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Monday, 4 May 2020

Herbal Elder (Sambucus), a Natural Antioxidant Remedy

By Kyle J. Norton

Antioxidants are stable molecules that inhibit oxidation induced by free radicals.

Some foods are antioxidants producers such as fruits and vegetables and whole-grain, while others such as processed meats, alcohol are radicals producers. Particularly, fats and oils can easily be oxidized if they are cooked in high heat.

A free radical is a highly reactive atom with a single electron in the outer ring.

Free radicals produced in our body are a natural process derived either from essential metabolism through the processes of food intake or from external sources through directly contacting the skin or the air we breathe including exposure to X-rays, ozone, cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and industrial chemicals.

In order to counter the overexpression of free radicals which add to the body's burden. However,  our body produces enzymes antioxidants and metal carrier proteins to neutralize them before they can cause damage.

Depending on the degrees of free radical invasion, antioxidant enzymes can be categorized into first, second, third and even fourth line of defense.

Oxidative stress is a result of the imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants in the body. The syndrome is either caused by overexpression of free radicals or depressed levels of antioxidants or both.

Oxidative stress has been found to induce widespread damage due to a set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically by free radicals that attacks the lipid bilayers of the cell walls, induces lipid, protein damage and alternation of cell DNA, leading to the onset of chronic diseases, including cancers.

On finding a natural ingredient for the prevention and treatment of diseases of oxidative stress, scientists compared the chemical profile that induces the antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of ethanol (EtOH) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae) flowers and leaves

Elder or Common Elder, is a shrub or small tree of the genus Sambucus of 30 species, belonging to the family Adoxaceae, native to the temperate-to-subtropical regions of both the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

The herb has been used in traditional and herbal medicine to treat constipation, colic, diarrhea, colds, flu, bronchial and upper-respiratory, irritation of the skin, rheumatism, etc.

According to the results of a novel lower-melting-point ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (LMP ECTFE) nanofiltration (NF) membrane was employed to produce the concentrated fractions of S. nigra., the NF retentate fractions of floral ethanol extracts exerted the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 53.9 µg/mL and the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 of 46.4 µg/mL).

The major chemical compounds that exert the aforementioned activity, according to the performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile were rutin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and neochlorogenic acid.

Based on the results, researchers suggest, " ...the present investigation revealed the potential benefits of NF application in S. nigra extracts processing, suggesting the use of retentate fractions as a promising source for antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory compounds which could pave the way for future applications".


Taken altogether, Dandelion may be considered an antioxidative remedy for the treatment of diseases induced by oxidative stress, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Flower and Leaf Extracts of Sambucus nigra L.: Application of Membrane Processes to Obtain Fractions with Antioxidant and Antityrosinase Properties by Tundis R1, Ursino C2, Bonesi M3, Loizzo MR4, Sicari V5, Pellicanò T6, Manfredi IL7, Figoli A8, Cassano A. (PubMed)

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