By Kyle J. Norton
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and
research papers have been written and published on line, including
world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs,
selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries
related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of
women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of
difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also
interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities
as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before
menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
I. Types of Fat Acids
1. Mono-unsaturated fats
Mono-unsaturated
have only one double bond between 2 carbon atoms in the chemical chain
and the rest of the carbon atoms are single-bonded, therefore,
mono-unsaturated fatty acids have a higher melting temperature than
polyunsaturated fatty acids but lower than saturated fatty acids, liquid at room temperature. Since our body can not produce them, we
have to take them regularly.
2. Poly-unsaturated fats
Poly-unsaturated
fats contains 2 or more double bonds in the chemical chain. Since it is
one hydrogen atom deficits on the molecule's surface, leading to
significant lowering melting temperature than other fats. It is also
liquid in the room temperature and contains most important essential
fatty acids Omega 3 and 6. Since our body can not make them, we have to
take them regularly.
3. Saturated fats
Saturated fat contains
only saturated fatty acid radicals. Chemically, in saturated fats every
member carbon atoms is surrounded by maximum number of hydrogen as a
straight chain with all atoms packing together tightly.
4. Trans fats
By
adding hydrogen to the vegetable oils and eliminating some double bond
in their chemical structures, to make the oils solid at room
temperature, trans fats raise bad cholesterol (LDL) and lower the good
cholesterol (HDL) and it can be found everywhere, including margarine,
fast foods, vegetable shortening, baked foods, packaged foods and frozen
foods.
II. The Effects
A. Liver
Over consumption of saturated fat reduces function of liver(1) in
secreting bile and interference with liver in
regulating function of pancreas in insulin production(1), elevating
symptoms of PMS including menstrual cramp and pain(2)(3).
B. Prostaglandins hormones
1. Definition
Prostaglandins are found in most tissues and organs. They are produced
by all nucleated cells except lymphocytes. Prostaglandins are generated
from
a) Gamma linoneic acid ( GLA)
b) Arachidinic acid (AA)
c) Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
2. How prostaglandins effect women with PMS
a. Gamma linoneic acid ( GLA)
GLA is also known as essential Omega 6 fatty acid, having anti-inflammatory properties found primarily in vegetable oils. It may
also be converted from linolenic acid before converting to
prostaglandins PGE1(5) with function in regulating the uterine contraction(4). If there are blockage caused abnormal function of
fat and protein metabolism, imbalance of essential Omega 3 and 6 fatty
acids(4) and nutrients deficiency(6), may induce imbalance of prostaglandins hormones, to cause over contraction of uterine muscles(4).
b. Arachidinic acid (AA)
Arachidinic acid (AA) is also converted from linoleic acids after
converting to dihomogamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). Arachidinic acid (AA) deficiency or over abundant cause over production of
PGE2 in inducing symptoms of PMS including menstrual pain and cramps(9) and reduced blood flow to the uterus(4)(8). Since
meats contain high levels of AA(7), reducing intake of such products will
help to restore the balance of prostaglandins hormone PG1 and PG2.
c. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Omega 3 fatty acid containing eicosapentaenoic acid is also known
as also eicosapentaenoic acid converted from Alpha-linolenic
acid(10). EPA is vital for the production of good prostaglandins PGE3 in lessening the risk of inflammation(11) and nervous symptoms of PMS(12).
Unbalance of Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids causes unbalance of hormone of
members in the prostaglandins and weakens the liver in fatty acids
metabolism, leading to increased risk of symptoms of premenstrual
syndrome(3)(4)(5).
C. Saturated fat
Saturated fat is fat consisted of triglycerides and contained only
saturated fatty acid radicals mainly from animals. It blocks
the absorption of nutrients in the digestive system including essential
fatty acids and vitamins and minerals(13), leading to unbalance of prostaglandins family
and interfering liver in fat and protein metabolism(12), if
consumed in large amount. By the way, saturated fat also enhances building up of cholesterol and
triglycerides in your blood, causing numbers of disease including heart
diseases and stroke(14).
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References
(1) Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Rosqvist F1, Iggman D2, Kullberg J3, Cedernaes J4, Johansson HE1, Larsson A5, Johansson L6, Ahlström H3, Arner P7, Dahlman I7, Risérus U8 .(
PubMed)
(2) The effects of a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet on markers of uterine contractility during parturition in the rat by Elmes MJ1, Tan DS, Cheng Z, Wathes DC, McMullen S.(
PubMed)
(3) Reproductive hormones in plasma over the menstrual cycle in primarydysmenorrhea compared with healthy subjects by Liedman R1, Hansson SR, Howe D, Igidbashian S, McLeod A, Russell RJ, Akerlund M.(
PubMed)
(4) The effects of prostaglandin E1 and prostaglandin E2 on in vitro myometrial contractility and
uterine structure by Chiossi G
1, Costantine MM, Bytautiene E, Kechichian T, Hankins GD, Sbrana E, Saade GR, Longo M.(
PubMed)
(5) Physiology and pharmacology of prostaglandins by Konturek SJ, Pawlik W.(
PubMed)
(6) Characterization of an arachidonic acid-deficient (Fads1 knockout) mouse model by Fan YY
1, Monk JM, Hou TY, Callway E, Vincent L, Weeks B, Yang P, Chapkin RS.(
PubMed)
(7) Contribution of
meat fat to dietary
arachidonic acid by Li D
1, Ng A, Mann NJ, Sinclair AJ.(
PubMed)
(8) [
Imbalance of blood flow induced by sympathetic block was corrected by
prostaglandin E1].[Article in Japanese by Okuda Y
1, Kitajima T.(
PubMed)
(9) Clinical use of misoprostol in nonpregnant women: review article by Choksuchat C.(
PubMed)
(10) The Evidence for α-
Linolenic Acid and Cardiovascular Disease Benefits: Comparisons with
Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic
Acid by Fleming JA
1, Kris-Etherton PM
2.(
PubMed)
(11) Dietary fatty acids and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease by Niknam M
1, Paknahad Z
2, Maracy MR
3, Hashemi M
4.(
PubMed)
(12) Fishy business: effect of omega-3 fatty acids on zinc transporters and free zinc availability in human neuronal cells by De Mel D
1, Suphioglu C
2.(
PubMed)
(13) Influence of intermittent fasting and
high-
fat diet on morphological changes of the
digestive system and on changes of lipid metabolism in the laboratory mouse by Krízová E
1, Simek V.(
PubMed)
(14) Effect of a
high saturated
fat and no-starch
diet on serum lipid subfractions in patients with documented atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease by Hays JH
1, DiSabatino A, Gorman RT, Vincent S, Stillabower ME.(
PubMed)
