I. Shingles also known as herpes zoster or zona is defined as a viral disease with condition of a painful, blistering skin rash on one side of the body of that can continue to be painful even after the
rash have long
disappeared(1), as a result of varicella-zoster viral causes of a nerve and skin inflammation.
Phytochemicals against shingles
D.1. Quercetin is a member of flavonoids,
found in fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains. It is also one of
antioxidants with property of protecting our body in fighting against
forming of free radicals cause of mutation of cells`DNA.
a. Anti-Inflammatory
According to the study of `Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Quercetin
7-O-β-D-Glucopyranoside from the Leaves of Brasenia schreberi.`by
Legault J, Perron T, Mshvildadze V, Girard-Lalancette K, Perron S,
Laprise C, Sirois P, Pichette A. (Source
from Laboratory for Analysis and Separation of Plant Species (LASEVE),
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi , Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.),
posted in PubMed, researchers found that some flavonoids have been
reported to possess beneficial effects in cardiovascular and chronic
inflammatory diseases associated with overproduction of nitric oxide. Quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
possesses anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting expression of
inducible nitric oxide synthase and release of nitric oxide by
lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent
manner. Quercetin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside also inhibited overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor.
b. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities
According
to the study of `Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of leaves,
twigs and stem bark of Scutia buxifolia Reissek.`by Boligon AA, Janovik
V, Frohlich JK, Spader TB, Forbrig Froeder AL, Alves SH, Athayde ML. (Source
from a Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Industrial
Pharmacy , Federal University of Santa Maria , Build 26, room 1115 ,
Santa Maria , CEP 97105-900 , Brazil.), posted in PubMed, researchers
found that
quercitrin, isoquercitrin and rutin were identified by HPLC and may be
partially responsible for the antimicrobial activities observed. This
study reports for the first time the antimicrobial and cytotoxic
activities of S. buxifolia leaves, twigs and stem bark.
D.2. Naringenin, a flavanone, belonging to the red, blue, purple
pigments of Flavonoids (polyphenols) found predominantly in citrus
fruits is considered as one of powerful antioxiant with many health
benefits.
1. Antioxidant, radical scavenging and biomolecule activity
In the affirmation of the capacity of flavonoid naringenin and its glycoside naringin in the comparison of theirs antioxidant capacities, radical scavenging and biomolecule activities found that naringenin exhibited higher antioxidant
capacity and hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenger efficiency than
naringin and both flavanones were equally effective in reducing DNA
damage. However, they show no protective effect on oxidation of GSH,
according to the study of "Antioxidant properties, radical scavenging activity and biomolecule protection capacity of flavonoid naringenin and its glycoside naringin: a comparative study" by Cavia-Saiz M, Busto MD, Pilar-Izquierdo MC, Ortega N, Perez-Mateos M, Muñiz P.(32)
2. Anti-inflammatory effects
In
the evaluation of the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds.
Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols
isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin amd theirs anti-inflammatory effects found that they inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner, according to "Anti-inflammatory
effects of flavonoids: genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein
inhibit STAT-1 and NF-kappaB activations, whereas flavone,
isorhamnetin, naringenin,
and pelargonidin inhibit only NF-kappaB activation along with their
inhibitory effect on iNOS expression and NO production in activated
macrophages" by Hämäläinen M, Nieminen R, Vuorela P, Heinonen M, Moilanen E.(33)
3. Immunity
In the unvestigation of Naringenin, a flavonoid in grapefruits and citrus fruits and its effec in immune system found that naringenin
potently suppressed picryl chloride (PCl)-induced contact
hypersensitivity by inhibiting the proliferation and activation of T
lymphocytes. In vitro, both of the activated hapten-specific T cells and
the T cells stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 showed growth arrest
after naringenin treatment, according to "A novel regulatory mechanism of naringenin through inhibition of T lymphocyte function in contact hypersensitivity suppression" by Fang F, Tang Y, Gao Z, Xu Q.(34)
D.3. Tangeritin, one of the flavones, is found in tangerine and many citrus peels
1. Antioxidants
In the
comparison of hand-pressed juice of polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs)
and flavanone glycosides (FGs) and the peeled fruit of 'Sainampueng'
tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) antioxidant
effects found that hand-pressed juice of C. reticulata Blanco cv.
Sainampueng serves as a rich source of PMFs, FGs, carotenoids, and antioxidants:
4-5 tangerine fruits ( approximately 80 g of each fruit) giving one
glass of 200 mL hand-pressed juice would provide more than 5 mg of
nobiletin and tangeretin
and 36 mg of hesperidin, narirutin, and didymin, as well as 30 mg of
ascorbic acid, >1 mg of provitamin A active beta-cryptoxanthin, and
200 microg of alpha-tocopherol, according to "Polymethoxylated flavones, flavanone glycosides, carotenoids, and antioxidants in different cultivation types of tangerines ( Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Sainampueng) from Northern Thailand" by Stuetz W, Prapamontol T, Hongsibsong S, Biesalski HK.(35)
2. Antimicrobial activity
In
the study of antibacterial and antifungal properties of wax and hexane
extracts of Citrus spp. peels found that antimicrobial activity
especially against M. canis and T. mentagrophytes:
4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone (tangeritin) and
3',4',5,6,7,8-hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin) from C. reticulata; and
6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (also known as escoparone, scoparone or scoparin)
from C. limon, according to "Antimicrobial activity of wax and hexane extracts from Citrus spp. peels" by Johann S, Oliveira VL, Pizzolatti MG, Schripsema J, Braz-Filho R, Branco A, Smânia Jr A.(36)
D.4. Gallocatechin, containing
catechin is phytochemicals of Flavan-3-ols, in the group of Flavonoids
(polyphenols), found abundantly in green tea, almonds, black diamond
plums, black tea, cocoa beans, Fuji apples, golden delicious apple,
etc.
a. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
In
the evaluation of the radioprotective efficacy of green tea
polyphenols and the component ingredients against irradiated-induced
damage in mice and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, found that
Moreover GTP and its bioactive components (catechin, epigallocatechin
and epigallocatechin-3-gallate) assisted in decreasing the
leukocytopenia seen after whole mice irradiation and significantly
reduced the elevated serum inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and
IL-6). Green tea polyphenols have a potential to be developed as
radioprotective agents against irradiated-induced toxicity. Furthermore
the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of GTP can be
attributed to the interaction of the different components through
multiple and synergistic mechanisms, according to "Bioactive
components from the tea polyphenols influence on endogenous
antioxidant defense system and modulate inflammatory cytokines after
total-body irradiation in mice" by Hu Y, Guo DH, Liu P, Cao JJ, Wang YP, Yin J, Zhu Y, Rahman K.(37)
b. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects
In
the evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect of
nanocatechin on CBP and plasma concentration of catechins in an animal
model, found that the use of ciprofloxacin, catechin, and nanocatechin
showed statistically significant decrease in bacterial growth and
improvement in prostatic inflammation compared with the control group.
The nanocatechin group showed statistically significant decrease in
bacterial growth and improvement in prostatic inflammation compared with
the catechin group. Plasma concentrations of epicatechin, gallocatechin
gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate were significantly higher in
the nanocatechin group than those in the catechin group. These results
suggest that nanocatechin has better antimicrobial and
anti-inflammatory effects on rat CBP than catechin due to higher
absorption into the body, according to "Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of nanocatechin in a chronic bacterial prostatitis rat model" by Yoon BI, Ha US, Sohn DW, Lee SJ, Kim HW, Han CH, Lee CB, Cho YH.(38)
D.5. Gallic acid is a phytochemical in the class of Phenolic acids, found abundantly in tea, mango, strawberries, rhubarb, soy, etc.
a. Cytotoxic and antioxidative activities
In
the investigation of the bioactivity guided isolation and
characterization of phytoconstituents, indicated the extract showed
strong radical scavenging effects against DPPH, nitric oxide (NO) and
superoxide (SO) radicals comparable to that of known antioxidants
3-t-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, ascorbic acid
(vitamin C), and quercetin in addition to its cytotoxic activities
against HEP-2 (human larynx epidermoid carcinoma) and RD (human
rhabdomyosarcoma) cell lines based on MTT assay for growth inhibition.
The gallic acid
equivalent total phenolic content of the plant was found to be
79.94mg/g dry extract. Phenylethanoid glycosides, verbascoside and
calceorioside A were isolated from the most active fraction and both
compounds showed strong radical scavenging activity against tested
radicals and cytotoxicity against HEP-2, RD and MCF-7 (human breast
adenocarcinoma) cell line, according to "Cytotoxic and antioxidative activities of Plantago lagopus L. and characterization of its bioactive compounds" by Sebnem Harput U, Genc Y, Saracoglu I.(39)
b. Antioxidants
In the
evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative
activities of organic fractions from Cystoseira sedoides
(Desfontaines) C. Agardh, indicated that the F-CHCl(3) and F-AcOEt
fractions showed significant total phenolic content at 55.09 and 61.30
mg gallic-acid
equivalent/g dried sample, respectively. Using the DPPH method, the
F-CHCl(3) and the F-AcOEt fractions exhibited the strongest radical
scavenging activity, with IC(50) 120 µg/mL for F-CHCl(3) and 121 µg/mL
for F-AcOEt, which approaches the activity of the powerful
antioxidant standard, Trolox (IC(50) = 90 µg/mL), according to "Antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative activities of organic
fractions from the Mediterranean brown seaweed Cystoseira sedoides" by Mhadhebi L, Laroche-Clary A, Robert J, Bouraoui A.(40)
D.6. Lycotene is a phytochemical
compound and bright red pigment belonging to group of carotene in the
family of carotenoids found mostly in tomatoes and other red fruits and
vegetables. It best known for its inverse correlation between
consumption of tomatoes and cancer risk. It has been studied by many
researches as a potential compound for prevention and treatment for
certain cancers, including prostate and liver cancer.
a. Inflammation
According to the study of `Inhibitory mechanism of lycopene on cytokine expression in experimental pancreatitis.`by Kim H. (Source
from Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 Project,
College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
kim626@yonsei.ac.kr), posted in PubMed, researchers found that in pancreatic acinar cells, which is mediated by the activation of NADPH oxidase. Lycopene
functions as a very potent antioxidant to suppress the induction of
inflammatory cytokines, in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated with
cerulein. In this review, the possible beneficial effect of lycopene on experimental pancreatitis shall be discussed based on its antioxidant activity.
b. Antioxidants
In the study of
`Comparison of lycopene and tomato effects on biomarkers of oxidative
stress in vitamin E deficient rats` by Delphine Gitenay, Bernard Lyan,
Mathieu Rambeau, Andrzej Mazur and Edmond Rock. (Source from European
Journal of Nutrition Volume 46, Number 8, 468-475, DOI:
10.1007/s00394-007-0687-2), posted in springerprotocols.com, researchers
found that Our study showed for the first time that tomatoes,
containing or not containing lycopene, have a higher potential than
lycopene to attenuate and or to reverse oxidative stress-related
parameters in a mild oxidative stress context.
D.7. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936604
(32) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20394007
(33) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18274639
(34) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471963
(35) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20420369
(36) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923995
(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21498061
(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20694569
(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289578
(40) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22115493
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