Holistic Health Articles and Research Related to Herbal Medicines, Foods and Phytochemicals

Thursday, 31 October 2013

Popular #Herbs - Lavender (Lavandula)

http://myblacktravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/lavender.jpg

Lavender is a flower plant of the genus Lavandula, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat painful bruises and aches, to relieve various neuralgic pains, sprains, rheumatism, etc.

Health Benefits
1. 'Subsyndromal' anxiety disorder
In the investigation of orally administered Lavandula oil preparation and its effect on'subsyndromal' anxiety disorder, found that Lavandula oil preparation had a significant beneficial influence on quality and duration of sleep and improved general mental and physical health without causing any unwanted sedative or other drug specific effects. Lavandula oil preparation silexan is both efficacious and safe for the relief of anxiety disorder not otherwise specified. It has a clinically meaningful anxiolytic effect and alleviates anxiety related disturbed sleep, according to "Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of 'subsyndromal' anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial"by Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, Volz HP,
Möller HJ, Dienel A, Schläfke S.(1)

2. Sedative and Hypnotic Activities
In the evaluation of evaluate the sedative and hypnotic activities of the methanolic and aqueous extract of Lavandula officinalis L. on central nervous system (CNS), found that The methanolic extract produced significant sedative effect at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg (by oral route), compared to reference substance diazepam (DZP), and an hypnotic effect at the doses of 800 and 1000 mg/kg while the treatment of mice with the aqueous extract at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg via oral pathway significantly reduced in both the reestablishment time and number of head dips during the traction and hole-board tests. In conclusion, these results suggest that the methanolic and aqueous extracts of Lavandula officinalis possess potent sedative and hypnotic activities, which supported its therapeutic use for insomnia, according to "Sedative and Hypnotic Activities of the Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Lavandula officinalis from Morocco" by Alnamer R, Alaoui K, Bouidida el H, Benjouad A, Cherrah Y.(2)

3. Diuretic activity
In the classification of the diuretic activity of an infusion of Lavandula officinalis in the Wistar rat found that The stability of the aldosterone concentrations in the plasma and the absence of correlation with plasma sodium concentrations, coupled with the observed clearance of the free water (0.055+/-0.007 vs. 0.045+/-0.012 mL x min(-1)) show that the increase in diuresis and the moderate increase in sodium excretion are of tubular origin. The result of the phytochemical analysis of hexane extracts in the infusion and in urine indicated that four or five chemical factors may be involved in the diuretic effect of lavender, according to "[Diuretic activity of the infusion of flowers from Lavandula officinalis].[Article in French]" by Elhajili M, Baddouri K, Elkabbaj S, Meiouat F, Settaf A.(3)

(4) Antibiofilm activity
In the examination of the antibiofilm activity of major constituents: linalool, linalyl acetate, alpha-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol of selected essential oils (EO): Lavandula angustifblia (LEO), Melaleuca alternifolia (TTO), Melissa officinalis (MEO) found that The killing rate studies of S. aureus biofilm treated with TTO, LEO, MEO and some of their constituents revealed that partial (50%) destruction of 24-h-old biofilms (MBEC50) was achieved by the concentration 4-8 x MIC after 1 h, whereas 2-4 x MIC was enough to obtain 90% reduction in biomass metabolic activity (MBEC90) after just 4 h of treatment, according to "Antibiofilm activity of selected plant essential oils and their major components" by Budzyńska A, Wieckowska-Szakiel M, Sadowska B, Kalemba D, Rózalska B.(4)

5. Antioxidants
In the observation of total phenolics and total flavonoids for the extracts of three medicinal plants including oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) found that Origanum vulgare and Melissa officinalis extracts present the most effective antioxidant capacity in scavenging DPPH radicals, while Lavandula angustifolia is less active. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the components of extracts. Major phenolic acids identified in the analysed species were ferulic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric and caffeic, while predominant flavonoids were quercetin, apigenin kaempherol, which were present as glucosides, according to "Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents of oregano (Origanum vulgare), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) from Romania"by

Spiridon I, Colceru S, Anghel N, Teaca CA, Bodirlau R, Armatu A. (5)

6. Antibacterial activity
In the identification of antibacterial activity of essential oils from 10 commonly consumed herbs: Citrus aurantium, C. limon, Lavandula angustifolia, Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha piperita, M. spicata, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Salvia officinalis found that the highest and broadest activity was shown by O. vulgare oil. Carvacrol had the highest antibacterial activity among the tested components, according to "Antibacterial effects of the essential oils of commonly consumed medicinal herbs using an in vitro model" by Soković M, Glamočlija J, Marin PD, Brkić D, van Griensven LJ.(6)

7. Antifungal activities
In the assessment of comparison of alternative to synthetic fungicides currently used in the control of devastating fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, from (Origanum syriacum L. var. bevanii), lavender (Lavandula stoechas L. var. stoechas) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), found that Essential oils of rosemary and lavender were inhibitory at relatively higher concentrations (25.6 μg/ml), according to "In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the essential oils of various plants against tomato grey mould disease agent Botrytis cinerea" by Soylu EM, Kurt S, Soylu S.(7)

8. Antidepressant-like effect
In the classification of the antidepressant effects of essential oils of Anthemis nobilis (chamomile), Salvia sclarea (clary sage; clary), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), and Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)found that clary oil could be developed as a therapeutic agent for patients with depression and that the antidepressant-like effect of clary oil is closely associated with modulation of the DAnergic pathway, according to "Antidepressant-like effect of Salvia sclarea is explained by modulation of dopamine activities in rats" by

Seol GH, Shim HS, Kim PJ, Moon HK, Lee KH, Shim I, Suh SH, Min SS.(8)

9. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity
In the identification ofAcetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oils extracted from Artemisia dracunculus L., Inula graveolens L., Lavandula officinalis Chaix, and Ocimum sanctum L. found that Eugenol, in particular, was found to be a potent AChE inhibitor along with determination of the IC(50) value, a finding that has been reported for the first time in this study. However, the ratio of the contribution of the active components, including a novel AChE inhibitor, to the observed AChE inhibitory activity of the essential oils was not very high. The results of this study raise concerns about the AChE inhibitory activity of widely produced and readily accessible commercial essential oils, according to "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and chemical composition of commercial essential oils" by Dohi S, Terasaki M, Makino M.(9)

10. Obesity
In the researches of the weight control of Slim339, a proprietary fixed combination of Garcinia cambogia extract with calcium pantothenate (standardized for the content of hydroxycitric acid and pantothenic acid) and extracts of Matricaria chamomilla, Rosa damascena, Lavandula officinalis and Cananga odorata, found that During a 60-day treatment period, the average reduction in body weight for the group receiving Slim339 (n = 30) was 4.67% compared with 0.63% for the placebo group (n = 28) (p < 0.0001). Weight losses of >or=3 kg were recorded for 23 subjects in the treatment group and only one in the placebo group. It is concluded that Slim339 represents a potential , according to "Efficacy of Slim339 in reducing body weight of overweight and obese human subjects" by Toromanyan E, Aslanyan G, Amroyan E, Gabrielyan E, Panossian A.(10)

11. Cognition and mood
In the evaluation of Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils and theirs effect on cognition and mood found that rosemary produced a significant enhancement of performance for overall quality of memory and secondary memory factors, but also produced an impairment of speed of memory compared to controls. With regard to mood, comparisons of the change in ratings from baseline to post-test revealed that following the completion of the cognitive assessment battery, both the control and lavender groups were significantly less alert than the rosemary condition; however, the control group was significantly less content than both rosemary and lavender conditions. These findings indicate that the olfactory properties of these essential oils can produce objective effects on cognitive performance, as well as subjective effects on mood, according to "Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults" by Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P.(11)

Side Effects
1. The herb may cause allergic effect
2. Lavender may interact with certain medication, including antidepressants, antihistamines, pain relievers, etc,.
3. Do not use the herb in children or if you are pregnant without approval from the related field specialist.
4. Prolonged period of using the herb may cause causes breast growth in male.
5. Overdoses may cause drowsiness.
6. Etc.

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Popular #Herbs - Khella (Ammi visnaga)

Khella is a f flowering plant in the genus Ammi, belonging to the family Apiaceae, native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as an anti-spasmodic and vasodilator agent and to treat angina, asthma, arteriosclerosis, kidney stones, enal colic, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity
In the investigation of 6-[(4-Methoxy/4,9-dimethoxy)-7-methylfurochromen-5-ylideneamino]-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4-ones 1a,b were prepared by reaction of 6-amino-2-thiouracil with visnagen or khellin, found in Khella and theiranti-inflammatory and analgesic effects found that these compounds were also screened for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Some of them, particularly 3-7, exhibited promising activities, according to "Synthesis of new visnagen and khellin furochromone pyrimidine derivatives and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity" by Abu-Hashem AA, Youssef MM.(1)

2. Kidney stones
In the evaluation of whether oral administration of an aqueous extract prepared from the fruits of A. visnaga as well as two major constituents khellin and visnagin could prevent crystal deposition in stone-forming rats found that For KE, a reasonably good correlation was observed between the incidence of crystal deposition, the increase in citrate excretion and urine pH suggesting a mechanisms that may interfere with citrate reabsorption. In conclusion, our data suggest that KE and its compounds, khellin and visnagin, may be beneficial in the management of kidney stone disease caused by hyperoxaluria but that it is likely that different mechanism of action are involved in mediating these effects, according to "Prevention of renal crystal deposition by an extract of Ammi visnaga L. and its constituents khellin and visnagin in hyperoxaluric rats" by Vanachayangkul P, Chow N, Khan SR, Butterweck V.(2)

3. Vitiligo
In the classification of the efficacy of monochromatic excimer light 308 nm (MEL), both as a monotherapy and in combination with khellin 4% ointment in vitiligo found that The clinical response achieved in group I and II was higher compared with group III (control group) without showing significant differences. MEL 308 nm, alone and/or combined with khellin 4% offered encouraging results and it may be considered a valid therapeutic option worthy of consideration in the treatment of vitiligo, according to "Monochromatic excimer light 308 nm in monotherapy and combined with topical khellin 4% in the treatment of vitiligo: a controlled study" by Saraceno R, Nisticò SP, Capriotti E, Chimenti S.(3)

4. Anti cancers
In the study of Cytotoxic effect of five known compounds, khellin, berberine, lupeol, scopolin, rapanone, obtained from Colombian plants found that they may be an indicator of the potential anticancer activity of these compounds. Berberine and rapanone presented interesting cytotoxicity, according to "Cytotoxic activity of five compounds isolated from Colombian plants" by Cordero CP, Gómez-González S, León-Acosta CJ, Morantes-Medina SJ, Aristizabal FA.(4)

5. Anti diabetes
In the assessment of the diabetes effect of furochromone-2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives (VIIa-h) was prepared by Knoevenagel reaction of substituted-2,4-thiazolidinediones (VIa-h) with Khellin-2-carboxaldehyde (IV) found that compounds VIId and VIIf (at lower concentration; 1 microgram/ml) were able to increase insulin release in the presence of 5.6 mmol/l glucose. Both these compounds (VIId and VIIf) and VIIg increased glucose uptake in NIH-3T3 cells. Thus these 3 compounds should be tested for antidiabetic effects in vivo, according to "Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of some new furochromonyl-2,4-thiazolidinediones" by Bozdağ-Dündar O, Verspohl EJ, Waheed A, Ertan R.(5)

6. Melanogenesis
In the testing of the effect of khellin and KUVA on proliferation and melanogenesis of normal human melanocytes and Mel-1 melanoma cells in vitro. found that that khellin activated by UVA stimulates melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis. Our results point to the possibility that current treatment regimens might be improved if reduced khellin doses are applied and suggest that improved delivery vehicles be tested, according to "KUVA (khellin plus ultraviolet A) stimulates proliferation and melanogenesis in normal human melanocytes and melanoma cells in vitro" by Carlie G, Ntusi NB, Hulley PA, Kidson SH.(6)

7. Vasodilator effects
In the demonstration of Visnagin (4-methoxy-7-methyl-5H-furo [3,2-g][1]-benzopyran-5-one), an active principle of the fruit of Ammi visnaga and its vasodilator effects in rat vascular smooth muscle found that visnagin inhibited vascular smooth muscle contractility by acting at multiple sites. In the range of 10(-6) M to 5 x 10(-5) M visnagin appears to inhibit only the contractions mediated by Ca2+ entry through pathways with low sensitivity to classical Ca(2+)-entry blockers, i.e. agonist-, PMA- or mild depolarization-induced Ca2+ entry, according to "Vasodilator effects of visnagin in isolated rat vascular smooth muscle" by

Duarte J, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Torres AI, Zarzuelo A, Jiménez J, Tamargo J.(7)

8. Skin diseases
In the evaluation of of the furochromone khellin was tested in Ames Salmonella strains using 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and 4,5', 8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) as positive controls, found that In strain TA102, khellin plus UVA treatment yielded a 2-fold increase in revertants/plate above the spontaneous background (79% survival). 8-MOP, however, used at a concentration 8-fold lower than khellin with a UVA dose 13-fold lower than khellin, yielded an increase in revertants/plate about 14-fold above background (66% survival) in the same strain. These data show that khellin has a weak photomutagenic potential and, along with the previously reported low photogenotoxic potential in eukaryotic cell systems, support the notion that khellin may be safer than bifunctional psoralens for clinical use, according to "Investigation of the mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium of the furochromone khellin, proposed as a therapeutic agent for skin diseases" by Riccio ML, Coratza G, Bovalini L, Martelli P.(8)

9. Hypocholesterolemic effect
In observation of Khellin (CAS 82-02-0) and methoxsalen (CAS 298-81-7) and theirs ability to modify serum lipoprotein cholesterol found that After four weeks at 0.45 mg/100 mg b.wt. for khellin and 0.27 mg/100 g b.wt. for methoxsalen, per day, both drugs significantly lowered low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol. Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were not changed. No apparent toxicity was observed as clinical chemistry parameters and body weights were not different compared to control values, according to "Hypocholesterolemic effect of khellin and methoxsalen in male albino rats" by el Naser H, Abdel Ghaffar E, Mahmoud SS.(9)

10. Angina pectoris
In the research of the effect of inhaling sodium cromoglycate on the development of chest pain in 8 patients with exercise-induced angina pectoris found that Khellin reduces angina, it is suggested that further studies should be performed to assess the effect of SCG at higher concentrations in the plasma, according to "The effect of sodium cromoglycate on the development of exercise-induced angina pectoris" by Hunter J, Collier JG, Fuller RW.(10)

11. Antibacterial and antiparasitic properties
In the testing the compounds of derivatives of visnaginone and khellinone and their antibacterial activity found that visnaginone and khellinone exerted antibacterial activity on gram negative and gram positive micro-organisms. Some of the compounds possess an antibacterial activity on some pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Brucella abortus, for which there is no remedy as yet. All the chalcones tested were inactive except Ib, which showed antiparasitic broad spectrum, according to "Antibacterial and anthelminthic properties of visnaginone and khellinone derivatives" by Ismail E, Tawfik AA, El-Ebrashi NM.(11)

12. Ventricular Arrhythmia
In the investigation of Various 5-aminobenzofuran derivatives from khellin and theirs potential antiarrhythmic activit, found that the two long-acting derivatives N-[4,7-dimethoxy-6-(2-pyrrolidinoethoxy)-5-benzofuranyl]-N'-methylurea (8j) and N-[4,7-dimethoxy-6-(2-piperidinoethoxy)-5-benzofuranyl]-N'-methylurea (8m) showed advantages when compared to quinidine and disopyramide and have been selected for further studies, according to "Synthesis and antiarrhythmic activity of new benzofuran derivatives" by

Bourgery G, Dostert P, Lacour A, Langlois M, Pourrias B, Tisne-Versailles J.(12)

13. Etc.

Side effects
1. The herb may cause allergic effects
2. Overdoses may cause gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting.
3. Khella may interact with other medication, including antihypertensives
4. Do not use the herb in children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without approval from the related field specialist
5. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21358587
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069311
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19580584
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15030931
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14732963
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14616361
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8605947
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1375334
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1610424
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6421255
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/409417
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7205883

Popular #Herbs - #Kelp

Kelps are large seaweeds (algae) growth in the shallow oceans, belonging to the order Laminariales in the class Phaeophyceae. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to Promotes urination, reduces swelling, to stimulate the thyroid function, enhance weight loss, etc.

Health benefits 1. Thyroid function
In the investigation of the effects of of two different doses of supplemental kelp on the thyroid function found that short-term dietary supplementation with kelp significantly increases both basal and poststimulation TSH. These findings corroborate previous studies on the effects of supplemental iodide given to euthyroid subjects for a similar period. Further studies are needed to determine whether long-term kelp supplementation would cause clinically significant thyroid disease, according to "Effects of kelp supplementation on thyroid function in euthyroid subjects" by Clark CD, Bassett B, Burge MR.(1)

2. Vibrio carchariae
In the assessment of the effect of Eriobotrya japonica extracts at 0%, 0.1%, 1.0%, and 2.0% doses supplementation with feed on non-specific immune response, hematological and biochemical profile, and disease resistance against Vibrio carchariae in kelp grouper found that 1.0% and 2.0% doses supplementation diets could be advocated to enhance the immune response and production disease from V. carchariae in E. bruneus, according to "Enhancement of Eriobotrya japonica extracts on non-specific immune response and disease resistance in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio carchariae" by Kim JS, Harikrishnan R, Kim MC, Jang IS, Kim DH, Hong SH, Balasundaram C, Heo MS.(2)

3. Weight loss
In the assessment of Tororokombu, a traditional Japanese food made from edible kelp and its effect on obese mice found that tororokombu decreased the serum triglyceride level induced by oil administration to rats and had an anti-obesity effect on obese mice induced by a high-fat diet. These effects were more powerful than those of non-shaved kelp, according to "Anti-obesity effect on rodents of the traditional Japanese food, tororokombu, shaved Laminaria" by Miyata M, Koyama T, Kamitani T, Toda T, Yazawa K(3)

4. Antioxidants
In the observation of Brown algae of the Laminariales (kelps) and its antioxidant effect found that on the thallus surface and in the apoplast, iodide detoxifies both aqueous oxidants and ozone, the latter resulting in the release of high levels of molecular iodine and the consequent formation of hygroscopic iodine oxides leading to particles, which are precursors to cloud condensation nuclei. In a complementary set of experiments using a heterologous system, iodide was found to effectively scavenge ROS in human blood cells, according to "Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry" by Küpper FC, Carpenter LJ, McFiggans GB, Palmer CJ, Waite TJ, Boneberg EM, Woitsch S, Weiller M, Abela R, Grolimund D, Potin P, Butler A, Luther GW 3rd, Kroneck PM, Meyer-Klaucke W, Feiters MC.(4)

5. Human blood plasma
In the assessment of the effects of extracts of of kelp, fucus, yarrow, Saint John's wort, onion, and honey and products of their biological treatment on trans-sialidase activity in human blood plasmaextracts found that a correlation was found between the decrease in trans-sialidase activity in blood plasma and ability of blood plasma to induce cholesterol accumulation in cultured cells from the intact human aortic intima, according to "Effect of plant extracts on trans-sialidase activity in human blood plasma" by Aksenov DV, Kaplun VV, Tertov VV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN.(5)

6. Antiproliferative effects
In the investigation of evaluated the effect of red alga, dulse (Palmaria palmata) and three kelp (Laminaria setchellii, Macrocystis integrifolia, Nereocystis leutkeana) extracts and theirs effect on human cervical adenocarcinoma found that the antiproliferative efficacy of these algal extracts were positively correlated with the total polyphenol contents (p<0.05), suggesting a causal link related to extract content of kelp phlorotannins and dulse polyphenols including mycosporine-like amino acids and phenolic acids, according to "Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds" by Yuan YV, Walsh NA.(6)

7. Antiaging
In the comparison of The prolonging effect of Japanese kelp (kombu) on life span was investigated in mice fed a diet containing the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Three groups of six mice each were fed a normal diet with 0, 2 and 5%, kombu powder, while another three groups were fed those diets with 4 ppm BaP loading found that the feces of the 2 and 5% kombu groups contained 6.9+/-1.2 and 16.8+/-1.8% of the ingested BaP, respectively, mainly in forms adsorbed on kombu fibers. The BaP-alone group given cellulose as dietary fiber instead of kombu, did not show any such effects. Humans are exposed to various environmental carcinogens such as BaP, and kombu fibers probably contribute to longevity by removing them, according to "Effects of Japanese kelp (kombu) on life span of benzo[a]pyrene-fed mice" by Sakakibara H, Nakagawa S, Wakameda H, Nakagiri Y, Kamata K, Das SK, Tsuji T, Kanazawa K.(7)

8. Hormone related cancers
In the identification of populations consuming typical Asian diets have a lower incidence of hormone-dependent cancers than populations consuming Western diets, found that Kelp treatment also led to modest elevations in hLGC culture progesterone levels. Kelp extract inhibited the binding of estradiol to estrogen receptor alpha and beta and that of progesterone to the progesterone receptor, with IC(50) values of 42.4, 31.8, and 40.7 micromol/L, respectively. These data show endocrine modulating effects of kelp at relevant doses and suggest that dietary kelp may contribute to the lower incidence of hormone-dependent cancers among the Japanese, according to "Brown kelp modulates endocrine hormones in female sprague-dawley rats and in human luteinized granulosa cells" by Skibola CF, Curry JD, VandeVoort C, Conley A, Smith MT.(8)

9. Etc.

Side effects
1. Do not use the herb in children or if you are pregnant without approval from the related field specialist.
2. Do not use kelp if you have hyperthyroidism, according to "Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis after ingestion of kelp-containing tea" by Müssig K, Thamer C, Bares R, Lipp HP, Häring HU, Gallwitz B (a)or heart problems.
3. Etc.

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m/

Sources
(a) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16808731
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14583417
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22032903
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19809171
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458346
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18019010
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554116
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16392709
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671230

Popular #Herbs - Kava Kava (Piper methysticum)

Kava Kava is a tall shrub, genus Piper, belonging to family Piperaceae, native to western Pacific. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as a drink for sedative and anesthetic effects and to treat anxiety, insomnia, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Mood and anxiety disorders
In the investigation of Kava and St. John's wort (SJW) and theirs effect on anxiety and depressive disorders found that current evidence for herbal medicines in the treatment of depression and anxiety only supports the use of Hypericum perforatum for depression, and Piper methysticum for generalized anxiety, according to "Kava and St. John's Wort: current evidence for use in mood and anxiety disorders" by Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ.(1)

2. Synovial sarcoma
In the assessment of flavokawain B (FKB), a novel chalcone from kava extract and its potent inhibition of the growth of SS cell lines SYO-I and HS-SY-II through induction of apoptosis,
found that the natural compound FKB has a pro-apoptotic effect on SS cell lines. FKB may be a new chemotherapeutic strategy for patients with SS and deserves further investigation as a potential agent in the treatment of this malignancy, according to "Flavokawain B, a kava chalcone, induces apoptosis in synovial sarcoma cell lines" by Sakai T, Eskander RN, Guo Y, Kim KJ, Mefford J, Hopkins J, Bhatia NN, Zi X, Hoang BH.(2)

3. Relaxation
In the identification of beverages containing ingredients such as melatonin, valerian, kava, tryptophan, and other products traditionally thought to play a role in sleep, sedation, or neurocognitive function found that Although moderate consumption of these beverages by healthy individuals is likely safe, an objective reduction in stress is improbable and associated adverse effects are possible, according to "Relaxation drinks and their use in adolescents" by Stacy S.(3)

4. Lung tumorigenesis
In the determination of a commercially available form of kava extract and its inhibitions of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice at a dose of 10 mg per gram diet found that Analyses of lung adenoma tissues derived from kava-treated animals revealed that kava significantly inhibited adenoma cell proliferation while it had no detectable effect on cell death, indicating that kava primarily suppressed lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice via inhibition of cell proliferation. Flavokawains A, B, and C, three chalcone-based components from kava, demonstrated greatly reduced chemopreventive efficacies even at concentrations much higher than their natural abundance, suggesting that they alone were unlikely to be responsible for kava's chemopreventive activity, according to "Lung tumorigenesis suppressing effects of a commercial kava extract and its selected compounds in A/J mice" by Johnson TE, Hermanson D, Wang L, Kassie F, Upadhyaya P, O'Sullivan MG, Hecht SS, Lu J, Xing C.(4)

5. Neurocognitive effects
In determination of Kava (Piper methysticum) elicits dose-dependent psychotropic effects and its potentially deleterious affect on cognitive performance found that found that kava significantly improved visual attention and working memory processes while another found that kava increased body sway. One chronic study found that kava significantly impaired visual attention during high-cognitive demand. Potential enhanced cognition may be attributed to the ability of kava to inhibit re-uptake of noradrenaline in the pre-frontal cortex, while increased body sway may be due to GABA pathway modulation, according to "Neurocognitive effects of kava (Piper methysticum): a systematic review" by LaPorte E, Sarris J, Stough C, Scholey A.(5)

6. Behavioral health
In the reviews of alternative medicine (CAM) modalities in the treatment of depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) found that Only kava has high-quality evidence for use in the treatment of anxiety disorders, and its use is discouraged because of safety concerns, according to "Complementary and alternative medicine usage for behavioral health indications" by Larzelere MM, Campbell JS, Robertson M.(6)

7. Prostate cancer
in the classification of flavokawain B (FKB), a kava chalcone and its effect on hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC), found that FKB synergizes with TRAIL for markedly enhanced induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, FKB treatment of mice bearing DU145 xenograft tumors results in tumor growth inhibition and increases Bim expression in tumor tissues. Together, these results suggest robust mechanisms for FKB induction of apoptosis preferentially for HRPC and the potential usefulness of FKB for prevention and treatment of HRPC in an adjuvant setting, according to "Flavokawain B, a kava chalcone, induces apoptosis via up-regulation of death-receptor 5 and Bim expression in androgen receptor negative, hormonal refractory prostate cancer cell lines and reduces tumor growth" by Tang Y, Li X, Liu Z, Simoneau AR, Xie J, Zi X.(7)

8. Bladder cancer
In the assessment of Flavokawain A, the predominant chalcone from kava extract and its action in a p53 wild-type, low-grade, and papillary bladder cancer cell line (RT4), found that Consistently, flavokawain A also caused a pronounced CDK1 activation and G(2)-M arrest in p53 knockout but not in p53 wild-type HCT116 cells. This selectivity of flavokawain A for inducing a G(2)-M arrest in p53-defective cells deserves further investigation as a new mechanism for the prevention and treatment of bladder cancer., according to "Effects of the kava chalcone flavokawain A differ in bladder cancer cells with wild-type versus mutant p53" by

Tang Y, Simoneau AR, Xie J, Shahandeh B, Zi X.(8)

9. Lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory effects
In the researches of Echinacea, garlic, ginkgo, ginseng, Siberian ginseng, grape seed extract, kava kava, saw palmetto and St John's wort, some of the popular supplements used for a variety of health benefits found that the supplements tested demonstrated varying degrees of COX enzyme inhibition (5-85% for COX-1 and 13-28% for COX-2). Interestingly, extracts of garlic (Meijer), ginkgo (Solaray), ginseng (Nature's Way), Siberian ginseng (GNC, Nutrilite, Solaray, Natrol), kava kava (GNC, Sundown, Solaray) and St John's wort (Nutrilite) selectively inhibited COX-2 enzyme. These supplements also inhibited lipid peroxidation in vitro (5-99%). The results indicated that the consumption of these botanical supplements studied possess health benefits, according to "Lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory activities of acidic aqueous extracts of some dietary supplements" by Raman P, Dewitt DL, Nair MG.(9)

10. Etc.

Popular #Herbs - Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)

Hyssop is a semi-woody plants, genus of Hyssopus, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to the east Mediterranean to central Asia. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as an antibiotic, carminative, antispasmodic, antifungal, and antiseptic agent and to treat bronchitis, asthma, digestive ailments, insomnia, diabetes, edema, etc.

Health benefits
1. Grug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1
In the investigation of essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood effect on Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains found that All essential oils exhibited high levels of virucidal activity against acyclovir-sensitive strain KOS and acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 clinical isolates and reduced plaque formation significantly, according to "Susceptibility of drug-resistant clinical herpes simplex virus type 1 strains to essential oils of ginger, thyme, hyssop, and sandalwood" by Schnitzler P, Koch C, Reichling J.(1)

2. Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
In the assessment of Essential oils from anise, hyssop, thyme, ginger, camomile and sandalwood for their inhibitory effect against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro found that a clearly dose-dependent virucidal activity against HSV-2 could be demonstrated for all essential oils tested. In order to determine the mode of the inhibitory effect, essential oils were added at different stages during the viral infection cycle. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the essential oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by more than 90% when HSV-2 was preincubated with hyssop oil, thyme oil or ginger oil, according to "Inhibitory effect of essential oils against herpes simplex virus type 2" by Koch C, Reichling J, Schneele J, Schnitzler P.(2)

3. Hyperglycemia
In the classification of hyssop extracts of hyssopus officinalis (hyssop) and its effect on intestinal carbohydrate absorption in rat everted gut sac and carbohydrate-loaded hyperglycemia in mice, found that hyperglycemia in sucrose- and maltose-loaded mice was significantly suppressed at an early stage, within 30 to 60 min by oral pre-administration of 300 and 100 mg/kg hyssop extracts, according to " Inhibitory effects of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extracts on intestinal alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial hyperglycemia" by Miyazaki H, Matsuura H, Yanagiya C, Mizutani J, Tsuji M, Ishihara C.(3)

4. Muscle relaxing activity
In the determination of Hyssop's essential oil and main components (isopinocamphone, limonene and beta-pinene) and theirs effect muscle relaxing activity found that he essential oil and isopinocamphone inhibited the acetylcholine- and BaCl2-induced contractions in guinea-pig ileum in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 42.4 microg/ml and 61.9 microg/ml to acetylcholine; 48.3 microg/ml and 70.4 microg/ml to BaCl2) whereas limonene or beta-pinene left tissue contraction unchanged. according to "Muscle relaxing activity of Hyssopus officinalis essential oil on isolated intestinal preparations" by Lu M, Battinelli L, Daniele C, Melchioni C, Salvatore G, Mazzanti G.(4)

5. Asthma
In the analyzing the Uygur medicine Hyssopus officinalis L on T-bet, GATA-3, STAT-3 mRNA levels of asthma rats found that the expression of GATA-3 and STAT-3 mRNA of Hyssopus officinalis L high-dose treatment group was lower than the low-dose treatment group (P<0.05), but T-bet mRNA that was higher(P<0.05). The expression of T-bet mRNA has negative correlation with GATA-3 mRNA (r=-0.696), the expression of STAT-3 mRNA has correlation with T-bet mRNA and GATA-3 mRNA(r=-0.767, 0.772), P<0.05 and concluded that Hyssopus officinalis L probably regulates the differentiation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 on transcription level to play the role of anti-inflammatory, maccording to "[The effect of Uygur medicine Hyssopus officinalis L on expression of T-bet, GATA-3 and STAT-3 mRNA in lung tissue of asthma rats].[Article in Chinese]" by Wang HY, Ding JB, Halmurat U, Hou M, Xue ZQ, Zhu M, Tian SG, Ma XM.(5)

6. Aspergillus fumigatus
In the observation of essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis and its effect on the lipid composition of Aspergillus fumigatus found that total lipids and sterols were reduced, whereas total phospholipids were increased. There were alterations in the proportions of fatty acids, neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions, according to "Effect of essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis on the lipid composition of Aspergillus fumigatus" by Ghfir B, Fonvieille JL, Koulali Y, Ecalle R, Dargent R.(6)

7. Etc.

Side Effects
1. Overdoses can cause convulsions and seizures as a result of chemical compound pino-camphone.
2. It may cause allergic effect such as skin rashes, swelling of skin, difficulty breathing, etc.
3. Overdoses also can cause disturbances of the central nervous system.
4. Do not use the herb in children or if you are pregnant without approval of the related field specialist.
5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353250
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17976968
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14703310
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11914956
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21806885
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7935731

Popular #Herbs - Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)

Horsetail is a herbaceous perennial plant, of genus Equisetum, belonging to Equisetaceae, native to the arctic and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat tuberculosis, edema, kidney and bladder stones, urinary tract infections, incontinence, etc.

Health Benefits
1. Antioxidative and antiproliferative activities
In the investigation of the antioxidative and antiproliferative activity of different horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extracts found that ethyl acetate extract exhibited the most prominent antiproliferative effect, without inducing any cell growth stimulation on human tumor cell lines. The results obtained suggest that the horsetail extracts could be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as potential phytochemicals, according to "Antioxidative and antiproliferative activities of different horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) extracts" by Cetojević-Simin DD, Canadanović-Brunet JM, Bogdanović GM, Djilas SM, Cetković GS, Tumbas VT, Stojiljković BT.(1)

2. Antioxidants
In the evaluation of antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of three different extracts (EtOAc, n-BuOH and H(2)O) of field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) found that the highest RSC regarding both DPPH and NO radicals is expressed by EtOAc extract (EC(50)=2.37 microg/mL and EC(50)=90.07 microg/mL, respectively), and the lowest by H(2)O extract (EC(50)=37.2 microg/mL and EC(50)>333.33 microg/mL, respectively). n-BuOH extract showed the highest total reducing power (AEAC=13.40 microg/mL), according to "Phenolic compounds in field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) as natural antioxidants" by Mimica-Dukic N, Simin N, Cvejic J, Jovin E, Orcic D, Bozin B.(2)

3. Anti fungal effect
In the assessment of The effectiveness of grape field antifungals (Switch, Flint Max and Equisetum arvense extract) found that the greatest reduction and E. arvense (0.02 g mL(-1) extract) the least. Higher temperatures affected OTA production by the isolates in different ways. In general, Switch and Flint Max reduced OTA production, while E. arvense stimulated it, according to "Ochratoxigenic moulds and effectiveness of grape field antifungals in a climatic change scenario" by García-Cela E, Ramos AJ, Sanchis V, Marin S.(3)

4. Anxiolytic effects
In the demonstration of the petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CH), ethanol (ETH) and water extracts of E. arvense stems and theirs anti-anxiety effects found that the ethanolic extract of E. arvense seems to possess anxiolytic effect with lower sedative activity than that of diazepam. The results could be attributed to the flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract, according to "Anxiolytic effects of Equisetum arvense Linn. extracts in mice" by Singh N, Kaur S, Bedi PM, Kaur D.(4)

5. Cytostatic activity
In the comparison of peptide extracts of medicinal plants and their Cytostatic activity found that the cytostatic effect was produced by peptide extracts of Camelia sinesis Kuntze, Inonotus obliquus, and a mixture Inula helenium L., Chelidonium majus L., Equisetum arvense L., and Inonotus obliquus, accoridng to "Cytostatic activity of peptide extracts of medicinal plants on transformed A549, H1299, and HeLa Cells" by Tepkeeva II, Aushev VN, Zborovskaya IB, Demushkin VP.(5)

6. Antitumor activity
In the investigation of a peptide extract PE-PM obtained from a mixture of Chelidonium majus L., Inula helenium L., Equisetum arvense L. and Inonotus obliquus and theirs antitumor activities, found that distinct antitumor activity of two local injections of the peptide extract PE-PM was detected by tumor growth inhibition and survival improvement of 33% of recipients bearing intraperitoneal form of ASF-LL, according to "[Antitumor activity of the plant remedy peptide extract PE-PM in a new mouse T-lymphoma/eukemia model].[Article in Russian]" by Chaadaeva AV, Tenkeeva II, Moiseeva EV, Svirshchevskaia EV, Demushkin VP.(6)

7. Breast cancer
In the comparison of peptide extracts from plants on slowly growing mammary adenocarcinoma in CBRB-Rb(8.17)1Iem mice used as a model of breast cancer in humans, found that Peptides from Hypericum perforatum and a mixture of Chelidonium majus L., Inula helenium L., Equisetum arvense L., and Inonotus obliquus exhibited maximum activity, according to "Evaluation of antitumor activity of peptide extracts from medicinal plants on the model of transplanted breast cancer in CBRB-Rb(8.17)1Iem mice" by Tepkeeva II, Moiseeva EV, Chaadaeva AV, Zhavoronkova EV, Kessler YV, Semushina SG, Demushkin VP.(7)

8. Anti diabetes
in the assessment of the methanolic extract of Equisetum arvense was analysed for its antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats found that methanolic extract of Equisetum arvense produced a significant antidiabetic activity at doses 50 and 50 mg kg(-1)/b.wt. Concurrent histological studies of the pancreas of these animals showed comparable regeneration by methanolic extract which were earlier, necrosed by streptozotocin, accoridng to "The effect of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) in histological changes of pancreatic beta-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic in rats" by Soleimani S, Azarbaizani FF, Nejati V.(8)

9. Genotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effects
In the identification of the hydro-alcoholic extracts of five Equisetum species, E. arvense L., E. sylvaticum L., E. fluviatile L., E. palustre L. and E. telmateia Ehrh., growing-wild in Serbia and their genotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant effects found that All tested extracts at 62.5 microg/ml showed higher incidence of micronucleus formation than in the control sample. The obtained data allowed mutual comparison of examined species and their assessment as possible sources of antioxidants, antimicrobials and/or genotoxic substances, according to "Antioxidant, antimicrobial and genotoxicity screening of hydro-alcoholic extracts of five serbian Equisetum species" by Milovanović V, Radulović N, Todorović Z, Stanković M, Stojanović G.(9)

10. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
In the observation of four extracts from Chimaphila umbellata, Populus tremula, Pulsatilla pratensis and Equisetum arvense (coded as EVI-1, EVI-2, EVI-3 and EVI-4, respectively) and germ oil from Triticum aestivum (coded as EVI-5) and theirs effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion (O2-) and hydroxyl radical (OH*) found that the suppression of ROS by EVI-1, EVI-2 and EVI-4 may partly contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of eviprostat, and this action may be implicated in its therapeutic effect on BPH, according to "Relevance of anti-reactive oxygen species activity to anti-inflammatory activity of components of eviprostat, a phytotherapeutic agent for benign prostatic hyperplasia" by Oka M, Tachibana M, Noda K, Inoue N, Tanaka M, Kuwabara K.(10)

11. Sedative and anticonvulsant effects
In the evaluation of the hydroalcoholic extract of Equisetum arvense (HAE) tested at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and its Sedative and anticonvulsant effects found that HAE presented anticonvulsant and sedative effects. Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of tannins, saponins, sterols and flavonoids, according to "Sedative and anticonvulsant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Equisetum arvense" by Dos Santos JG Jr, Blanco MM, Do Monte FH, Russi M, Lanziotti VM, Leal LK, Cunha GM.(11)

12. Cognitive effects
In the study of the hydroalcoholic extract of stems from Equisetum arvense (HAE) reverses the cognitive impairment in aged rats found that HAE diminished the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as well as nitrite formation, but did not alter catalase activity. Thus, the cognitive enhancement effects of the HAE may be attributed, at least in part, to it antioxidant action, according to "Cognitive enhancement in aged rats after chronic administration of Equisetum arvense L. with demonstrated antioxidant properties in vitro" by Guilherme dos Santos J Jr, Hoffmann Martins do Monte F, Marcela Blanco M, Maria do Nascimento Bispo Lanziotti V, Damasseno Maia F, Kalyne de Almeida Leal L.(12)

13. Etc.

Side effects
1. Horsetail may interact with other herbs and certain medication
2. Prolonged use of the herb may cause depletion of vitamin B1 (thiamin) and potassium
3. Do not take horsetail if you have heart or kidney disease, diabetes, etc.
4. Do not take the herb in children, or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without permission of the related field specialist.
5. Etc.

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Back to Kyle J. Norton Home page http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170379
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719517
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22131267
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615059
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19526129
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19351037
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19110595
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19086577
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17676400
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17583488
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15972249
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15972233

Popular #Herbs - Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)

Horehound is a flowering plant of the genus Marrubium, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to relieve pain and inflammation, aid digestion, soothe sore throats, and as a cold remedy.

Health effects
1. Colon cancer
In the investigation of Marubium vulgare (horehound) and Prunus serotina (wild cherry) extracts and theirs anti-inflammatory and exhibition of anti-proliferative activity in human colorectal cancer cells found that Both horehound and wild cherry extracts cause suppression of cell growth as well as induction of apoptosis. We found that horehound extract up-regulates pro-apoptotic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene (NAG-1) through transactivation of the NAG-1 promoter. In contrast, wild cherry extract decreased cyclin D1 expression and increased NAG-1 expression in HCT-116 and SW480 cell lines. Treatment with wild cherry extract resulted in the suppression of beta-catenin/T cell factor transcription, as assessed by TOP/FOP reporter constructs, suggesting that suppressed beta-catenin signaling by wild cherry extract leads to the reduction of cyclin D1 expression, according to "Anti-proliferative effect of horehound leaf and wild cherry bark extracts on human colorectal cancer cells" by Yamaguchi K, Liggett JL, Kim NC, Baek SJ.(1)

2. Antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties
in the study of antimicrobial activity of aerial parts of M. vulgare L. essential oil against different pathogenic microorganisms and the cytotoxic activity against HeLa cell lines, found that that the M. vulgare essential oil has a potent antimicrobial activity against some Gram (+) pathogenic bacteria and Botrytis cinerea fungi. The present studies confirm the use of this essential oil as anticancer agent. Further research is required to evaluate the practical values of therapeutic applications, according to "The in-vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic properties of Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil grown in Tunisia" by Zarai Z, Kadri A, Ben Chobba I, Ben Mansour R, Bekir A, Mejdoub H, Gharsallah N.(2)

3. Antioxidant properties
In the observation of the isolation of six known compounds (a mixture of the isomers cyllenin A and 15-epi-cyllenin A, marrubiin, marrulactone, marrulibacetal and β-stigmasterol) and seven known phenolic compounds , apigenin and several 7-O-substituted derivatives (apigenin-7-O-β-neohesperidoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, terniflorin and apigenin-7-O-glucuronide) together with two phenylethanoid glucosides (acteoside and forsythoside B) from Marrubium deserti de Noé, found that some of the isolated compounds like phenylethanoid derivatives showed stronger antioxidant capacity than trolox and were also able to significantly inhibit β-galactosidase induction caused by the mutagen agent nitrofurantoin, according to "Antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties of compounds isolated from Marrubium deserti de Noé" by Zaabat N, Hay AE, Michalet S, Darbour N, Bayet C, Skandrani I, Chekir-Ghedira L, Akkal S, Dijoux-Franca MG.(3)

4. Gastroprotective activity
In the evaluation of assess the gastroprotective properties of the methanol extract and the diterpene marrubiin obtained from the leaves of M. vulgare found that there was also a significant increase in pH and mucus production in the groups treated with M. vulgare extract and marubiin. The results also demonstrated that the gastroprotection induced by the extract and marubiin is related to the activity of nitric oxide and endogenous sulfhydryls, which are important gastroprotective factors, according to "Gastroprotective activity of methanol extract and marrubiin obtained from leaves of Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae)" by Paula de Oliveira A, Santin JR, Lemos M, Klein Júnior LC, Couto AG, Meyre da Silva Bittencourt C, Filho VC, Faloni de Andrade S.(4)

5. Antihepatotoxic activity
In the evaluation of The whole plant of Marrubium vulgare L. and its p-menthane-5,6-dihydroxy-3-carboxylic acid and theirs antihepatotoxic activity found that The compound (1) also exhibited a significant antihepatotoxic activity by reducing the elevated levels of serum enzymes such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) by 40.16%, serum glutamate pyruvate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGPT) by 35.06%, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by 30.51%, according to "A new monoterpene acid from Marrubium vulgare with potential antihepatotoxic activity" by Ahmed B, Masoodi MH, Siddique AH, Khan S.(5)

6. Antispasmodic effects
In the assessment of a chloroform extract obtained from M. globosum aerial parts and testing for its effect on reducing pain and smoothing muscle spasms found that among 12 isolated labdane diterpenoids, four new compounds, named 13-epicyllenin A (4), 13,15-diepicyllenin A (5), marrulibacetal (9), and marrulactone (11). Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compound 9, which exerted antispasmodic activity, according to "Antispasmodic effects and structure-activity relationships of labdane diterpenoids from Marrubium globosum ssp. libanoticum" by Rigano D, Aviello G, Bruno M, Formisano C, Rosselli S, Capasso R, Senatore F, Izzo AA, Borrelli F.(6)

7. Antimicrobial activity
In the investigation of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Marrubium incanum Desr. (Lamiaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation and theirs antimicrobial activity found that the microbial growth inhibitory properties of the isolated essential oil were determined using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution method against seven bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Micrococcus flavus ATCC 10240, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae NCIMB 9111, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), and two strains of the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10259 and ATCC24433). The essential oil showed activity against all the microorganisms tested, but differences in microbial susceptibility were registered.
according to "Composition and antimicrobial activity of Marrubium incanum Desr. (Lamiaceae) essential oil" by Petrović S, Pavlović M, Maksimović Z, Milenković M, Couladis M, Tzakouc O, Niketić M.(7)

8. Cytotoxicity and immunomodulating characteristics
In the identification of several diterpenoids from M. cylleneum and M. velutinum were tested for their cytotoxic effect against various cancer cell lines and their immunomodulating potential in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, found that a differential cytotoxicity of some compounds as well as their ability to improve selected lymphocyte functions, according to "Cytotoxicity and immunomodulating characteristics of labdane diterpenes from Marrubium cylleneum and Marrubium velutinum" by Karioti A, Skopeliti M, Tsitsilonis O, Heilmann J, Skaltsa H.(8)

9. Antioedematogenic effect
In the evaluation of the antioedematogenic profile of marrubiin (1), the main constituent of Marrubium vulgare and its antioedematogenic effect found that The results obtained for ID50 values (mg/kg, i.p.) and maximal inhibition (%) for the different phlogistic agents used were as follows: histamine (HIS, 13.84 mg/kg and 73.7%); (BK, 18.82 mg/kg and 70.0%); carrageenan (CAR, 13.61 mg/kg and 63.0%). The other phlogistic agonists, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), caused inhibition of less than 50%. In addition, (1) (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the OVO-induced allergic edema in actively sensitized animals (maximal inhibition 67.6+/-4%), according to "Antioedematogenic effect of marrubiin obtained from Marrubium vulgare" by Stulzer HK, Tagliari MP, Zampirolo JA, Cechinel-Filho V, Schlemper V.(9)

10. Cardiovascular diseases
In the elucidation of the beneficial properties of aqueous extracts of Marrubium vulgare (AEM) and its effect on cardiovascular disease found that that M. vulgare provides a source of natural antioxidants, which inhibit LDL oxidation and enhance reverse cholesterol transport and thus can prevent cardiovascular diseases development. These antioxidant properties increase the anti-atherogenic potential of HDL, according to "Marrubium vulgare extract inhibits human-LDL oxidation and enhances HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux in THP-1 macrophage" by Berrougui H, Isabelle M, Cherki M, Khalil A.(10)

11. Analgesic potential
In the investigation of Marrubiin, a furane labdane diterpene in Marrubium vulgare and its analgesic potential found that Marrubiinic acid showed better activity and excellent yield, and its analgesic effect was confirmed in other experimental models of pain in mice, suggesting its possible use as a model to obtain new and potent analgesic agents, according to "Analgesic potential of marrubiin derivatives, a bioactive diterpene present in Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae)" by Meyre-Silva C, Yunes RA, Schlemper V, Campos-Buzzi F, Cechinel-Filho V.(11)

12. Antioedematogenic effect
In the evaluation of the antioedematogenic profile of marrubiin (1), the main constituent of Marrubium vulgare and its antioedematogenic effect found that Compound (1) was analyzed in a model of microvascular leakage in mice ears. The results show that it exhibits significant and dose-related antioedematogenic effects, according to "Antioedematogenic effect of marrubiin obtained from Marrubium vulgare" by Stulzer HK, Tagliari MP, Zampirolo JA, Cechinel-Filho V, Schlemper V.(12)

13. Etc.

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Use The Revolutionary Findings To Achieve
Optimal Health And Loose Weight

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Back to Popular Herbs http://kylejnorton.blogspot.ca/p/popular-herbs.html
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16328068
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21936887
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924316
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21827496
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20628963
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650652
(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19413128
(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17475293
(9) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846706
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17045616
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15848207
(12) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846706