Cruciferous Vegetables Show an Inverse Association with the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease

By Kyle J. Norton

Heart diseases are a medical condition associated with any disruption of blood vessels and heart function.

There are 5 types of heart diseases, including
* Heart disease affected by the arteries to the heart, such as coronary artery heart disease.

* heart disease affected by heart valves functions in regulating blood flow such as valvular heart disease.

* heart disease affected electrical conduction such as arrhythmias.

* Heart disease affected by heart muscles such as cardiomyopathy. And 

* Congenital heart disease caused by heart defect at birth

According to the statistics, heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US, approximately 610,000 people die of heart disease every year.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) kills over 370,000 people annually.

Furthermore, the most common heart disease in North America is CHD, the type of heart disease caused by plaque buildup on artery walls, leading to narrow, thickens and stiffens arteries. Some researchers suggested that the causes of plaque build-up on the arterial wall were the results of several factors including an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being overweight and smoking.

What causes plaques building up on the arterial is debatable. However, researchers suggested that the Western diet is associated with a significantly increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Dr. Venegas-Pino DE in the classification of the effect of diet on heart diseases said," the western-diet-fed male ApoE-/-: Ins2+/Akita mouse, with profound cardiovascular disease involving extensive atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarct resulting in shortened lifespan(4)".

The most common symptoms of coronary artery disease are angina, the condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort and shortness of breath as a result of the weakening of heart muscle which can not pump enough blood to the body's needs.

Over time, the prolonged weakened heart muscle can lead to complications of heart failure, irregular heartbeat, or arrhythmia.

Cruciferous vegetables are a group of vegetables, belongings to the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivated all over the world in suitable climate for commercial profits, including cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and green leafy vegetables.

On finding a potential remedy for the prevention of plaque accumulated on the arterial wall, researchers investigated the association of intake of glucosinolates with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

A total of 74,241 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1984-2012), 94,163 women in the NHSII (1991-2013), and 42,170 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2012), who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline were given Glucosinolate intake that was assessed using validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires at baseline and updated every 2-4 years during follow-up.

According to the food-questionnaire returned
* During 4,824,001 person-years of follow-up, 8,010 cases of CHD were identified in the three cohorts.

* After adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors of CHD, weak but significant positive associations were observed for glucosinolates with CHD risk when comparing the top with bottom quintiles (hazard ratio [HR]:1.09; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.17; Ptrend<0.001).

* Higher intakes of three major subtypes of glucosinolates were consistently associated with a higher CHD risk, although the association for indolyl glucosinolates did not achieve statistical significance. Regarding cruciferous vegetable intake.

Moreover, participants who consumed one or more servings per week of Brussels sprouts (HR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.26; P<0.001) and cabbage (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.17; P=0.009) had a significantly higher CHD risk than those who consumed these cruciferous vegetables less than once per month.

Based on the results, researchers said, " dietary glucosinolate intake was associated with a slightly higher risk of CHD in US adults".

Taken altogether, cruciferous vegetables may be considered functional remedies for the prevention of coronary heart disease, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Intake of glucosinolates and risk of coronary heart disease in three large prospective cohorts of US men and women by Ma L1,2, Liu G1, Zong G1, Sampson L1, Hu FB1,3,4, Willett WC1,3,4, Rimm EB1,3,4, Manson JE3,5,6, Rexrode KM6, Sun Q. (PubMed)
(2) Evidence of extensive atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction in the ApoE-/-:Ins2+/Akita mouse fed a western diet by Venegas-Pino DE1, Lagrotteria A2, Wang PW3, Morphet J3, Clapdorp C3, Shi Y3, Werstuck GH(PubMed)