Broccoli Inhibits the Onset of Colon Cancer Cells in Vivo

By Kyle J. Norton

The colon is also known as the large intestine.
Colon cancer is relatively very common and slowly growing and progressing cancer.

Most cases of primary colon cancer start in the cell on the surface of the inner lining of the colon. At the early stage. most patients with colon cancer do not experience any symptoms.

However, at the advanced stage, the tumor not only can spread to other healthy tissue and organs a distance away through blood and fluid circulation but also suppress the nearby tissue and nerve cells.

The progression of colon cancer at this stage not only induces symptoms of the change in bowel habits, the change in the consistency of your stool, that lasts longer than four weeks but also causes rectal bleeding and persistent abdominal severe pain.

Researchers do not know the exact causes of the disease. But they do know a history of polyps, ethnicity, high-fat diet and low fiber, the increase in age, the long-term infection of colon diseases are some of the prevalent risk factors associated with the onset and progression of colon cancer, according to epidemiological studies.

According to the statistic provided by the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in the United States. Every year approximately, 90000 new cases of colon cancer. 43,000 new cases of rectal cancer are diagnosed, leading to the death of 50,000 patients.

The lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer is about 1 in 22 (4.49%) for men and 1 in 24 (4.15%) for women.

The 5-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with localized stage colorectal cancer is 90%. About 39% of patients are diagnosed at this early stage.

Broccoli is a mustard/cabbage plant, belong to the family Brassicaceae. The veggie has large flower heads, usually green in color and the mass of flower heads surrounded by leaves and evolved from a wild cabbage plant on the continent of Europe.

On finding a potential plant that processes anticarcinogenic activity, researchers examined the effects of diets containing plant materials of the Brassica vegetables broccoli and pak choi enriched by adding glucosinolates (GSLs).

In a model of inflammation-triggered colon carcinogenesis (AOM/DSS model), selected mice were fed by different amounts (GSL-poor versus GSL-rich) and different patterns (broccoli versus pak choi) of GSLs, researchers found that up-take and bioactivation of GSLs were found after feeding the Brassica diets for four weeks.

High glucoraphanin content with broccoli diets also induced the formation of sulforaphane-lysine and 1-methoxyindolyl-3-methyl-histidine adducts.

Furthermore, In the colon, the GSL-rich broccoli and the GSL-rich pak choi diet up-regulated the expression of different sets of typical Nrf2 target genes associated with the production of antioxidant enzymes but did not affect Ugt1a1 that is responsible for the glucuronidation of bilirubin, allowing for its excretion.

However, in the colon, the GSL-rich broccoli diet showed no effects in both colitis and tumor number compared to the GSL-rich pak choi diet which was drastically reduced.

Moreover, GSLs can act anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic but both effects depend on the specific amount and pattern of GSLs within a vegetable.

Based on the results of the trial, researchers said, "a high Brassica consumption cannot be generally considered to be cancer-preventive".

Taken altogether, broccoli enriched by adding glucosinolates (GSLs) may be considered a remedy for the prevention of colon cancer, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Glucosinolates from pak choi and broccoli induce enzymes and inhibit inflammation and colon cancer differently by Lippmann D1, Lehmann C, Florian S, Barknowitz G, Haack M, Mewis I, Wiesner M, Schreiner M, Glatt H, Brigelius-Flohé R, Kipp AP. (PubMed)