Encephalitis is defined as a condition of irritation and swelling
(inflammation) of the brain, as a result of virus, bacteria and others
invasion.
Nutritional supplements against Encephalitis(64)
Nutritional supplements enhances the immune system and neuroprotectors
should be helpful in preventing the occurrence of Encephalitis
1. Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a prosthetic group
which helps to break down molecules into smaller units in releasing
energy, excreted in bile and urine. It is a cellular antioxidant, by
reverting to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, once again
when oxidized that inhibits the effects of mutagens.
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids
are organic pigments, occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts
of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some
bacteria.
a. Beta-carotene
Beta-Carotene, an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid, a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment in plants and fruits.
a.1.
It is not toxic and stored in liver for the production of vitamin A
that inhibits cancer cell in experiment. Beta-carotene also neutralize
singlet oxygen before giving rise of free radicals which can damage of
DNA, leading to improper cell DNA replication, causing cancers.
a.2. Cell communication
Researcher
found that beta-carotene enhances the communication between cell can
reduce the risk of cancer by making cells division more reliable.
a.3. Immune system
Beta-carotene
promotes the immune system in identifying the foreign invasion such as
virus and bacteria by increasing the quality of MHC2 protein in
maintaining optimal function of white cells.
a.4. Polyunsaturated fat
Researchers
found that beta-carotene also inhibits the oxidation of
polyunsaturated fat and lipoprotein in the blood that reduce the risk
of plaques build up onto the arterial walls, causing heart diseases and
stroke.
a.5. There are more benefits of beta-carotene.
b. Alpha-carotene
Alpha-carotene,
one of the most abundant carotenoids in the North American diet, is a
form of carotene with a β-ring at one end and an ε-ring at the other.
It is the second most common form of carotene which not only protects
cells from the damaging effects of free radicals and enhances the immune
system in fighting against bacteria and virus invasion, but also
stimulates the communication between cells thus preventing irregular
cell growth cause of cancers.
c. Beta-cryptoxanthin
Beta cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant, beside helping to prevent free radical
damage to cells and DNA but also stimulates the repair of oxidative
damage to DNA. it enhances the immune function infighting against
inflammatory cause of polyarthritis, and irregular cell growth cause of
cancer due to oxidation.
d. Lutein
Lutein
is one of the most popular North American carotenoids. It is found in
greens like kale and spinach as well as the yolk of eggs. Lutein is
also found in the human eye. Getting enough lutein in your diet may
help to fight off age related macular degeneration, an eye condition.
Researcher
has shown that people who do not have enough lutein in their diet will
not have enough lutein present in the muscular part of the eye. This
is what likely leads to age related macular degeneration that can
result in blindness.
e. Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin, a
most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature, is one of the two
primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye.
Intake of foods providing zeaxanthin with lower incidence of age-related macular degeneration as a result of its function of reducing the risk oxidative stress.
f. Lycopene
Lycopene
is a red carotene of the carotenoid group that can be found in
tomatoes, watermelons, and grapefruits. This powerful antioxidant is
believed to be a powerful fighter of prostate cancer. Lycopene has many
anti-aging capabilities as well as one of the most powerful
antioxidants in the carotenoid group.
3. Flavonoids
Flavonoids also known as Vitamin P and citrin are
a yellow pigments having a structure similar to that of flavones
occurred in varies plants. it has been in human history for over
thousands of years and discovered by A. S. Szent-Gyorgi in 1930. As he
used vitamin C and flavonoids to heal the breakage of capillaries, which
caused swelling and obstruction of blood flow. Most plants have more
than one group or type act as predominate.
Flavonoids process a
property as antioxidants. it helps to neutralize many of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), including singlet oxygen, hydroxyl and superoxide
radicals.
Although nitric oxide is considered a free radical produced
by immune system to destroy bacteria and cancerous cells, but when it
is over produced, it causes the production peroxynitrite which may
attack protein, lipid and DNA, Flavonoids inhibit NO production of
peroxynitrite due to reduction of enzyme expression.
a. Quercetin
Quercetin is
a plant-derived flavonoid found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and
grains and studies show that quercetin may have anti-inflammatory and
antioxidant properties as a antioxidant, quercetin scavenges free
radicals, which damage cell membranes, cause mutation of cells with
tampering DNA.
b. Rutin
Rutin
is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in buckwheat and glycoside of
the flavonoid quercetin. It inhibits platelet aggregation, decreases
the capillary permeability, makes blood thinner and improves
circulation. As an antioxidant, it can reduce the cytotoxicity of
oxidized LDL cholesterol caused by free radical that lowers the risk of heart diseases.
c. Catechin
Catechin
is a natural phenol antioxidant plant and natural anti-bacterial
substance. Study showed catechin as good free radical scavenging power
inhibits ROS production, thus it can be useful to the development of
alimentary strategies to prevent OTA-induced cytotoxicity in human.
d. Etc.
4. Uric acids
Uric
acids may have a potential therapeutic role as an antioxidant becuase
of its function of inducing oxidative stress, either through creating
reactive oxygen species or inhibiting antioxidant systems.
High uric acid can cause arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Metabolic syndrome, kidney stones, etc.
5. Thiols (R-SH)
Chemically, thiol, a organosulfur compound
has strong odours resembling that of garlic. They are used as
odourants to assist in the detection of natural gas. It presents in the
amino acid cysseine which helps to the functioning of enzyme
regulation, cell signaling, protein trafficking and control of gene
expression. As a sulfide residue, thiol plays an important role in cell
function of reversal oxidation by interacting with GSSG resulting in
formation of intramucolar protein disulfide and GSG.
6. Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme
Q10 is discovered by Dr. Karl Folfers in 1957, beside promotes the
chemical reaction, often by speeding it up or allowing it to proceed
under less stringent conditions, it also enhances energy production by
promoting the process of the production of ATP then serving as fuel for
the cells and acts an antioxidant to prevent the generation of free
radicals during this process.
7. Vitamin A, C, E. D.
a. Vitamin A
Vitamin
A occurs in the form retinol and is best known for its function in
maintaining the health of cell membrane, hair, skin, bone, teeth and
eyes. It also plays an important role as an antioxidant as it scavenges
free radicals in the lining of the mouth and lungs; prevents its
depletion in fighting the increased free radicals activity by radiation;
boosts immune system in controlling of free radicals; prevents
oxidation of LDL and enhances the productions of insulin pancreas.
b. Vitamin C
Vitamin
C beside plays an important role in formation and maintenance of body
tissues, it as an antioxidant and water soluble vitamin, vitamin C can
be easily carry in blood, operate in much of the part of body. By
restoring vitamin E, it helps to fight against forming of free radicals.
By enhancing the immune system, it promotes against the microbial and
viral and irregular cell growth causes of infection and inflammation.
Vitamin C also is a scavenger in inhibiting pollution cause of oxidation.
c. Vitamin E
Vitamin
E is used to refer to a group of fat-soluble compounds that include
both tocopherols and tocotrienols discovered by researchers Herbert
Evans and Katherine Bishop. It beside is important in protecting muscle
weakness, repair damage tissues, lower blood pressure and inducing
blood clotting in healing wound, etc, it also is one of powerful
antioxidant, by moving into the fatty medium to prevent lipid
peroxidation, resulting in lessening the risk of chain reactions by
curtailing them before they can starts.
d. Vitamin D
Reseacher found that vitamin D, a group of fat-soluble secosteroids
is also a membrane antioxidant, with the ability to inhibit
iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in liposomes compared to cholesterol.
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Sources
(74) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728900
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