Fat including cholesterol and triglycerides consists of hydrocarbon molecules.
Cholesterol is the type of fat produced by the liver or from fat intake playing a critical role in the building of strong cell walls, production of vitamin D and steroid hormones, and bile acid to aid digestion in the small intestine.
Accessed cholesterol produced by the liver in a healthy individual is returned to the liver by high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
Overexpression of cholesterol levels in the bloodstream has been linked to plaques accumulation on the arterial walls, a major cause of some forms of heart disease and stroke.
The healthy ratio of HDL/LDL cholesterol is any numbers that are less than 1/4.
On the other hand, triglyceride is fat in the blood that comes from the outside source used by the body to convert to energy.
Triglyceride is stored in the fat cells used to produced energy between meals and in the case when food is scarce.
Compared to cholesterol, triglycerides in high levels also associated with the risk of heart disease, particularly in people with high levels of LDL and low levels of HDL.
Evolutionally, fat accumulation is considered a defense mechanism in the human body where excess fat is stored when food is plentiful and release to produce energy when food is scarce.
This defense mechanism has become deadly in Western countries where goods are always plentiful, leading to overweight and obesity in the induction of the onset of various types of chronic disease.
Dr. Karen Kearns, the lead scientist wrote, "Overweight and obesity prevalence was higher in men (43.0% and 16.1%) compared to women (29.2% and 13.4%), respectively. The most prevalent chronic conditions were lower back pain, hypertension, and raised cholesterol. Prevalence of chronic disease generally increased with increasing BMI".
And, "Compared to normal weight persons, the strongest associations were found in obese women for diabetes (RR 3.9, 95% CI 2.5-6.3), followed by hypertension (RR 2.9, 95% CI 2.3-3.6); and in obese men for hypertension (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7), followed by osteoarthritis (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.2)".
Alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine-S-oxide) is a phytochemical compound sulfoxide,. a derivative of the amino acid cysteine, belonging to the class of sulfur compounds, found abundantly in fresh garlic and onion.
On finding a potential compound for the prevention of triglycerides accumulation, researchers examined the effect of alliin on lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.
According to tested data, injection of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), a food born hepatoxic chloropropanol contaminant significantly increased the intracellular content of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) at 0.5-2μg/mL.
Furthermore, 1,3-DCP also greatly decreased cyclic AMP (cAMP) level which plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism generally, particularly in fat accumulation in this case.
Moreover, 1,3-DCP also inhibited PKA and AMPK signaling pathways associated with the regulation of cellular energy homeostasis.
Additionally, 1,3-DCP significantly decreased GPR41 and GPR43 expression in brown adipogenesis associated with transfer energy from food into heat.
Collectively, 1,3-DCP enhanced the accumulation of fat in the tissue and inhibited the genes associated with the increase of metabolic efficiency.
Alliin, the most abundant sulfur compound in garlic, reversed all parameters changes caused by 1,3-DCP through its hypoglycemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
In other words, alliin protects the body against abnormal lipid deposits caused by 1,3-DCP through its antioxidants, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory effects.
In HepG2 cells exposed to 1,3-DCP, alliin exhibited a significantly decreased increase of triglyceride(TG) and total cholesterol(TC).
Taken altogether, alliin may be considered supplements for the prevention and treatment of fat accumulation with no side effect, responding to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.
Intake of alliin in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.
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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Alliin attenuates 1, 3-dichloro-2-propanol-induced lipogenesis in HepG2 cells through activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway by Lu J1, Cheng B1, Meng Z1, Fang B1, Li T2, Sun M1, Liu M1, Guan S. (PubMed)
(2) 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells through cAMP/protein kinase A and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways via Gi/o-coupled receptors by Lu J1, Fang B2, Zheng Y2, Yu X2, Huang G2, Wang Z2, Deng X3, Guan S. (PubMed)
(3) Chronic disease burden associated with overweight and obesity in Ireland: the effects of a small BMI reduction at population level by Karen Kearns,
1,5 Anne Dee,2 Anthony P Fitzgerald,1,4 Edel Doherty,3 and Ivan J Perry. (PMC)
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