White Button Mushroom, the Potential Anti Breast Cancer Functional Foods, According to the Studies

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition

Mushroom may be the next generation of vegetable processing pharmaceutical value for the finding of single ingredients that process anti-breast cancer potency, some studies suggested.

Breast cancer is a primary medical and chronic condition that starts with the irregular cells growth due to DNA alternation on the surface the inner lining of the breast tissue.

At the advanced stage, breast cancer cells can travel a distance away to infect other healthy tissue and organ.

According to the statistic, the risk of a woman to develop breast cancer in her lifetime is 12.4%.

In 2018, approximately over 260,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer are expected to be diagnosed in women in the U.S., along with over 63,000 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer.
The exact causes of breast cancer are unknown, Women who carry the mutated gene BRAC1 and 2 are associated with the increased risk of the disease.

In the concerns of breast cancer risk among women in both developed and less-developed countries and the increasing rates of breast cancer worldwide, particularly in postmenopausal and estrogen receptor-positive cases, researchers at the University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, launched an investigation to evaluate whether diet and lifestyle can prevent breast cancer.

At the final report, they discovered, "successful lifestyle changes could prevent 25% to 30% of cases of breast cancer" and "breast cancer) reductions will only be achieved if we can implement targeted prevention programs for high-risk women and women in population-based breast screening programs during childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood when the rapidly developing breast is particularly susceptible to carcinogenesis".

"Adherence to a healthy dietary pattern does not have specific effects on breast cancer risk but remains important as it reduces the risk for other common diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and dementia".

In menopausal women, researchers said, "Weight control throughout life appears to prevent cases (of breast cancer) after menopause".

These results clearly suggested that maintaining the healthy weight and active changing the unhealthy lifestyle and having mammograms taken every year in high-risk women are the best approaches to prevent the onset of breast cancer.




Mushroom is a standard name of white button mushroom, the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus produced above ground on soil or on its food source,

The vegetable is a genus A. Muscaria and belonging to the family Amanitaceae and cultivated in many cultures all over the world for foods and health benefits.

Chemical constituents of white button mushroom include astraodorol, Psilocybin, Lectin, adustin, ribonuclease, nicotine, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, orsellinic acid, melleolide, ergosterol, genistein, daidzein, daucosterol, genistin, uracil and D-mannitol(a).

In the assessment of white button mushroom (WBM), widely consumed in most countries intake in the protection of breast cancer, researchers launched an investigation to examine mushroom polysaccharides for their immunomodulating and antitumor properties.

Two polysaccharide fractions, ABP-1 and ABP-2, exerted a potential antitumor activity through inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. via modulation of macrophage, (the immune first line of defense) function by that is mediated in part through activation of nuclear factor-κB in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis.

In compared to other cancer cell lines, ABP-1 and ABP-2 demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Particularly, when murine Sarcoma 180 cells exposed ABP-1 or ABP-2 were implanted subcutaneously into mice, two polysaccharide fractions reduce tumor growth substantially compared to those of control mice.

These result suggested that white button mushroom may exhibit the antitumor effect through stimulating the function of immune macrophages.

Additionally, PAP-3, an acidic polysaccharide fraction in the testing against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC50 of 193 µg/mL, displays a strong apoptotic activity through inducing the loss of mitochondrial membrane and increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio via cytotoxicity.

PAP-3 also exhibited the pro-apoptotic function of p53, and cell cycle arrest at the S phase.

Antioxidants produced by the incubation of MCF-7 cells such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was significantly attenuated by the ROS generation and apoptosis by PAP-3.

Polysaccharides from the white button mushroom, especially acidic PAP-3, not only are very important nutritional ingredients, but also at least in part, exerts anti-cancer health benefits through the ROS-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Interestingly, in the study to investigate the evidence of consumption of dietary mushrooms can protect against breast cancer, researchers found that MCF-7 cellular proliferation was significantly (P < 0.05) reduces up to 33% by all mushrooms and Hot water extracts (MT) from white button mushroom significantly increases apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

The results strongly indicated mushrooms processes significantly suppressed cellular proliferation property, with MT further significantly inducing apoptosis and cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells.

Taken all together, white button mushroom may be considered a functional food for the prevention and combined with the primary therapy for the treatment of breast cancer., depending on the confirmation of further data collection from the large example size and multi-center studies in human.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.



References
(a) [Chemical constituents from fungus Armillaria mellea]. by [Article in Chinese] by Yuan XL1, Yan LH, Zhang QW, Wang ZM.(PubMed)
(1) Macrophage immunomodulating and antitumor activities of polysaccharides isolated from Agaricus bisporus white button mushrooms by Jeong SC1, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong YT, Song CH, Pang G.(PubMed)
(2) ROS-dependent mitochondria molecular mechanisms underlying antitumor activity of Pleurotus abalonus acidic polysaccharides in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells by Shi X1, Zhao Y, Jiao Y, Shi T, Yang X.(PubMed)
(2) Commonly consumed and specialty dietary mushrooms reduce cellular proliferation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by Martin KR1, Brophy SK.(PubMed)
(3) Can diet and lifestyle prevent breast cancer: what is the evidence? by Harvie M1, Howell A1, Evans DG. (PubMed)