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Saturday, 1 July 2023

#Andrographolide Found in Andrographis Exerts Direct #Anticancer Activity Through Cells by Cell-cycle Arrest and Increased Cytotoxicity, Researchers Say

Kyle J. Norton


Herbal Andrographis may be considered the next generation of natural chemo medicine for the treatment of cancer at any stage, some scientists found.

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by cell growth and multiplied disorderly and uncontrollably. In the advanced stage, a cancerous cell from the originated site can travel a distance away to infect other healthy tissue via lymph or blood circulation.

Most cancers process a high survival rate if they are diagnosed early. According to the Mayo Clinic, over 56 percent of people diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer live for at least five years after diagnosis. However, the five-year survival rate for people diagnosed with late-stage of invasive lung cancer is 5 %.

According to the statistic on Canadian cancer provided by the government, in 2017, there were over 200,000 newly diagnosed cancer and 80,000 Canadians died from cancer. 1 in 2 Canadians will be diagnosed with cancer, and 1 in 4 will die from the disease, during their lifetime.

The exact cause of cancers is unknown. Researchers do not know why some people without gene mutation are susceptible to early onset of cancer while others do not

However, researchers do know that certain risk factors such as aging, tobacco, sun exposure, radiation exposure, chemicals, and other substances, some viruses and bacteria, certain hormones, family history of cancer, alcohol, poor diet, and physical inactivity are associated to gene change in the initiation of cancer development.

Most cancers share the common symptoms of tiredness, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite, and fatigue. In the advanced stage, cancer patients may also experience additional common symptoms of dehydration, nausea and vomiting, constipation, and persistent pain.


Andrographis parniculata is also known as Andrographis is a herbaceous plant, genus Andrographis, belongings to the family Acanthaceae, native to India and Sri Lanka.

The herb has been used in traditional Siddha and Ayurvedic to treat the common cold, flu, upper respiratory infections, infectious diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, pneumonia, swollen lymph nodes, leprosy, bronchitis, sore throats, tuberculosis,.... and chicken pox.

With an aim to evaluate the effectiveness of Andro administered alone and in combination with Cis against cancers, researchers at the University of Sydney, conducted an experiment, using ovarian A2780 and A2780(cisR) cancer cell lines.

Five different sequences of administration (Cis/Andro h): 0/0h, 4/0 h, 0/4 h, 24/0 h, and 0/24 h. are examined for their antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in tested cancer cell lines.


At the end of the experiment, researchers reported that
* Anti-cancer activity in combined doses was lower in the resistant A2780(cisR) cell line than in the parent A2780 cell line compared to the treatment of Cis alone.

* Andro alone was found to be three times more active in the A2780(cisR) cell line as compared to that in the A2780 cell line.

* Cis and Andro administered using the sequences 0/4 h and 4/0 h produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.


* The percentage of apoptotic cell death was found to be greater for the 0/4 h combination of Andro and Cis as compared to those values from single-drug treatments.


These results suggested although herbal Andrographis processes a strong anti-cancer activity, its efficacy is lesser than those of a combined dose of the herb + Cis.

In pulmonary cancer, using a lung tumor mouse model induced by human vascular endothelial growth factor

A 165 (hVEGF-A165), researchers found that

* Andrographolide significantly reduces the expression of hVEGF-A165 compared with a mock group in the Clara cells of the lungs.


* Andrographolide also decreased tumor formation by reducing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) information of new blood vessels for cancer cells to grow, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in the stimulation of cancer cells grow and divide, Cyclin A, a protein in regulated cell division and Cyclin B, a protein which plays an integral role in cancer hyperplasia expression on the transcriptional and translational levels.


Dr. Tung YT, the lead author said, " Andrographolide treatment on the overexpression of VEGF can arrest the cell cycle, which induced pulmonary tumors in transgenic mice. In conclusion, the antiangiogenesis and chemotherapeutic potential of andrographolide may provide a cure for pulmonary tumors in the future".

Furthermore, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories in the classification of the Andrographis anti-Cancers effect showed that
* Andrographolide treatment inhibited the proliferation of different tumor cell lines, representing various types of cancers, in vitro

* Andrographolide exerts direct anticancer activity on cancer cells by cell-cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through induction of cell-cycle inhibitory protein p27 in initiated cancer cell cycle division and decreased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) in promoted cancer cell-cycle during G1/S transition.

* Andrographolide also enhanced the tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and CD marker expression, resulting in the increased cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against cancer cells.


Dr. after taking into account co and confounders said, "These results suggest that andrographolide is an interesting pharmacophore with anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and hence has the potential for being developed as a cancer therapeutic agent".


The findings strongly suggested that Andrographis containing the major bioactive compound Andrographolide may be used alone or combined with other medications for the treatment of cancers.

However, further data collection on large example size and multi-center studies performed with human consumption of whole food during the course of the disease will be necessary to complete the picture of Andrographis anti-cancer possibilities.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the Karate GB Daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as the international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects from sequenced combinations of andrographolide and cisplatin on ovarian cancer cell lines. by Yunos NM, Mutalip SS, Jauri MH, Yu JQ, Huq F.(PubMed)
(2) Therapeutic Potential of Andrographolide Isolated from the Leaves of Andrographis paniculata Nees for Treating Lung Adenocarcinomas. by Tung YT, Chen HL, Tsai HC, Yang SH, Chang YC, Chen CM.(PubMed)
(3) Andrographolide, a potential cancer therapeutic agent isolated from Andrographis paniculata. by Rajagopal S, Kumar RA, Deevi DS, Satyanarayana C, Rajagopalan R.(PubMed)
(4) Antifertility effect of Andrographis paniculata (Nees) in the male albino rat" by Akbarsha MA, Manivannan B, Hamid KS, Vijayan B., posted in (PubMed)

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