extraction time and number of repeats of the extraction(6).

EstroG-100, a herbal extract containing Cynanchum wilfordii, Phlomis umbrosa and Angelica gigas has shown to alleviate the symptoms of vasomotor, paresthesia, insomnia, nervousness, melancholia, vertigo, fatigue and rheumatic pain in 12 weeks with 64 pre-, peri- and postmenopausal White Hispanic, White non-Hispanic and African American women(3).

The bad and Ugly
Unfortunately, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, in the testing of the effectiveness of Dang Qui used for peri- or postmenopausal relief, on the proliferation of estrogen receptor-positive (MCF-7) and negative (BT-20) breast cancer cells in vitro, suggested that the water extract of dong quai stimulated the growth of MCF-7 cells, possibly dependent of weak estrogen-agonistic activity, and augmented the BT-20 cell proliferation independent of estrogen receptor-mediated pathway(4) and the ferulic acid (FA), an active compound derived from Angelica sinensis may cause human breast cancer cell proliferation by up-regulation of HER2 and ERalpha expression(9).
Conflict to the above, the Chung Shan Medical University Hospital study, indicated that A. sinensis, can improve the immune cell count of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to prevent leucopenia and immune impairment(8).

 Dr. Low Dog T., told PubMed "Dang Qai, extract, showed insignificant effective in ameliorating menopausal symptoms in dose depending manner", in the review of total of 19 studies met the inclusion criteria(5), and Dong quai [Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels] showed only weak ER binding and PR, according to the University of Illinois at Chicago(6).

Taken altogether, without going into reviews, Dang Qui and herbal formula containing the herb may be effective in relieving menopausal symptoms. Menopausal women with history of breast cancer or carried gene mutation Her2, should not take the herb without consulting to their doctors & Related field specialist. As always, all articles written by Kyle J. Norton are for information & education only.


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References
(1) Popular #Herbs - #Dang Qui (Angelica sinensis)
(2) Estrogenic activity of standardized extract of Angelica sinensis by Circosta C1, Pasquale RD, Palumbo DR, Samperi S, Occhiuto F.(PubMed)
(3) The effect of herbal extract (EstroG-100) on pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study by Chang A1, Kwak BY, Yi K, Kim JS.(PubMed)
(4) Use of dong quai (Angelica sinensis) to treat peri- or postmenopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer: is it appropriate? by Lau CB1, Ho TC, Chan TW, Kim SC.(PubMed)
(5) Menopause: a review of botanical dietary supplements by Low Dog T.(PubMed)
(6) Chemical and biological assessment of a traditional chinese herbal decoction prepared from Radix Astragali and Radix Angelicae Sinensis: orthogonal array design to optimize the extraction of chemical constituents by Song ZH1, Ji ZN, Lo CK, Dong TT, Zhao KJ, Li OT, Haines CJ, Kung SD, Tsim KW.(PubMed)
(7) Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms by Liu J 1, Burdette JE, Xu H, Gu C, van Breemen RB, Bhat KP, Booth N, Constantinou AI, Pezzuto JM, Fong HH, Farnsworth NR, Bolton JL.(PubMed)
(8) Effects of a Chinese medical herbs complex on cellular immunity and toxicity-related conditions of breast cancer patients by Zhuang SR1, Chiu HF, Chen SL, Tsai JH, Lee MY, Lee HS, Shen YC, Yan YY, Shane GT, Wang CK.(PubMed)
(9) Modulation of HER2 expression by ferulic acid on human breast cancer MCF7 cells by Chang CJ1, Chiu JH, Tseng LM, Chang CH, Chien TM, Wu CW, Lui WY.(PubMed)

Apricot and Plum, the next Generation of Oral Hygiene

Kyle J. Norton

People with problem of oral hygiene may consider to add Apricot and Plum into their diet, new study suggested. In fact, the foods not contain measurable amount of nutrients which are important to
maintain the proper growth and body functions, but also enhance the immune system in fighting against invasion of  foreign substances, including bacterial and viral agents.

Patients with oral hygiene incompetence may be experience certain dental consequences such as  gums diseases  including cavities or even tooth loss.

According to the study by the University of Karachi, butanolic extract from Prunus armeniaca exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria(1).

Mei, other member of the Prunus armeniaca, a favorite snack of Asian women, especially for those in the early stage of pregnancy, probably due to its sour taste, is also found to improve oral hygiene. According to the study of the University of Hong Kong, in the differentiation of the anti bacterial effectiveness of 20 traditional Chinese herbs. Mei was found to exert a significant effect against all testing oral bacteria, namely, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis(3).

Organic acids, the main ingredient of fructus mume extract, also showed a strong evidence in enhancing oral hygiene through its antimicrobial effect on orthodontic bracket in vitro by increasing the amount of dead bacteria on the surface(4).

Mei or Lu E Mei is also known as Plum. The sour and warm herb has been used in TCM to treat  diarrhea, pain from colic caused by ascaris, alleviates thirst, as well as other digestive system diseases caused by imbalance of  bacteria. According to the the University of Hong Kong, at suspension of 2 g/mL the extract showed a significantly inhibited effect on all tested oral pathogenic bacteria and may be considered as a potential anti- oral antimicrobial agent to control or prevent dental diseases(5).

Unfortunately, accompanied to their health effects, Mei can not be used in case of internal heat excess  such as high fever with infection or cold or flu without sweat)(6) and sulfite sensitive People  should not consume fried apricot because sulfur- compounds are often added to dried foods as preservatives for prevention of oxidation, according to traditional Chinese medicine.(7).


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References
(1) Flavonoid glycosides from Prunus armeniaca and the antibacterial activity of a crude extract by Rashid F1, Ahmed R, Mahmood A, Ahmad Z, Bibi N, Kazmi SU.(PubMed)(2)
(3) Antimicrobial activity of Chinese medicine herbs against common bacteria in oral biofilm. A pilot study by Wong RW1, Hägg U, Samaranayake L, Yuen MK, Seneviratne CJ, Kao R.(PubMed)
(4) The antimicrobial efficacy of Fructus mume extract on orthodontic bracket: a monospecies-biofilm model study in vitro by Chen Y1, Wong RW, Seneviratne CJ, Hägg U, McGrath C, Samaranayake LP, Kao R.(PubMed)
(5) Prunus mume extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against pathogenic oral bacteria by Seneviratne CJ1, Wong RW, Hägg U, Chen Y, Herath TD, Samaranayake PL, Kao R.(PubMed)
(6) #Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
(7) Chinese Herbs – Mei or Lu E Mei (Fructus Armeniaca mume)

Simple and Quick recipe - Crispy Parmesan Pita Crackers

Recipe contributed by Quick and easy family favorites (by Vickie and JoAnn)

These is great salad and dips. For added flavor, sprinkle with garlic powder herbs before baking.
5 pita round
non-stick vegetable spray
1/2 c. grated Parmesan cheese
Split pitas and cut each half into wedges. Arrange on a baking sheet; spray lightly with non- stick vegetable spray and sprinkle with grated Parmesan. bake at 450 degrees for 8 to 10 minutes or until crisp.
make 5 dozen.

Laura Fuller
Fort Wayne, IN


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Wednesday, 14 May 2014

Herbal Cinnamon and Diabetes

By Kyle J. Norton

Cinnamon, a kitchen spicy in many cultures, may have gained many believers, including medical professions because of its anti diabetic effect, through regulating the blood glucose levels in healthy and diabetic subjects. According to herbalists, intake of 1/4 tsp. in the morning and evening may reduce the blood sugar significantly with little or no adverse effects.

The herb has been use in herbal and traditional medicine as anti-fungal and bacteria level to improve reproductive organ, prevent flatulence and intestinal cramping, treat indigestion, diarrhea, bad breath, headache, migraine, etc.(1).

According to the 2011 statistic from National Diabetes InformationClearinghouse (NDIC), among U.S. residents ages 65 years and older, 10.9 million, or 26.9 percent, had diabetes in 2010, about 215,000 people younger than 20 years had diabetes—type 1 or type 2—in the United States in 2010 and approximately,  1.9 million people ages 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2010 in the United States.

In a total of 66 patients with type 2 diabetes study conducted by Xuhui District Central Hospital, showed a significant reduction of blood triglyceride levels in the low-dose group, after 3 months of oral administration(2)

Some researchers suggested that cinnamon extract may improve fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance without altering the insulin secretion, through  lower triglyceride and increased liver glycogen content and improved insulin action in liver tissues(3).

Dr. Kim SH and Dr. Choung SY. told PubMed "The effect of cinnamon in significantly increases insulin sensitivity, reduces serum, and hepatic lipids, and improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia possibly by regulating the PPAR(in regulation of  metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein))-medicated glucose and lipid metabolism"(4)

In support of the above, chromium(Cr) and polyphenols found in cinnamon (Cinnamomon cassia) indicated a improvement of glucose, insulin, cholesterol and HbA1c(Glucose lab test)  in patients with type 2 diabetes following Cr supplementation, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study(7).

Unfortunately, according to the Western University of Health Sciences, consumption of cinnamon is associated with a statistically significant decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose, but insisted that high degree of heterogeneity may limit the ability to apply these results to patient care, due to the unclear preferred dose and duration of therapy(5)

 A randomized clinical trial in which 70 Patients with type II diabetes assigned randomly two groups (35 in cinnamon and 35 in placebo group for the testing of  the effect of cinnamon on the glucose level in blood, indicated an insignificant effect of using cinnamon on glucose level of diabetic patients and the herb should not be recommended to patients with type II diabetes depending on further studies(6).

Taken altogether, cinnamon in low dose may be effective in controlling the levels of blood glucose in patient with diabetes without altering the insulin level. According to DR. Georgakopoulou EA., oral intake of Cinnamon may cause Stomatitis(7), and burning sensation in mouth with large amount. The traditional Chinese medicine also insisted that Overdoses of cinnamon can be toxic and damage to liver(1).


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References
(1) @Popular Herbs -Cinnamon
(2) Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes by Lu T, Sheng H, Wu J, Cheng Y, Zhu J, Chen Y.(PubMed)
(3) Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity by Sartorius T1, Peter A2, Schulz N3, Drescher A2, Bergheim I4, Machann J5, Schick F6, Siegel-Axel D2, Schürmann A3, Weigert C1, Häring HU1, Hennige AM(PubMed)
(4) Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action of Cinnamomi Cassiae (Cinnamon bark) extract in C57BL/Ks db/db mice by Kim SH1, Choung SY.(PubMed)
(5) Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis by Allen RW1, Schwartzman E, Baker WL, Coleman CI, Phung OJ.(PubMed)
(6) The Effect of Cinnamon on Glucose of Type II Diabetes Patients by Hasanzade F1, Toliat M2, Emami SA3, Emamimoghaadam Z(PubMed)
(7) Chromium and polyphenols from cinnamon improve insulin sensitivity by Anderson RA.(PubMed)