Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Wednesday, 16 April 2014

Asthma in Vitamin K points of view

Food Therapy - Celery and anti microbial effects

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and anti microbial effects
According to the Iowa State University, celery juice concentrate (CJ) showed to reduce the pH of CJ before addition to the ham had greater impact on L. monocytogenes growth on does depending manner(b). Its wide version, Apium graveolens L. (wild celery), chemical constistuents sedanenolide, neocnidilide and neophytadiene showed to exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Trichophyton verrucosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Epidermophyton floccosum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus.(c).
In the testing of the effects of Apium graveolens essential oil' antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities, researchers at the University of Monastir, found that the essential oil of A. graveolens are strongly inhibitory against Escherichia coli and moderately inhibitory against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus(d)

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)(b) The effect of pH and nitrite concentration on the antimicrobial impact of celery juice concentrate compared with conventional sodium nitrite on Listeria monocytogenes by Horsch AM¹, Sebranek JG, Dickson JS, Niebuhr SE, Larson EM, Lavieri NA, Ruther BL, Wilson LA.(PubMed)
(c) Isolation of the volatile fraction from Apium graveolens L. (Apiaceae) by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and hydrodistillation: chemical composition and antifungal activity by Marongiu B¹, Piras A, Porcedda S, Falconieri D, Maxia A, Frau MA, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L.(PubMed)
(d) Antiulcerogenic and antibacterial activities of Apium graveolens essential oil and extract by Baananou S¹, Bouftira I, Mahmoud A, Boukef K, Marongiu B, Boughattas NA(PubMed)

Tuesday, 15 April 2014

Asthma in Vitamin E points of view

By Kyle J. Norton

The widespread of incidence of asthma over large 20 years in South East Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to over intake in artificial ingredients, polluted environment as well as intake foods triggering the inflammatory allergens.
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils, etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical scavenger, etc..
General consensus suggestion of increased dietary vitamin E intake is associated with a reduced incidence of asthma, due its antioxidant status, but epidemiological studies, linking vitamin E in reduced risk and treatment of asthma have not been conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d)(e).

1. Serum levels of vitamin E
Serum levels of vitamin in asthmatic patients may be correlated to the occurrence of the diseases. The University of Tampere study of five European rural settings with Children of 1133 mothers recruited during pregnancy, showed no associated of with allergies or asthma by 6 years of age regardless the concentration of vitamin E(1). and the study of the Yamaguchi University, also indicated no correlation of levels of vitamin E and asthma in the a total of Of 2796 students attending schools in Shunan, Japan, in 2006.(1a). The University of Medical Sciences study indicated other wise as treatment of fluticasone and vitamin E (50mg/day) showed an significantly increased of Serum level of Vitamin E, with improved FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio(2). The study of acute asthmatic attack in children, showed a high degree of reactive oxygen species formation causing considerable oxidative stress with the high level of oxidants Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and low level of antioxidants(vitamin C, vitamin E and uric acid)(3). Researchers at the Oslo University Hospital, in the study of children of 7-12 yr with asthma (n = 50) and no asthma (controls) (n = 52)indicated that schoolchildren with asthma and rhinitis had reduced levels of the major serum antioxidant albumin, and poorly controlled asthma was associated with decreased vitamin E and transferrin levels(4).

2. The effects
The Northwestern University study indicated the opposing regulatory effects as allergic inflammation is inhibited by supplementation with the purified natural vitamin E isoform α-tocopherol but elevated by the isoform γ-tocopherol when administered at physiological tissue concentrations(5)(6). But according to University of North Carolina School of Medicine, γ-tocopherol (GT) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) internalization of attached zymosan bioparticles and macrophage expression of CD206, CD36 and CD86 in allergic asthmatics through downregulation of both innate and adaptive immune response elements, and atopic status(7). The composition containing 623 mg of gamma-tocopherol, 61.1 mg of d-alpha-tocopherol, 11.1 mg of d-beta-tocopherol (11.1 mg), and 231 mg of d-sigma-tocopherol capsule in Phase I human dosing study showed the decreased systemic oxidative stress, increased serum levels of gamma-tocopherol, and inhibited monocyte responses to LPS without any adverse health effects(8). IOvalbumin (OVA)-sensitized Brown Norway rats, treatment of gamma-tocopherol (gammaT), inhibited the pathogenesis of both AR and asthma inflammatory pathways(9). Suggestion of oxidant stress and diminished antioxidant defenses may be a cause of asthmatic disease(10) and uncontrolled asthma and severe asthma pattern have impaired antioxidant defenses and are thus most susceptible to the damaging effects of oxidative stress(11). 1500 IU of natural-source d-α-tocopheryl acetate daily for at least 16 weeks in volunteered asthmatic patient, showed to inhibited oxidant stress, through modulation of allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in human atopic asthmatics in vivo(12).

Taken altogether, Aγ-tocopherol, a variant of vitamin E, may be effective in reduced risk and treatment of asthmatic disorder, but further large sample and in multi centers studies are necessary to validate it claims. Over doses of vitamin E supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

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References
(a) Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial by Pearson PJ¹, Lewis SA, Britton J, Fogarty A(PubMed)
(b) Effects of vitamin E on mitochondrial dysfunction and asthma features in an experimental allergic murine model by Mabalirajan U¹, Aich J, Leishangthem GD, Sharma SK, Dinda AK, Ghosh B.(PubMed)
(c) Diet and asthma: vitamins and methyl donors by Han YY¹, Blatter J¹, Brehm JM¹, Forno E¹, Litonjua AA², Celedón JC³.(PubMed)
(d) Asthma, allergy, and responses to methyl donor supplements and nutrients by Sharma S¹, Litonjua A(PubMed)
(e) Vitamin e supplementation, lung functions and clinical manifestations in children with moderate asthma: a randomized double blind placebo- controlled trial by Ghaffari J¹, Farid Hossiani R, Khalilian A, Nahanmoghadam N, Salehifar E, Rafatpanah H.(PubMed)
(1) Serum vitamin E concentrations at 1 year and risk of atopy, atopic dermatitis, wheezing, and asthma in childhood: the PASTURE study by Nwaru BI¹, Virtanen SM, Alfthan G, Karvonen AM, Genuneit J, Lauener RP, Dalphin JC, Hyvärinen A, Pfefferle P, Riedler J, Weber J, Roduit C, Kaulek V, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J; PASTURE study group.(PubMed)
(1a) Association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with atopic diseases in Japanese children and adolescents by Okuda M¹, Bando N, Terao J, Sasaki S, Sugiyama S, Kunitsugu I, Hobara T.(PubMed)
(2) Vitamin e supplementation, lung functions and clinical manifestations in children with moderate asthma: a randomized double blind placebo- controlled trial by Ghaffari J¹, Farid Hossiani R, Khalilian A, Nahanmoghadam N, Salehifar E, Rafatpanah H.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant status in acute asthmatic attack in children by Al-Abdulla NO¹, Al Naama LM, Hassan MK.(PubMed)
(4) Altered oxidative state in schoolchildren with asthma and allergic rhinitis by Bakkeheim E¹, Mowinckel P, Carlsen KH, Burney P, Carlsen KC.(PubMed)
(5) Vitamin E isoforms as modulators of lung inflammation by Abdala-Valencia H¹, Berdnikovs S, Cook-Mills JM.(PubMed)
(6) Two faces of vitamin E in the lung by Cook-Mills JM¹, Abdala-Valencia H, Hartert T.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of ex vivo γ-tocopherol on airway macrophage function in healthy and mild allergic asthmatics by Geiser M¹, Lay JC, Bennett WD, Zhou H, Wang X, Peden DB, Alexis NE.(PubMed)
(8) In vivo gamma-tocopherol supplementation decreases systemic oxidative stress and cytokine responses of human monocytes in normal and asthmatic subjects by Wiser J¹, Alexis NE, Jiang Q, Wu W, Robinette C, Roubey R, Peden DB.(PubMed)
(9) Gamma-tocopherol prevents airway eosinophilia and mucous cell hyperplasia in experimentally induced allergic rhinitis and asthma by Wagner JG¹, Jiang Q, Harkema JR, Ames BN, Illek B, Roubey RA, Peden DB.(PubMed)
(10) Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi asthmatic patients by Al-Afaleg NO¹, Al-Senaidy A, El-Ansary A.(PubMed)
(11) Reduced circulating antioxidant defences are associated with airway hyper-responsiveness, poor control and severe disease pattern in asthma by Wood LG¹, Gibson PG.(PubMed)
(12) Natural-source d-α-tocopheryl acetate inhibits oxidant stress and modulates atopic asthma in humans in vivo by Hoskins A¹, Roberts JL 2nd, Milne G, Choi L, Dworski R.(PubMed)

Food Therapy - Celery and Dementia

Celery and Dementia
Dementia is defined as a condition of gradually serious loss of global cognitive ability, including memory, thinking, language, judgment, behavior, etc. According to statistic, over 24 million people living with some form of dementia worldwide.
3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a chemical compound extracted from Chinese celery showed an improvement in spatial learning and memory in the ischemic-rat(b). According to Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, the extract not only consisted neuroprotective effects on ischemic, vascular dementia, and amyloid-beta (Abeta)-infused animal models, but also reduced total cerebral Abeta plaque deposition and lowered Abeta levels in brain homogenates through enhanced soluble amyloid precursor protein secretion (alphaAPPs), alpha-secretase, and PKCalpha expression in Alzheimer's patients(c) and in tau phosphorylation, it improved cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice(d).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(c) L-3-n-butylphthalide improves cognitive impairment and reduces amyloid-beta in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease by Peng Y¹, Sun J, Hon S, Nylander AN, Xia W, Feng Y, Wang X, Lemere CA(PubMed)(d) L-3-n-butylphthalide reduces tau phosphorylation and improves cognitive deficits in AβPP/PS1-Alzheimer's transgenic mice by Peng Y¹, Hu Y, Xu S, Li P, Li J, Lu L, Yang H, Feng N, Wang L, Wang X.(PubMed)

Monday, 14 April 2014

Asthma in Vitamin D points of view

By Kyle J. Norton

The widespread of incidence of asthma over large 20 years in South East Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to over intake in artificial ingredients, polluted environment as well as intake foods triggering the inflammatory allergens.
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble secosteroids found in small amount in few foods, including salmon, mackerel, sardines and tuna. The vitamin plays an important role in modulation of cellular proliferation, apoptosis induction, tumor growth suppression and promotion in absorption of minerals, including calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc.

1. Serum of vitamin D
Epidemiological studies, linking the levels of serum 25-OH vitamin D with asthma may be inconclusive. The study of included 4,999 adults aged 30-60 years in 1999-2001. 3,032 of those included at baseline also participated at a follow-up examination 5 years later and 3,727 answered a 10 year follow-up questionnaire, showed no association of serum serum 25-OH vitamin D and the risk of asthma in Danish adults(1)(1a). Some researchers in the study of general Korean population suggested that vitamin D-insufficiency may have an increased likelihood of atopic dermatitis, but not asthma, allergic rhinitis, or IgE sensitization(2)(2a). But the study by Royal Brompton Hospital, London indicated otherwise of relationships between serum vitamin D, lung function, and pathology in children with severe, therapy-resistant asthma (STRA)(3)(4) and 25 hydroxy vitamin D insufficiency wass associated with bronchial asthma(4a) On the other hand, the study of iMayo Clinic indicated the correlation between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and positive pneumococcal antibody levels in all subjects regardless of asthma(5).

2. The benefits
According to the study by Universitätsmedizin Berlin, oral administration of vitamin D in vitamin D deficiency induced asthma, showed an increased expression of CD38 on B cells and a decreased T-cell-dependent proinflammatory cytokine production(6). In support to above study, Vitamin D found to decreased inflammatory cytokine production from T-cell subsets implicated in asthma, according to Florida Atlantic University(7). In patient with steroid-resistant (SR) and steroid-sensitive (SS) asthma, oral administration of vitamin D, although exerted its anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid-enhancing effects in monocytes of patients with SR asthma and patients with SS asthma, the responses to corticosteroids in patients with SR asthma remained significantly lower than those in patients with SS asthma(8). Other in the study of the effect of vitamin D in severe therapy-resistant asthma (STRA) patients, showed an positive effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D in culture enhanced dexamethasone-induced IL-10 (Defective IL-10 expression causes a significantly diminished levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10))without marked effects on IL-13 or IL-17A production(9). Patients with severe asthma exhibited increased levels of TH17 cytokines.The study of King's College London, also suggested that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits TH17 cytokine production in all patients with moderate-to-severe asthma(10), enhances the frequency of Treg cells(11)and upregulates CD200 on peripheral human CD4+ T cells(12).

Taken altogether, without going into reviews, vitamin D used conjunction with other anti asthma medicine and its the active form 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, may be associated to reduced risk and treatment of asthmatic diseases. Over doses of vitamin D supplement may cause excessive calcium absorption, calcification, Urinary stones etc. please make sure to follow the guideline of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.

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References
(1) The association of serum 25-OH vitamin D with atopy, asthma, and lung function in a prospective study of Danish adults by Thuesen BH¹, Skaaby T, Husemoen LL, Fenger M, Jørgensen T, Linneberg A.(PubMed)
(1a) Vitamin d in pediatric inpatients with respiratory illnesses by Iqbal S¹, Mosenkis EV, Jain P, Wiles A, Lerner J, Benton AS, Chamberlain JM, Freishtat RJ, Teach SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Low vitamin D levels are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not allergic rhinitis, asthma, or IgE sensitization, in the adult Korean population by Cheng HM¹, Kim S², Park GH³, Chang SE⁴, Bang S⁵, Won CH⁴, Lee MW⁴, Choi JH⁴, Moon KC(PubMed)
(2a) Vitamin D with asthma and COPD: not a false hope? A systematic review and meta-analysis By Zhang LL¹, Gong J², Liu CT³.(PubMed)
(3) Childhood asthma and vitamin D deficiency in Turkey: is there cause and effect relationship between them? Uysalol M¹, Mutlu LC, Saracoglu GV, Karasu E, Guzel S, Kayaoglu S, Uzel N.(PubMed)
(4) Relationship between serum vitamin D, disease severity, and airway remodeling in children with asthma by Gupta A¹, Sjoukes A, Richards D, Banya W, Hawrylowicz C, Bush A, Saglani S.(PubMed)
(4a) Serum 25 Hydroxy Vitamin D Insufficiency Associated with Bronchial Asthma in Lucknow, India by Awasthi S¹, Vikram K.(PubMed)
(5) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with enhanced pneumococcal antibody levels in individuals with asthma by Lee J¹, Zhao H, Fenta Y, Kita H, Kumar R, Juhn YJ.(PubMed)
(6) Oral vitamin D increases the frequencies of CD38+ human B cells and ameliorates IL-17-producing T cells by Drozdenko G¹, Heine G, Worm M.(PubMed)
(7) Effect of vitamin D on T-helper type 9 polarized human memory cells in chronic persistent asthma by Keating P¹, Munim A², Hartmann JX².(PubMed)
(8) Anti-inflammatory and corticosteroid-enhancing actions of vitamin D in monocytes of patients with steroid-resistant and those with steroid-sensitive asthma by Zhang Y¹, Leung DY², Goleva E³.(PubMed)
(9) Defective IL-10 expression and in vitro steroid-induced IL-17A in paediatric severe therapy-resistant asthma by Gupta A¹, Dimeloe S, Richards DF, Chambers ES, Black C, Urry Z, Ryanna K, Xystrakis E, Bush A, Saglani S, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)
(10) Enhanced production of IL-17A in patients with severe asthma is inhibited by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a glucocorticoid-independent fashion by Nanzer AM¹, Chambers ES, Ryanna K, Richards DF, Black C, Timms PM, Martineau AR, Griffiths CJ, Corrigan CJ, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)
(11) The role of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and cytokines in the promotion of distinct Foxp3+ and IL-10+ CD4+ T cells by Urry Z¹, Chambers ES, Xystrakis E, Dimeloe S, Richards DF, Gabryšová L, Christensen J, Gupta A, Saglani S, Bush A, O'Garra A, Brown Z, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)
(12) 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 promotes CD200 expression by human peripheral and airway-resident T cells by Dimeloe S¹, Richards DF, Urry ZL, Gupta A, Stratigou V, Farooque S, Saglani S, Bush A, Hawrylowicz CM.(PubMed)

Food Therapy - Celery and Stroke

Celery is a species of Apium graveolens, belong to the family Apiaceae. It is cultivated all around the globe as a vegetable. Celery can grow to 1/2 m tall with stalks (leaf on the top) arranging in a conical shape joined at a common base.
Nutrients
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin A
8. Vitamin B1
9. Vitamin B2
10. Vitamin B6
11. Vitamin C
12. Vitamin K
13. Folate
14. Calcium
15. Manganese
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Iron
20. Sodium
21. Etc.
Phytochemicals
1. 3-n-butyl-phthalide
2. Acetylenics,
3. Coumarins
4. Phenolic acids
5. Limonene, coumarin,
6. Phthalides
7. Apigenin
and falcariondiol (1), (9Z) 1,9-heptadecadiene-4,6-diyne-3,8,11-triol (2), oplopandiol (3), bergapten (4), 5,8-dimethoxy psoralen (5), isofraxidin (6), eugenic acid (7), trans-ferulic acid (8), trans-cinnamic acid (9), p-hydroxyphenylethanol ferulate (10), caffeoylquinic acid (11), 5-p-trans-coumaroylquinic acid (12), sedanolide (13), lunularin (14), lunularic acid (15), 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenol)-propane-1,3-diol (16), D-allitol (17), beta-sitosterol (18), benzolic acid (19), succinic acid (20), according to Shenyang Pharmaceutical University(a).
Celery and stroke
Besides cancer and heart diseases, stroke is the third leading cause of death. Approximate 1/4 of all stroke victims die as a direct result of the stroke or it's complications.
Celery may consist a potential in improve outcome of after stroke. According to Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College , Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), isolated from the seeds of celery, used as an anti-hypertensive herbal medicine for treating stroke patients(b) in the randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial enrolled 573 patients within 48 hours of onset of ischemic stroke in China, indicated a positive outcome at the third month after stroke through both NBP intravenous and oral treatment(c). Other in the study of DL-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP), a synthetic compound based on L-3-n-Butylphthalide given to after the onset of ischemic stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, found that pre- and post-treatment significantly lowered neurological deficit scores, reduced infarct volume, and minimized pathological changes in the penumbra area(d).

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References
(a) [Chemical constituents of fresh celery].[Article in Chinese] by Zhou K¹, Wu B, Zhuang Y, Ding L, Liu Z, Qiu F(PubMed)(b) Effects of DL-3-n-butylphthalide on vascular dementia and angiogenesis by Zhang L¹, Lü L, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Yew DT.(PubMed)
(b) Ninety-day administration of dl-3-n-butylphthalide for acute ischemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial and Cui LY¹, Zhu YC, Gao S, Wang JM, Peng B, Ni J, Zhou LX, He J, Ma XQ.(PubMed)

(c) DL-3-n-Butylphthalide, an anti-oxidant agent, prevents neurological deficits and cerebral injury following stroke per functional analysis, magnetic resonance imaging and histological assessment by Zhang L¹, Yu WH, Wang YX, Wang C, Zhao F, Qi W, Chan WM, Huang Y, Wai MS, Dong J, Yew DT.(PubMed)

Sunday, 13 April 2014

Asthma in Vitamin C points of view

The widespread of incidence of asthma over large 20 years in South East Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to over intake in artificial ingredients and polluted environment.
Vitamin C, also known as L-ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, found in fresh fruits, berries and green vegetables. It is best known for its free radical scavengers activity and regenerating oxidized vitamin E for immune support.
Epidemiological studies, linking vitamin C in reduced risk and treatment of asthma have been inconclusive(a)(b)(c)(d).

The study of the effects of antioxidant nutritional status with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Korean schoolchildren aged 6-12 years, in a total of 4,554 children in Seoul, Korea, showed a positive effect of Vitamin C intake negatively associated with an increased risk of AR symptoms(1). According to the Rabin Medical Center, vitamin C also enhanced the protective effect on the hyperreactive airways of patients with exercise-induced asthma (EIA)(2). Oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species is known to contribute to the inflammatory process of bronchial asthma. According to Dr. Ruprai RK., in the study of the oxidative stress plasma malondialdehyde and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) showed an oxidative imbalance in asthmatic patients and antioxidant supply may have a beneficial impact on the free radical induced injury and improvement of respiratory reserve in Asthmatics(3)(4). In Saudi asthmatic patients, King Saud University study, exhibition of oxidative stress and defective antioxidant status of these patients suggested these may be primary causative factor in the pathogenesis of asthma(5).
In mega doses, vitamin C in asthmatic patients decreased airway hyperreactivity to methacholine, inflammatory cell numbers in brochoalveolar lavage fluid, and moderated reduction of perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltration(6).

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References
(a) Vitamin C supplementation for asthma by Kaur B¹, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(PubMed)
(b) Vitamin C supplementation for asthma by Ram FS¹, Rowe BH, Kaur B(PubMed)
(c) Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by Milan SJ¹, Hart A, Wilkinson M.(PubMed)
(d) Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis by Hemilä H.(PubMed)
(1) Association of antioxidants with allergic rhinitis in children from seoul by Seo JH¹, Kwon SO, Lee SY, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, Yu J, Kim HB, Kim WK, Jang GC, Song DJ, Shim JY, Oh SY, Hong SJ.(PubMed)
(2) Blocking effect of vitamin C in exercise-induced asthma by Cohen HA¹, Neuman I, Nahum H.(PubMed)
(3) Plasma oxidant-antioxidants status in asthma and its correlation with pulmonary function tests by Ruprai RK.(PubMed)
(4) Antioxidant status in acute asthmatic attack in children by Al-Abdulla NO¹, Al Naama LM, Hassan MK.(PubMed)
(5) Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi asthmatic patients by Al-Afaleg NO¹, Al-Senaidy A, El-Ansary A.(PubMed)
(6) Mega-dose vitamin C attenuated lung inflammation in mouse asthma model by Jeong YJ¹, Kim JH, Kang JS, Lee WJ, Hwang YI.(PubMed)