Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Wednesday, 6 November 2013

#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Lime (C. Aurantifolia)

Lime (Lemon)
Lime is a species of Citrus Aurantifolia, belongs to the family Rutaceae. It has around shape are with green to yellow in color and 3–6 cm in diameter and native to Southeast Asia.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Water
7. Vitamin C
8. Etc

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Pancreatic cancer
In the evaluation of the chemopreventive effects of lime juice on pancreatic cancer cells found that antioxidant activity is proportionate to the content of flavonoids and proliferation inhibition ability is proportionate to the content of both flavonoids and limonoids, according top "Bioactive compounds from Mexican lime ( Citrus aurantifolia ) juice induce apoptosis in human pancreatic cells" by Patil JR, Chidambara Murthy KN, Jayaprakasha GK, Chetti MB, Patil BS.(a)

2. Enzymatic saccharification
In the investigation of lime and its effect on the pretreatment of brown midrib sorhgums on enzymatic saccharification found that that bmr is useful to reduce pretreatment costs, because the amount of lime necessary for the pretreatment of biomass can reduced by using bmr mutants, according to "Effect of Lime Pretreatment of Brown Midrib Sorghums" by

Maehara T, Takai T, Ishihara H, Yoshida M, Fukuda K, Gau M, Kaneko S.(b)

3. Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities
In the analyzing the dichloromethane, ethanol and water extracts prepared from celery [Apium graveolens L. (Umbelliferae)], Jerusalem artichoke [Helianthus tuberosus L. (Compositae)], spinach [Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae)], chard [Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla (Chenopodiaceae)], purslane [Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae)], ispit, or borage [Trachystemon orientale (L.) G. Don (Boraginaceae)], garden rocket [Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae)], red cabbage [Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata f. rubra DC. (Cruciferae)], lime flower [Tilia tomentosa Moench (Tiliaceae)], cinnamon [Cinnamomum cassia Presl. (Lauraceae)], and rosehip [Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae)], found that the dichloromethane, ethanol and water extracts of cinnamon showed the best antioxidant effect among the extracts of the tested plants. The ethanol extract of cinnamon exhibited 63.02% inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and 85.11% inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at 200 µg/mL, according to "Antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities of eleven edible plants" by Boğa M, Hacıbekiroğlu I, Kolak U.(c)

4. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
Besides is essential in preventing the breaking off small vein cause of hardening of the vessel wall, vitamin C also improves the digestive system in maximum absorption of vital nutrients. Overdoses can cause diarrhea, It also plays an important role in enhancing immune system fighting against the forming of free radicals that cause muscle damage, according to the study of "Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage?" by McGinley C, Shafat A, Donnelly AE., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19902983)

2. Protein
In the research of the importance of dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition, found that Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past, according to "Dietary proteins in obesity and in diabetes" by Keller U.(I)

3. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prevent and treat
a. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(II)

b. Cholesterol and cardivascular diseases, as the soluble fiber content of legumes and vegetables has also been shown to decrease LDL-C. Current investigations continue to explore this area in depth and examine potential synergies between dietary fiber and other phytochemicals that may lower cholesterol, according to the study of "Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk" by Bazzano LA.(III)

4. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Immune system
Since it contains high amount of flavonoid, it helps to improve the immune system fighting against forming of free radical causes of tumor and cancer, according to the study of "Dietary intake of selected flavonols, flavones, and flavonoid-rich foods and risk of cancer in middle-aged and older women" by Wang L, Lee IM, Zhang SM, Blumberg JB, Buring JE, Sesso HD., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Vitamin C
Vitamin C in lime not helps to strenghtens the small blood vessels by making them more elastic in transporting blood, according to the study of "High-dose vitamin C treatment reduces capillary leakage after burn plasma transfer in rats" by Kremer T, Harenberg P, Hernekamp F, Riedel K, Gebhardt MM, Germann G, Heitmann C, Walther A., Posted in PubMed(2),but also protects against Rheumatoid arthritis by ehnacing the immune system fighting against the inflammation of the lining of the joints., according to the study of "Clinically significant vitamin C deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis" by Oldroyd KG, Dawes PT., posted in PubNMed(3).

3. Digestive system
Lime stimulates the digestive system in secreting digestive juices, bile and acids , that aids to break foods in the stomach, according to the article of "Healthy Digestive System", posted in Asian Online Recipes(4)

4. Peptic Ulcer
Peptic Ulcer is an ulcer in the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. The phenolic compounds of Flonvoids in lime helps to treat it because of theirs' anti-biotic, anti carcinogenic and detoxifying properties, according to the stuyd of "Role of phenolic compounds in peptic ulcer: An overview", by Sumbul S, Ahmad MA, Mohd A, Mohd A., posted in PubMed(5)

5. Lung enhancer
The peel of a lime if scratch can has a immediate relief in nasal congestion as well as lung cancer due to presence of Kaempferol, a natural flavonol of flavonoid, accorsing to the study of " Kaempferol-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cells is mediated by activation of MEK-MAPK" by Nguyen TT, Tran E, Ong CK, Lee SK, Do PT, Huynh TT, Nguyen TH, Lee JJ, Tan Y, Ong CS, Huynh H., posted in PubMed(6)

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Since it contains high amount of vitamin C, people with weak stomach or ulcer should consult with their doctor before consuming high amount of lime.
2. Overdose of vitamin C may increase the risk of stomachache and diarrhea
3. Since its contains a measure amount of oxalate, people with kidney diseases should consult with their doctor before taking with high amount.
4. No other known side effect.

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#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Cucumbers (Cucumis Sativus)

Cucumbers
Cucumber plant is a spicies of Cucumis Sativus, belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and native to Western Asia. It is a creeping vine with roots in the ground and grows up with the support of frames.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Fat
4. Protein
5. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
6. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
7. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
8. Pantothenic acid (B5)
9. Vitamin B6
10. Folate (Vitamin B9)
11. Tryptophan
12. Molybdenum
13. Vitamin C
14. Vitamin K
15. Calcium
16. Iron
17. Magnesium
18. Manganese
19.Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Etc.

Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Antioxidants
In the assessment of the aqueous fruit extract of Cucumis sativus L. and its effect on free radical scavenging and analgesic activities found that the presence of flavonoids and tannins in the extract as evidenced by preliminary phytochemical screening suggests that these compounds might be responsible for free radical scavenging and analgesic effects, according to "Free Radical Scavenging and Analgesic Activities of Cucumis sativus L. Fruit Extract" by Kumar D, Kumar S, Singh J, Narender, Rashmi, Vashistha B, Singh N.(a)

2. Anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-elastase effects
In the study of the lyophilized juice of Cucumis sativus fruit (CSLJ) and its antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-elastase activity found that Content of ascorbic acid was calculated with respect to the standard compound and it was found to be 3.5 ± 0.23% w/w. CSLJ is the rich source of ascorbic acid and this study thereby rationalizes the use of C. sativus as potential anti-wrinkle agent in cosmetic products, according to "Cucumis sativus fruit-potential antioxidant, anti-hyaluronidase, and anti-elastase agent" by Nema NK, Maity N, Sarkar B, Mukherjee PK.(b)

3. Anti cancers
In the research of six plant parts (leaves, stems, roots, whole fruits, calyxes, and fruits without calyxes) of Cucumis sativus and theirs inhibitory effects on melanogenesis found that the depigmenting mechanism of extracts from leaves and stems of C. SATIVUS involves the expression of tyrosinase. Of eight compounds isolated from the leaves, lutein ( 1) (IC (50) = 170.7 microM) and (+)-(1 R,2 S,5 R,6 S)-2,6-di-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane ( 2) (IC (50) = 270.8 microM) were found to suppress melanogenesis. Whereas 1 was found to markedly decrease the expression levels of tyrosinase, 2 only weakly reduced tyrosinase expression. This suggests that 1 is an active component in the leaves of C. sativus and is a potentially useful skin-whitening agent, according to "Inhibitory effect of Cucumis sativus on melanin production in melanoma B16 cells by downregulation of tyrosinase expression" by Kai H, Baba M, Okuyama T.(c)

4. Skin tumors
In the evaluation of sugar beet roots, cucumber fruits, New Zealand spinach leaves, and turmeric rhizomes and theirs effect against dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated and croton oil-promoted skin tumors found that topical application of the nutraceuticals daily for 5 days before DMBA and 1 h before croton oil (Protocol 1) and immediately after croton oil (Protocol 3) did not have an additional protective effect against skin tumors compared with Protocol 2. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance by ranks showed that Protocol 2 is the most effective, with the treatment groups belonging to different populations at the 0.05 level of significance compared with alpha = 0.20 for Protocols 1 and 3. Turmeric is the most potent nutraceutical, because the average number of tumors formed after application of tumeric is statistically different from the positive control at alpha = 0.01., according to "Comparative potencies of nutraceuticals in chemically induced skin tumor prevention" by Villaseñor IM, Simon MK, Villanueva AM.(d)

5. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin K
Vitamin K not only plays an important role in protecting our skin from aging, it is also needed for the proper clotting of blood, thus decreasing the risk of excessive bleeding, in a study of "Delayed vitamin K deficiency as a cause of bleeding: still a concern in the 21st century!" by Kasatkar P, Shetty S, Ghosh K., posted in PubMed, researchers found that Laboratory tests confirmed acquired bleeding diathesis due to vitamin K deficiency, which was corrected after adequate vitamin K supplementation. VKDB is not an uncommon phenomenon and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with bleeding diathesis.

2. Molybdenum
Molybdenum cofactor is vital for human enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase, Deficiency may cause
a. Prenatal brain disruption, according to the study of "Prenatal brain disruption in molybdenum cofactor deficiency" by Carmi-Nawi N, Malinger G, Mandel H, Ichida K, Lerman-Sagie T, Lev D.(I)

b. Uniparental isodisomy with microcephaly and developmental delay, according to the study of "Maternal uniparental isodisomy is responsible for serious molybdenum cofactor deficiency" by Gümüş H, Ghesquiere S, Per H, Kondolot M, Ichida K, Poyrazoğlu G, Kumandaş S, Engelen J, Dundar M, Cağlayan AO.(II)

3. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(III)

4. Potassium
Potassium beside is important in maintaining the regular contraction and relaxation of the muscle, that helps to reducing the risk of hypokalemia, it also helps the lymphatic system in regulating the levels of fluid in the body, thus lessening the risk of lymphedema, swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid. In a study of "Narrative review: evolving concepts in potassium homeostasis and hypokalemia" by Greenlee M, Wingo CS, McDonough AA, Youn JH, Kone BC., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19414841), researchers found that recent experimental insights into the participation of feedback and feedforward control mechanisms in potassium homeostasis. New data make clear that feedforward homeostatic responses activate when decreased potassium intake is sensed, even when plasma potassium concentration is still within the normal range and before frank hypokalemia ensues, in addition to the classic feedback activation of renal potassium conservation when plasma potassium concentration decreases.

5. Manganese
It is one of important trace in preventing osteoporosis, according to the study of "[Study of estrogen deficiency impact on manganese levels in teeth and mandible of rats after ovariectomy]. [Article in Polish]" by Rahnama M, Błoniarz J, Zareba S, Swiatkowski W.(1)and regulating blood sugar level, according to the study of "[An inadequate intake of manganese may favour insulin resistance in girls]. [Article in Spanish]" by Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Bermejo LM, López-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM.(IV)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Cardiovascular health
Fiber in cucumber helps to bind the bad cholesterol through waste secretion before they can form plague to damage the arterial wall, causing heart diseases and stroke, according to the study of 'Dietary antioxidant vitamins and fiber in the etiology of cardiovascular disease and all-causes mortality: results from the Scottish Heart Health Study' by Todd S, Woodward M, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Bolton-Smith C., posted in PubMed(1)

2. Immune system
Vitamin C in cucumber beside is vital to strengthens the capillaries (small blood vessel) wall but also acts as an antioxidant in assisting immune system fighting again infection., according to the study of "Effect of oral administration of high vitamin C and E dosages on the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system" by Ortuño J, Cuesta A, Angeles Esteban M, Meseguer J., posted in PubMed(2)

3. Skin health
Cucumber promotes skin health due to the substance of silica and vitamin K by soothing skin irritations, swelling and acting as coagulation in healing skin cut and wound, according to the
article of "Skin Benefits of Cucumber – Makes Your Skin Smooth" by Corwin Brown posted in ArticleBase(3), the author write that Cucumber is an excellent source of silica, which is a trace mineral that contributes to the strength of our connective tissue. Connective tissue is what holds our body together. Cucumbers are effective when used for various skin problems, including swelling under the eyes and sunburn.

4. Erepsin
Erepsin found in cucumber is an enzyme that digests protein into amino acids produced by the intestinal glands in the ileum found of the intestinal juices, thus enhancing the digestive system in absorbing vital nutrients for the needs of the body.

5. Herbal medicine
In herbal medicine, cucumber is considered as diuretic, thus increasing the function of urinary secretion according to the study of "Herbal medicines as diuretics: a review of the scientific evidence" by Wright CI, Van-Buren L, Kroner CI, Koning MM., posted in PubMed(4).

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Over consuming cucumbers may cause fluid and electrolyte disturbances.
2. Since it is one of many cool foods, traditional Chinese medicine warns that pregnant or breast-feeding women should avoid consuming cucumber.
3. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Oranges (Citrus Sinensis)

Oranges
Orange is a species of Citrus Sinensis, belong to the family Rutaceae and native to the Southeast Asia. Orange is round citrus fruits with finely-textured skins, orange in color and one of most popular fruits in the world.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Vitamin A
7. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
8. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
9. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
10. Pantothenic acid (B5)
11. Vitamin B6
12. Folate (Vitamin B9)
13. Vitamin C
14. Calcium
15. Iron
16. Magnesium
17. Phosphorus
18. Potassium
19. Zinc
20. Etc.

Health benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Bioavailability and antioxidant effects
In the reserach of Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of orange juice (OJ) into habitual diet found that after the 3 week intervention, plasma concentrations of vitamins A and E did not change. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in white blood cells declined by 16% (p = 0.38; n = 11), and in individuals with high baseline concentrations by 29% (p = 0.36; n = 7), respectively. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol ratios decreased but cholesterol (HDL, LDL, total) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance plasma concentrations did not change significantly, according to "Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of orange juice components in humans?" by Franke AA, Cooney RV, Henning SM, Custer LJ.(I)

2. Cholesterol
In the investigation of the effects of orange juice on hypercholesterolemia found that Consumption of 750 mL but not of 250 or 500 mL orange juice daily increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations by 21% (P: < 0.001), triacylglycerol concentrations by 30% (from 1.56 +/- 0.72 to 2.03 +/- 0.91 mmol/L; P: < 0.02), and folate concentrations by 18% (P: < 0.01); decreased the LDL-HDL cholesterol ratio by 16% (P: < 0.005); and did not affect homocyst(e)ine concentrations. Plasma vitamin C concentrations increased significantly during each dietary period (2.1, 3.1, and 3.8 times, respectively), according to "HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia" by Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, Wetmore S, Freeman DJ, Piché LA, Serratore P.(II)

3. Antiplasmodial activity
In the assessment of plant extracts against Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (peel), Leucas aspera, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus acidus (leaf), Terminalia chebula (seed) and theirs effect against Plasmodium falciparum found that components present in the solvent extracts of L. aspera, P. acidus, and T. chebula have antiplasmodial activity. The high antiplasmodial activity observed make these plants good candidates for isolation of anti-protozoal compounds which could serve as new lead structures for drug development, according to "Antiplasmodial activity of botanical extracts against Plasmodium falciparum" by Bagavan A, Rahuman AA, Kamaraj C, Kaushik NK, Mohanakrishnan D, Sahal D.(III)

4. Lung cancer
In the analyzing Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and its effect on lung cancer cells found that Monodemethylated PMFs were much more potent in growth inhibition of lung cancer cells than their permethoxylated counterpart PMFs. In H1299 cells, cell cycle analyses further revealed that monodemethylated PMFs caused significant increase in sub-G0/G1 phase, suggesting possible role of apoptosis in the growth inhibition, according to "Monodemethylated polymethoxyflavones from sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel inhibit growth of human lung cancer cells by apoptosis" by Xiao H, Yang CS, Li S, Jin H, Ho CT, Patel T.(IV)

5. Breast cancer
In the assessment of flavonoids, especially polymethoxyflavones (PMFs). of Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peel and yjeirs effect on breast cancer found that bioactive PMFs from orange peel exert proapoptotic activity in human breast cancer cells, which depends on their ability to induce an increase in intracellular Ca(2+ )and thus, activate Ca(2+)-dependent apoptotic proteases, according to "Apoptosis-inducing activity of hydroxylated polymethoxyflavones and polymethoxyflavones from orange peel in human breast cancer cells" by Sergeev IN, Ho CT, Li S, Colby J, Dushenkov S.(V)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
a. Capillaries
Since it contains high amount of vitamin C, it reduces the risk of breaking off of the small vessels, thus preventing the risk of infection, inflammation, according to the study of "High-dose vitamin C treatment reduces capillary leakage after burn plasma transfer in rats" by Kremer T, Harenberg P, Hernekamp F, Riedel K, Gebhardt MM, Germann G, Heitmann C, Walther A.(1)

b. Immune system
Vitamin C is considered as on of most powerful free radical scavenger, it helps to enhane the immune system fighting against forming of free radical cause of irregular cells growth due to mutation of cells' DNA, including tumors and cancers, according to the study of "Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude--1,609 patients and 33 years later?" by Cabanillas F.(2)

2. Dietary fibers
a. Weight loss and lower cholesterol
Fibers are tough to digest, it can keep the stomach remaining in fulliness stage for such as long time, thus reducing the hunger induced of food intake. On the other hand, fibers also reduce the levels of bad cholesterol, according to the study of " Whole-grain ready-to-eat oat cereal, as part of a dietary program for weight loss, reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults with overweight and obesity more than a dietary program including low-fiber control foods" by
Maki KC, Beiseigel JM, Jonnalagadda SS, Gugger CK, Reeves MS, Farmer MV, Kaden VN, Rains TM.(3)

b. Diabetes
Orange contains high amount fiber that helps to release the glucose into bloodstream slowly that helps to reduce the risk of pancreas stress thus controlling blood sugar after meal, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(4)

3. Folate
a. Neural tube defects
Folate deficiency has found to be a major cause of infant mortality and disability as a result of neural tube defects, according to the study of " Promotion of folate for the prevention of neural tube defects: who benefits?" by Bower C, Miller M, Payne J, Serna P.(5)

b. Cancers
Folate plays a vital role in synthesizing DNA, repairing DNA, and methylating DNA, its deficiency may cause the development of several cancers as a result of inflicting its role in cells repair, including cancer of the colorectum, breast, ovary, pancreas, brain, lung and cervix, according to the study ofn"Folate and cancer: how DNA damage, repair and methylation impact on colon carcinogenesis" by Duthie SJ.(6)

4. Etc.

C. Other Health Benefits
1. Iron
Iron in orange is important for the production of red blood cells and formation of hemoglobin that help to carry oxygen and nutrient around the body the needs of cell, according to the study of " Interaction of iron with other nutrients" by Lynch SR.(a)

2. Free radicals
Orange contains high amount of antioxidants, thereby, increasing the immune function in fighting against fogrein invasion of virus and bacteria, including HIV infection, according to the study of "Oxidant/antioxidant status in patients with chronic HIV infection" by Coaccioli S, Crapa G, Fantera M, Del Giorno R, Lavagna A, Standoli ML, Frongillo R, Biondi R, Puxeddu A.(b)

3. Beta-cryptoxanthinResearchers found that Beta-cryptoxanthin has the anti-small cell lung cancer and bronchial epithelial cells effects due to it antioxidant properties by protecting cells from becoming cancerous, according tothe study of " Beta-cryptoxanthin suppresses the growth of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells and non-small-cell lung cancer cells and up-regulates retinoic acid receptor beta expression" by Lian F, Hu KQ, Russell RM, Wang XD.(c)

4. Etc.

Side Effects
No Side Effects is known

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#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Eggplant (Solanum Melongena)

Eggplant is a species of S. melongena, belongs to the family Solanaceae and native to India. The plant is believed has been cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory. It is famous with its deeply purple and the best eggplant can be found from August through October when it is in season.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Fat
5. Protein
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Pantothenic acid (B5)
10. Vitamin B6
11. Folate (Vitamin B9)
12. Vitamin C
13. Tryptophan
14. Manganese
15. Calcium
16. Copper
17. Iron
18. Magnesium
19. Phosphorus
20. Potassium
21. Zinc
22. Etc.

Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Cardioprotective properties
In the investigation the role of raw and grilled eggplants on cardioprotection using an isolated perfusion heart model found that the antioxidant vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin C and β-carotene, were lower and some of the polyphenolic components, especially nasunin content, were higher in grilled eggplants, but they were unable to demonstrate better cardioprotective properties compared to the raw fruit., according to "Cardioprotective properties of raw and cooked eggplant (Solanum melongena L)" by Das S, Raychaudhuri U, Falchi M, Bertelli A, Braga PC, Das DK.(I)

2. Antioxidant compounds
In the assessment of Thermal treatment of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and its effect on human neutrophil burst found that successive extract dilutions showed a significant activity up to 1.25 microg/mL after cooking, while raw fruits resulted in an activity up to 10.00 microg/mL. These results showed that the thermal treatment commonly used before consumption can increase the content and biological activity of antioxidant compounds of eggplants, according to "Thermal treatment of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) increases the antioxidant content and the inhibitory effect on human neutrophil burst" by Lo Scalzo R, Fibiani M, Mennella G, Rotino GL, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Spallino A, Braga PC.(II)

3. Brain homogenates
In the classification ofAntioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant peels and theirs effect on lipid peroxidation found that Nasunin protection against H(2)O(2)-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate was measured at 586 nm using the indicator of malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals. Nasunin (<50 microM) protected against lipid peroxidation of brain homogenates. The findings suggest that nasunin is a potent O(2)(-) scavenger and has protective activity against lipid peroxidation, according to "Antioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant peels" by Noda Y, Kneyuki T, Igarashi K, Mori A, Packer L.(III)

4. Lipid peroxidation
In the observation of Delphinidine-3-(p-coumaroylrutinoside)-5-glucoside (nasunin), an anthocyanin was isolated as purple colored crystals from eggplant peels and it effects on Lipid peroxidation found that Nasunin (1 microM) significantly protected against lipid peroxidation of brain homogenates (p<0.001) as measured by malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxyalkenals. These findings demonstrate that nasunin is a potent O2*- scavenger and iron chelator which can protect against lipid peroxidation, according to "Antioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant" by Noda Y, Kaneyuki T, Igarashi K, Mori A, Packer L.(IV)

5. Type 2 diabetes and hypertensionIn the assessment of phenolic extracts of eggplanttype and its effect on 2 diabetes found that phenolic-enriched extracts of eggplant with moderate free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity had high alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in specific cases moderate to high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Inhibition of these enzymes provide a strong biochemical basis for management of type 2 diabetes by controlling glucose absorption and reducing associated hypertension, respective, according to "In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension" by Kwon YI, Apostolidis E, Shetty K.(V)

6. Etc.
B. Health Benefits according to the concentration
1. Diabetes
Fiber and low soluble carbohydrate content of eggplant help to inhibit enzymes that provide a strong biochemical information in managing of type 2 diabetes by controlling glucose absorption, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(1)

2. Bone health
Potassium beside is best known for its function of balancing the ration of sodium in regulating the lymphatic fluid circulation, it also plays an important role in reducing the risk of bone loss, according to the study of "Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: A viewpoint from the state of the art" by Caroli A, Poli A, Ricotta D, Banfi G, Cocchi D.(2)

3. Epileptic seizures,
Deficieny of Manganese may trigger for epileptic seizures, according to the sudy of "The influence of manganese supplementation on seizure onset and severity, and brain monoamines in the genetically epilepsy prone rat" Critchfield JW, Carl GF, Keen CL. (3)

4. Copper
Copper is a component of numerous enzymes that affect a wide variety of metabolic processes, defieciency of copper may cause Osteochondrosis, skeletal abnormalities and enzootic ataxia,
according to the study of "Osteochondrosis, skeletal abnormalities and enzootic ataxia associated with copper deficiency in a farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) herd" by Audigé L, Wilson PR, Morris RS, Davidson GW.(4)

5. Etc.

C. Other health Benefits
1. Nasunin
Since its skin contain high amount of Nasunin, it not only helps to protect the brain membrane being damaged as a result of forming of free radicals, but also prevent cancer cells from growing and spreading by stopping the development of new blood vessels, according to the study of "Antiangiogenic activity of nasunin, an antioxidant anthocyanin, in eggplant peels" by Matsubara K, Kaneyuki T, Miyake T, Mori M.(a)

2. Antioxidants and Liver protectionIts antioxidants (total amounts of phenolic and flavonoid) not only improve immune system infighting against foreign invasion of virus, bacteria and fungi, but also protect the against liver damage, according to the study of "Antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of five eggplant varieties" by Akanitapichat P, Phraibung K, Nuchklang K, Prompitakkul S.(b)

3. Flavonoid
Eggplant contains high amount of flavonoid which can improve the capillary forces and reduce the risk of cerebral blood clots by enhancing the vascular permeability of the capillary blood vessels as a result of rutin and hesperidin(c).

4. Etc.

Side Effects
1. It may cause skin itching for some people after contacting.
2. It may cause oral allergy syndrome in some cases, including itching mouth.
3. Since it is oxalative, people with kidney disease should contact their doctor before consuming.
4. Consuming eggplant may reduce the absorption of calcium
5. Eggplant contains certain amount of nicotine.
6. It could affect the growth of unborn fetuses
7. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Fruits - Papaya (Carica Papaya)

Papaya
Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belongs to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas, and was first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Sugars
3. Fiber
4. Protein
5. Vitamin A
6. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
7. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
8. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
9. Vitamin B6
10. Vitamin C
11. Vitamin E
12. Vitamin K
13. Calcium
14. Iron
15. Magnesium
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Sodium
19. Etc

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according to studies
1. Anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects
In the investigation of extract of Carica papaya Linn. (CP) and its anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects found that the CP leaf extract may potentially provide the means for the treatment and prevention of selected human diseases such as cancer, various allergic disorders, and may also serve as immunoadjuvant for vaccine therapy, according to "Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects" by Otsuki N, Dang NH, Kumagai E, Kondo A, Iwata S, Morimoto C.(I)

2. Anti-inflammatory activities
In the assessment of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves and its anti-inflammatory activity effect found that the extracts significantly reduced the persistent oedema from the 4th day to the 10th day of the investigation. The extracts also produced slight mucosal irritation at high doses. The study establishes the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya leaves, according to "Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves" by Owoyele BV, Adebukola OM, Funmilayo AA, Soladoye AO.(II)

3. Hyperlipidemia
In the classification of anti-hyperlipidemic effect of the ether- and water-soluble fractions of C. papaya ethanol extract found that The study dose-dependently inhibited the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) level, and significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of fats in the ether fraction, whereas the water fraction revealed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, glycosides. UV ?(max) was found to be 217?nm with a melting point of 41?C for the isolated component, according to "Effect of ether- and water-soluble fractions of Carica papaya ethanol extract in experimentally induced hyperlipidemia in rats" by Iyer D, Sharma BK, Patil UK.(III)

4. Cellular oxidative stress
In the investigation of the papaya epicarp extract against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells found that Papaya epicarp extract ameliorated glutathione depletion, restored total antioxidant capacity and augmented the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidases and superoxide dismutase). In conclusion, papaya epicarp extract can be used as a functional dietary ingredient that might help in reducing the neurological health problems associated with various oxidative stress insults, according to "Papaya epicarp extract protects against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells" by Guizani N, Waly MI, Ali A, Al-Saidi G, Singh V, Bhatt N, Rahman MS.(IV)

5. Acute gastric damage and blood oxidative stress
In the determination of Carica papaya leaf (CPL) aqueous extract and its effect on alcohol induced acute gastric damage and the immediate blood oxidative stress level, found that CPL extract offered some protection with reduction in plasma lipid peroxidation level and increased erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity. Carica papaya leaf may potentially serve as a good therapeutic agent for protection against gastric ulcer and oxidative stress, according to "Protective effect of Carica papaya L leaf extract against alcohol induced acute gastric damage and blood oxidative stress in rats" by Indran M, Mahmood AA, Kuppusamy UR.(V)

6. Etc.

B. Health effects according to the concentration in Papaya
1. Antioxidants
Vitamin C is considered as one of powerful free radical scavenger among vitamin by fighting against the lipidperoxidation and preventing the irregular growth of cancers, including breast cancer, according to the study of "Effect of vitamin C on lipidperoxidation and antioxidant status in tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients" ralikrishnan G, Amanullah S, Basha MI, Boopalan S, Vijayakumar S, Shakeel F (1)

2. Neural tube defects
For women capable of becoming pregnant, intake of folate reduces the risk of Neural tube defects, according to the study of "Micronutrients and women of reproductive potential: required dietary intake and consequences of dietary deficiency or excess. Part I--Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6" by Simpson JL, Bailey LB, Pietrzik K, Shane B, Holzgreve W.(2)

3. Bone health
Potassium beside is best known for its function of balancing the ration of sodium in regulating the lymphatic fluid circulation, it also plays an important role in reducing the risk of bone loss, according to the study of "Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: A viewpoint from the state of the art" by Caroli A, Poli A, Ricotta D, Banfi G, Cocchi D.(3)

4. Conlon Cancer
Papaya contains natural enzymes and fibers which enhance the strong digestion and remove the built up waste from the body that reduces the risk of colon cancer, according to the study of "Influence of dietary fiber on inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer: importance of fermentation pattern" by Rose DJ, DeMeo MT, Keshavarzian A, Hamaker BR.(4)

4. Vitamin A, E, C
It is found that consumption of foods rich in Beta carotene, vitamin C and E have been associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease and rates of cognitive change in older women due to their antioxidant effects, according to the study of "Vitamin E, vitamin C, beta carotene, and cognitive function among women with or at risk of cardiovascular disease: The Women's Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study" Kang JH, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Albert CM, Grodstein F. (5)

5. Vitamin K
Vitamin K found abundantly in Papaya may associated in the prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification with few adverse effects, according to the study of "Vitamin K in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis and arterial calcification" by Adams J, Pepping J.(6)

B. Other health effects
1. Immune enhancerAqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves inhibits the cancer cell by enhancing the immune system in fighting against the forming of free radical cause of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer,according to the study of "Nutritional Antioxidants and Adaptive Cell Responses: an Update" by A S, J C, A S, F C.(a)

2. FlavonoidsSince it contains high amount of flavonoids which help to prevent the oxidation of cholesterol, thus decreasing the risk of heart diseases and stroke and improving the lung function in oxygen absorption, according to the study of "Antiatherogenic properties of flavonoids: implications for cardiovascular health" by Mulvihill EE, Huff MW.(b)

3. Ayurvedic medicine
Nephroprotective in papaya protects the kidney in a renal ischemia-reperfusion induced injury and kidney cells from the renal toxins.

4. Folk medicine
Since green papaya is considered as a cold food, it is used for contraception and abortion in some folk medicine.

6. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Do NOT consume green papaya if you are pregnant, it may cause miscarriage.
2. It may cause latex-fruit allergy syndrome for some people due to substance chitinases.
3. Since it contains high amount of phytochemicals may suppress the effects of progesterone. If you take progesterone medicine, please consult with your doctor.
4. Etc.

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#Healthy #Foods - Vegetables - Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare)

Fennel
Fennel is a species of Foeniculum Vulgare, belong to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), and native to to the shores of the Mediterranean. It is now widely cultivated all around the globe to use as food and herb.

Nutritional Supplements
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fiber
3. Protein
4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
5. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
6. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
7. Pantothenic acid (B5)
8. Vitamin B6
9. Folate (Vitamin B9)
10. Vitamin C
11. Calcium
12. Copper
13. Iron
14. Magnesium
15. Molybdenum
16. Phosphorus
17. Potassium
18. Zinc
19. Etc.

Health Benefits
A. Health benefits according studies
1. Antimicrobial activities
In the determination of the chemical compositions of the essential oil and hexane extract isolated from the inflorescence, leaf stems, and aerial parts of Florence fennel found that the essential oil, anethole, and hexane extract were effective against most of the foodborne pathogenic, saprophytic, probiotic, and mycotoxigenic microorganisms tested. The results of the present study revealed that (E)-anethole, the main component of Florence fennel essential oil, is responsible for the antimicrobial activity , according to "Antimicrobial activities of essential oil and hexane extract of Florence fennel [Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell.] against foodborne microorganisms" by Cetin B, Ozer H, Cakir A, Polat T, Dursun A, Mete E, Oztürk E, Ekinci M.(a)

2. Antioxidant activities
In the investigation of Essential oils of the fruits of three organically grown cultivars of Egyptian fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum, Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce and Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare) and theirs antioxidant effects found that Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and metal chelating assays. Essential oils from the azoricum and dulce cultivars were more effective antioxidants than that from the vulgare cultivar, according to "Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from organically cultivated fennel cultivars" by Shahat AA, Ibrahim AY, Hendawy SF, Omer EA, Hammouda FM, Abdel-Rahman FH, Saleh MA.(b)

3. Antifungal activity
In the assessment of antifungal activity of the essential oils of Zataria multiflora, Thymus migricus, Satureja hortensis, Foeniculum vulgare, Carum capticum and thiabendazol fungicide on survival and growth of different species of Aspergillus found that all essential oils could inhibit the growth of Aspergillus species. The essential oil with the best effect and lowest EC50 and MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) was Z. multiflora (223 microl/l and 650 microl/l, respectively). The chemical composition of the Z. multiflora essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS, according to "Antifungal activity of some essential oils against toxigenic Aspergillus species" by Alizadeh A, Zamani E, Sharaifi R, Javan-Nikkhah M, Nazari S.(c)

4. Immune defense
In the study of fennel honey, ethanol, and aqueous propolis extracts orally and theirs effect on immune defense found that all tested previously bee product-immunized rats could significantly challenge the induced S. aureus infection (P < .01). The effects were more pronounced in rats that had received fennel honey solution, according to "Immune defense of rats immunized with fennel honey, propolis, and bee venom against induced staphylococcal infection" by Sayed SM, Abou El-Ella GA, Wahba NM, El Nisr NA, Raddad K, Abd El Rahman MF, Abd El Hafeez MM, Abd El Fattah Aamer A.(d)

5. Diabetic aomplication
In the analyzing the aqueous extracts of 22 plant-derived materials and their inhibitory property against rat lens and human recombinant aldose reductase found that Prominent inhibitory property was found in spinach, cumin, fennel, lemon, basil and black pepper with an approximate IC50 of 0.2 mg/mL with an excellent selectivity towards aldose reductase. As against this, 10 to 20 times higher concentrations were required for 50% inhibition of aldehyde reductase. Reduction in the accumulation of intracellular sorbitol by the dietary extracts further substantiated their in vivo efficacy. The findings reported here indicate the scope of adapting life-style modifications in the form of inclusion of certain common sources in the diet for the management of diabetic complications, according to "Dietary sources of aldose reductase inhibitors: prospects for alleviating diabetic complications" by Saraswat M, Muthenna P, Suryanarayana P, Petrash JM, Reddy GB.(e)

6. Etc.

B. Health benefits according to concentration
1. Vitamin C
In the evaluation of pulmonary dysfunction. and it effects on pulmonary dysfunction found that At present, evidence from randomised-controlled trials is insufficient to recommend a specific role for vitamin C in the treatment of asthma. Further methodologically strong and large-scale randomised controlled trials are needed in order to address the question of the effectiveness of vitamin C in children with asthma but some outcome data showed effectiveness on lung function, symptom scores, IgE levels and inhaled steroid use. One small study showed a significant difference in % drop in FEV1 post-exercise, according to the study of "Vitamin C supplementation for asthma" by Kaur B, Rowe BH, Arnold E.(I)

2. Dietary fiber
Daily intake of right amount of fibers can prvent and treata. Diabetes, as Increased consumption of vegetables, whole grains, and soluble and insoluble fiber is associated with improved glucose metabolism in both diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. Improvements in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis were more evident in participants following a plant-based diet compared with other commonly used diets, according to the study of "Efficacy of high-fiber diets in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus" by Wolfram T, Ismail-Beigi F.(II)

3. Potassium
Potassium is necessary mineral in balancing the ratio with sodium for lymphatic system in regulating the fluid in the body, and reducing the cardiovascular diseases, according to the study of "Sodium and potassium intake and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: the Rotterdam Study" by Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Stijnen T, Kloos MW, Hofman A, Grobbee DE., posted in PubMed(III)

4. Manganese
Manganese beside is a mineral essential for energy production and metabolism of foods, it also helps to improve immune-system functioning that reduces the risk of inflammation, according to the study of "The effects of 3, 4 or 5 amino salicylic acids on manganese-induced neuronal death: ER stress and mitochondrial complexes" by Yoon H, Lee GH, Kim DS, Kim KW, Kim HR, Chae HJ., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21477646 researchers indicated that the salicylate analogues and the antioxidants did not mediate ER stress in this model. The salicylate analogues reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reversed the deficient mitochondrial membrane potential that was induced by Mn. Taken together, the 3, 4, 5 ASA worked in a similar way, regulating the Mn-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and protecting cells.

5. Folate
Folic acid beside is important for the production of red blood cells, and for the proper development of the brain and spine, according to the study of "Go folic!" by Bland J., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21853697) it also enhances the replication and maintenance of DNA and RNA., according to the study of "A folate- and methyl-deficient diet alters the expression of DNA methyltransferases and methyl CpG binding proteins involved in epigenetic gene silencing in livers of F344 rats" by Ghoshal K, Li X, Datta J, Bai S, Pogribny I, Pogribny M, Huang Y, Young D, Jacob ST., posted in PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16702315)

6. Etc.

C. Other health benefits
1. Antioxidants
Since it contains high amount of phyto-nutrients with antioxidants, such as flavonoids rutin, quercitin, and various kaempferol glycosides, it optimizes the immune function in fighting against the forming of free radical and foreign bacteria and virus invasion, thus reducing the risk of irregular cell growth and anti inflammation and infection, according to the study of "Review: Free radicals, antioxidants, and the immune system" by Knight JA. posted in PubMed(1)

2. FiberFennel is rich in fiber, it not only helps to bind the bad cholesterol (LDL) and remove it thorugh waste expelling, thus reducing the risk of high levels of cholesterol, according to the study of "Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis" by Brown L, Rosner B, Willett WW, Sacks FM., posted in PubMed(2)

3. Water retention and hypertensionFennel contains high amounts of potassium that not only balance the ratio of sodium in the body, thus enhancing the lymphatic function in regulating body's fluid, but also reduce the risk of hypertension, according to the study of "Blood pressure lowering efficacy of potassium-sparing diuretics (that block the epithelial sodium channel) for primary hypertension" by Heran BS, Chen JM, Wang JJ, Wright JM., posted in PubMed(3)

4. GalactagogueGalactagofue in fennel is a substance that promotes lactation in humans, thus enhancing milk production for breast feel women, according to the study of "The effect of galactagogue herbal tea on breast milk production and short-term catch-up of birth weight in the first week of life" by Turkyılmaz C, Onal E, Hirfanoglu IM, Turan O, Koç E, Ergenekon E, Atalay Y., posted in PubMed(4)

5. Liver protection
In rat study, essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oil (FEO) exhibited a potent hepatoprotective action against CCl(4)-induced hepatic damage, according to the study of "Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil" by Ozbek H, Uğraş S, Dülger H, Bayram I, Tuncer I, Oztürk G, Oztürk A., posted in PubMed(5)
6. Etc.

Side Effects
No, if not overdoses.

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Chinese Herbs– Jie Shi or Zhi Shi (Fructus Immaturus Citri Aurantii)

Jie Shi or Zhi Shi is also known as immature fruit of bitter orange. The bitter, sour, acrid and slightly cold herb has been used in TCM as diuretics and to raise blood pressure, improve the strength of contraction and tension of the uterus, stimulate the smooth muscle of the digestive tract, treat constipation, cough with abundance of phlegm, etc., as it moves Stomach-Qi and Spleen-Qi, etc., by enhancing the functions of spleen, stomach, and large intestine channels.
Ingredients
1. Hesperidin
2. Neohesperidin
3. Nobiletin, 5-0 -desmethyl nobiletin
4. Quinoline
5. Narcotine
6. Noradrenaline
7. Tryptamine
8. Tyramine
9. Synephrine
10. N-methyltyramine
11. Etc.
Health Benefits
1. Suppressive Effect
In the investigation of the effect of the flavonoids isolated from Citrus aurantium L. native to Korea on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by blocking signal transduction mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced L6 skeletal muscle cells, found that the flavonoids isolated from Korea Citrus aurantium L. might have anti-inflammatory effects that regulate the expression of inflammatory mediators in L6 skeletal muscle cells, according to “Suppressive Effect of Flavonoids from Korean Citrus aurantium L. on the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in L6 Skeletal Muscle Cells” by Kim JA, Park HS, Kang SR, Park KI, Lee DH, Nagappan A, Shin SC, Lee WS, Kim EH, Kim GS.(1)
2. Anti gastric cancer
In the confirmation of Citrus species used in traditional medicine as medicinal herb in several Asian countries including Korea. Flavonioids became known as various properties, such as anti-oxidants, anti-inflammation and anti-cancer, found that Flavonoids isolated from Citrus aurantium L. induced G2/M phase arrest through the modulation of cell cycle related proteins and apoptosis through activation caspase. These finding suggest flavonoids isolated from Citrus aurantium L. were useful agent for the chemoprevention of gastric cancer, according to “Flavonoids Isolated from Korea Citrus aurantium L. Induce G2/M Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells” by Lee DH, Park KI, Park HS, Kang SR, Nagappan A, Kim JA, Kim EH, Lee WS, Hah YS, Chung HJ, An SJ, Kim GS.(2)
3. Antimicrobial activity
In the investigation on the bioactivity of eugenol, limonene, and citrus extract against three bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, and Bacillus coagulans),
found that Citrus extract was the most effective essential oil, and the results suggested the following susceptibility hierarchy, from the most sensitive microorganism to the most resistant one (values in parentheses represent MICs): S. bayanus (2 ppm) > R. bacarum (3 ppm) > P. membranifaciens (5 ppm) > B. coagulans (cells, 20 ppm) > L. brevis (40 ppm) > L. plantarum (>40 ppm), according to “In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of eugenol, limonene, and citrus extract against bacteria and yeasts, representative of the spoiling microflora of fruit juices“by Bevilacqua A, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M.(3)
4. Etc.
Side Effects
1. Do not use the herb in case of Qi deficiency or spleen and stomach deficiency
2. Do not use the Jie Shi or Zhi Shi in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding with out approval first with the related field specialist
3. Etc.