Shingles also known as herpes zoster or zona is defined as a viral disease with condition of a painful, blistering skin rash on one side of the body of that can continue to be painful even after the
rash have long
disappeared(1), as a result of varicella-zoster viral causes of a nerve and skin inflammation.
C. Antioxidants against shingles
C.1. Antioxidant enzymes
1. Glutathione reductase
Glutathione reductase, an enzyme reduces
pair of sulfur atoms glutathione to the a organosulfur compound form of
antioxidant (consisting of three amino acids joined by peptide bonds) which helps to prevent damage of important cellular components caused by free radicals and peroxides.
2. Super oxide dismutase (both Cu-Zn and Mn)
Super
oxide dismutase is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all
cells exposed to oxygen by converting superoxide into oxygen and
hydrogen peroxide depending on the metal cofactor such as both Cu-Zn
and Mn.
3. Etc.
C.2. Metals binding proteins
1. Lactoferrin
Lactoferrin, a
multifunctional protein of the transferrin family, is one of the
components of the immune system of the body by fighting against foreign
invasion of bacteria and virus and lipid oxidation by inhibiting
oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner even at concentrations
beyond its capacity.
2. Metallotheinein
Metallotheinein, a family of cysteine-rich, low molecular weight proteins helps to bind both physiological heavy metals through the organosulfur compound of
its cysteine residues. It also captures harmful superoxide and
hydroxyl radicals by liberating the metal ions which were bound to
cysteine.
3. Etc.
C.3. Common Free Radical Scavengers
1. Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a prosthetic group
which helps to break down molecules into smaller units in releasing
energy, excreted in bile and urine. It is a cellular antioxidant, by
reverting to biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment, once again
when oxidized that inhibits the effects of mutagens.
2. Carotenoids
Carotenoids
are organic pigments, occurring in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts
of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms like algae, some
bacteria.
a. Beta-carotene
Beta-Carotene, an organic compound and classified as a terpenoid, a strongly-coloured red-orange pigment in plants and fruits.
a.1.
It is not toxic and stored in liver for the production of vitamin A
that inhibits cancer cell in experiment. Beta-carotene also neutralize
singlet oxygen before giving rise of free radicals which can damage of
DNA, leading to improper cell DNA replication, causing cancers.
a.2. Cell communication
Researcher
found that beta-carotene enhances the communication between cell can
reduce the risk of cancer by making cells division more reliable.
a.3. Immune system
Beta-carotene
promotes the immune system in identifying the foreign invasion such as
virus and bacteria by increasing the quality of MHC2 protein in
maintaining optimal function of white cells.
a.4. Polyunsaturated fat
Researchers
found that beta-carotene also inhibits the oxidation of
polyunsaturated fat and lipoprotein in the blood that reduce the risk
of plaques build up onto the arterial walls, causing heart diseases and
stroke.
a.5. There are more benefits of beta-carotene.
b. Alpha-carotene
Alpha-carotene,
one of the most abundant carotenoids in the North American diet, is a
form of carotene with a β-ring at one end and an ε-ring at the other.
It is the second most common form of carotene which not only protects
cells from the damaging effects of free radicals and enhances the immune
system in fighting against bacteria and virus invasion, but also
stimulates the communication between cells thus preventing irregular
cell growth cause of cancers.
c. Beta-cryptoxanthin
Beta cryptoxanthin is an antioxidant, beside helping to prevent free radical
damage to cells and DNA but also stimulates the repair of oxidative
damage to DNA. it enhances the immune function infighting against
inflammatory cause of polyarthritis, and irregular cell growth cause of
cancer due to oxidation.
d. Lutein
Lutein
is one of the most popular North American carotenoids. It is found in
greens like kale and spinach as well as the yolk of eggs. Lutein is
also found in the human eye. Getting enough lutein in your diet may
help to fight off age related macular degeneration, an eye condition.
Researcher
has shown that people who do not have enough lutein in their diet will
not have enough lutein present in the muscular part of the eye. This
is what likely leads to age related macular degeneration that can
result in blindness.
3. Etc.
C.4. Other antixidants
1. Selenium
Selenium , a
trace mineral plays an important and indirect role as an antioxidant by
fulfilling its function as a necessary constituent of glutathione
peroxidase and in production of glutathione, that inhibits the damage
caused by oxidation of free radical hydrogen peroxide, leading to aging
effects.
1.1. Heart health
Since it works synergism with
vitamin E, it promotes heart health. Study showed by increasing the
levels of glutathion, selenium decreases the risk of LDL oxidation,
thus lowering the risk of plaque building up on the arterial walls,
blood pressure and heart diseases.
1.2. Immune system
Selenium
enhances the immune function that fighting off the attack of AID virus
by promoting the function of interleukin 2 and T-cells.
1.3. Cancer
Study showed that levels pf selenium in blood test is associated with high rate of cancer, including skin cancer.
2. Zinc
Zinc
is an essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods. The
ability of zinc in inhibiting oxidative processes has been recognized for
many years. Chronic effects, zinc enhances the introduction of
metallothioneins, which help to capture the superoxide and hydroxyl
radicals due to cysteine residues, resulting in lessening the risk of
oxidative stress.
Over acute effects, zinc may reduce the
postischemic injury to a variety of tissues and organs by involving the
antagonism of copper reactivity as a result from its antioxidant
functions.
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