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Friday, 30 June 2023

#Emodin in #Herbal #CascaraSagrada Inhibits the Risk of HSV by Reducing Plaque Formation or Cell-to-Cell infection, Viral Transcription and Replication

Kyle J. Norton

Herbal Cascara sagrada may be the next generation of the natural vaccine in reducing risk and treatment of viral infection, according to studies. 

Similar to bacterial infection, both infections shared common characteristics by spreading through coughing and sneezing and contact with infected people, especially through kissing and sex.

However, the virus may also cause infection by entering the body through wounds and cut. Most viruses are killed in the acute phase of the infection.

During this phase, the immune system stimulates the constriction of blood vessels in speeding up the production of blood palettes to cover the wound and the production of inflammatory cytokines to the site of infection to fight off bacterial and viral invasion.

Most common viruses that cause infection are hepatitis A, B, and human papillomavirus (HPV) influenza. mumps, and rubella. People with a weakened immune system are susceptible to acute and chronic viral infection.

According to the article immune factor allows viral infections to become chronic by the University of Bonn, many viral diseases tend to become chronic, including infections with the HI virus. In persons affected, the immune response is not sufficient to eliminate the virus permanently".

Some researchers argued that the chronic infectious diseases may be a result of a weakened immune system which can not kill off the virus with the set period of time during the acute phase of infection, leading to the adaptation of the change, thus reducing the helper T cells in the secretion of inflammatory messengers and reduced function of the tumor necrosis factor in chronic infection compared to the acute phase of infection.


Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus, belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America.

The herbal bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc.,

The chemical constituents of Cascara Sagrada include Aloe-emodin, Anthrquinone glycosides (Barbaloin Cascarosides A, B, C and D ChrysaloinFrangul), Chrysophanol, Emodin, Heterodianthrones palmidin A, B, and C, dianthrones, Oxanthrone, Rhein, Tannins, etc.

Researchers on finding a natural compound for the treatment of viral infection examined the effects of emodin, an active ingredient from Rheum tanguticum (R. tanguticum, one of the Chinese Rhubarb) and Cascara Sagrada against HSV infection in tissue culture cells and in a mouse model.

Emodin displayed significant inhibition of the replication of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cell culture at the concentration of 50 μg/ml with an antiviral index of 2.07 and 3.53, respectively.

Emodin treatment also increased the survival rate of HSV-infected mice, prolonged survival time and showed higher efficacy of HSV elimination from brain, heart, liver, and ganglion, compared to the controls.

In vivo, researchers found that emodin demonstrates the antiviral activity similar to that of acyclovir, an antiviral medication.


Compared to the efficacy of antiviral activity of nucleoside analogs against herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections, injection of emodin specifically inhibited the nuclease activity of HSV-1 UL12 alkaline nuclease, which is necessary for the production of viral DNA according to the biochemical assay.

Emodin reduced plaque formation or cell-to-cell infection with an EC50 of 21.5±4.4 μm, according to the plaque reduction assay.

Emodin also inhibited the accumulation of viral nucleocapsids in the nucleus in the initiation of viral transcription and replication in a dose-dependent manner.

Dr. C-Y Hsiang and colleagues suggested that emodin is a potent anti-HSV agent via the suppression of a novel target, UL12.


Taken altogether, herbal Cascara Sagrada processed abundantly bioactive ingredient emodin may be considered a function remedy for the prevention and combined with primary medicine for the treatment of viral infection, pending the confirmation of a large sample size and multicenter human study.


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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299


References
(1) Emodin is a novel alkaline nuclease inhibitor that suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 yields in cell cultures by C-Y Hsiang1 and T-Y Ho. (PMC)
(2) The effect of emodin, an anthraquinone derivative extracted from the roots of Rheum tanguticum, against herpes simplex virus in vitro and in vivo by Xiong HR1, Luo J, Hou W, Xiao H, Yang ZQ.(PubMed)
(3) Immune factor allows viral infections to become chronic. Study may lead the way to new therapeutic approaches by Science Daily

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