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Saturday, 11 January 2020

Phytochemical Betaxanthins the Potential Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species

By Kyle J. Norton

Free radical scavengers are antioxidants that gobble up free radical before they can cause a chain of reaction.

Most common types of free radical scavengers are catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), vitamin A, C, D, and E.

Free radicals are highly unstable molecules. Internally, free radicals are produced in our body during the process of cell metabolism. Externally, free radicals can enter our body from the environment sources, such as the air we breathe, the food we eat and the water we drink.

In other words, any chemical compounds or molecules which process oxygen atom can be free radical after chemical interaction.

Lipid peroxyl radicals are free radical generated from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Lipoperoxyl radical scavengers are antioxidants that slow or inhibit the chain reaction of the lipoperoxyl free radicals before they can cause oxidative stress

Oxidative stress is a result of overexpression of free radical-induced by a chain reaction that can not be stopped due to reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes produced by the body.

Overexpression of free radicals causes lipid peroxidation by oxidizing the polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol through three distinct mechanisms, including free radical-mediated chain reaction, enzyme-mediated oxidation, and nonradical, non-enzymatic oxidation.

Over time, oxidative stress can damage the lipid, and protein and induce the alternation of healthy cell DNA.

Antioxidants, the stable molecules have been found to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids against peroxidation by scavenging peroxyl radicals.

Dr. Authors: Maria A., the lead author wrote, "Aerobic life is characterized by a steady formation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals, which is almost entirely counteracted by endogenous primary and secondary antioxidant systems".

And, "Maintenance of these systems is then imperative to ensure a continuous defense to cells and to avoid conditions known as oxidative stress. Apart from antioxidant vitamins, many compounds from the plant kingdom are now considered very helpful to maintain a proper cell redox balance".
In other words, antioxidants with free radical scavenging activity may protect the body against the damage of various cellular components.

Betaxanthins are Phytochemicals in the class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments, belonging to the group of Betalains, found abundantly in beets, Sicilian prickly pear, etc.

On finding a potent ingredient for the treatment of disease associated with oxidative stress, researchers examined the antioxidant effects of red-violet betacyanins and yellow-orange betaxanthins.

According to the tested analysis,. betanin showed a scavenger of reactive oxygen species in the induction of free radical chain reaction in the promotion of oxidative stress.

Furthermore, betanin (betacyanins and betaxanthins) also exhibited gene-regulatory activity partly via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2-(Nrf2) dependent signaling pathways associated with the expression of antioxidant defense.

Moreover, betanin also prevents LDL oxidation and DNA damage included by an imbalance of the ratio of free radicals and antioxidant enzymes.

However, blood pressure lowering effects of red beet was not associated with the presence of betanin but dietary nitrate found in the beetroot.

Taken altogether, betaxanthins found in betanin may be considered a functional remedy for the prevention of oxidative stress, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.



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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)

Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Betanin--a food colorant with biological activity by Esatbeyoglu T1, Wagner AE, Schini-Kerth VB, Rimbach G. (PubMed)

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