Whole Food Tomato Inhibits Gene and Factors Associated with Obesity Complications in Vivo

By Kyle J. Norton

Obesity is a medical condition characterized by fat accumulated in the body over time.

In other words, obesity is a progressive disease similar to those of diabetes and high blood pressure and lipid, leading to the impairment of health in many aspects, including heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.

According to the Body Mass Index(BMI), a BMI between 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight, while a BMI of over 30 is an indication of obesity. 

According to the statistic, 68% of the American population is either overweight or obese.

The causes of obesity are the results overconsumption of food that produces energy, compared to energy expenditure (physical inactivity) over the period of time.

Most common physical symptoms of obesity are breathlessness. increased sweating, snoring, tiredness, back, and joint pains accompanied by psychological symptoms of low confidence and self-esteem. 

Some researchers in the evaluation of the risk factors that cause widespread obesity in the US population suggested that the incidence may correlate to the promotion of the Western diet over the past few decades.

Dr. Farah Naja, the lead scientist wrote, "The Western pattern was characterized by high consumption of red meat, eggs, and fast-food sandwiches".

And, "After adjustment, subjects belonging to the 3rd tertile of the Western pattern scores had significantly higher odds of overweight compared with those belonging to the 1st tertile (OR 2·3; 95 % CI 1·12, 4·73)".

Tomato is red, edible fruit, genus Solanum, belonging to family Solanaceae, native to South America. Because of its health benefits, the tomato is grown worldwide for the commercial purpose
and often in the greenhouse.

With an aim to find a potential compound for the treatment of obesity, scientists evaluated and compared the effect of lycopene and tomato powder on obesity-associated disorders.

Selected male C57BL/J6 mice included in the study were assigned into four groups to receive: control diet (CD), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet supplemented with lycopene or with tomato powder (TP) for 12 weeks.

According to the tested assays, both lycopene and TP supplementation significantly reduced adiposity index, organ, and relative organ weights, serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, 8-iso-prostaglandin GF2α induced by inflammation and improved glucose homeostasis, but did not affect total body weight.

Furthermore, both lycopene and TP supplementation prevented HFD-induced hepatosteatosis and hypertrophy of adipocytes associated with induced obesity.

Moreover, both lycopene and TP decreased HFD-induced proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the liver and in the epididymal adipose tissue.

In other words, lycopene and TP inhibited the expression of hepatosteatosis involved in liver disease and hypertrophy of adipocytes in obese.

Lycopene and TP protected the adipocytes dysfunction in the onset of obese complications by inhibiting the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the tissues.

Based on the results, researchers said, " lycopene or TP supplementation display similar beneficial health effects that could be particularly relevant in the context of nutritional approaches to fight obesity-associated pathologies".

In order to reveal more information about tomato effects on obese complications, researchers examined the Mediterranean tomato-based sofrito sauce against obese fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)-resistant state.

In obese Zucker rats (OZR) fed with a sofrito-supplemented diet or control diet, researchers found that the sofrito-supplemented diet improved insulin and FGF21 sensitivity in OZR, by exhibiting the effect on glucose metabolism.

The sofrito-fed rats also showed a strong effect on the protection of the UCP1 gene associated with reduced obesity and improved insulin sensitivity.

Taken altogether, tomatoes processed abundantly bioactive compound lycopene may be considered functional food for the prevention of obese complications, pending to the confirmation of the larger sample size and multicenter human study.

Intake of lycopene in the form of supplement should be taken with extreme care to prevent overdose acute liver toxicity.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Lycopene and tomato powder supplementation similarly inhibit high-fat diet induced obesity, inflammatory response, and associated metabolic disorders by Fenni S1,2, Hammou H2, Astier J1, Bonnet L1, Karkeni E1, Couturier C1, Tourniaire F1, Landrier JF. (PubMed)
(2) Mediterranean Tomato-Based Sofrito Sauce Improves Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) Signaling in White Adipose Tissue of Obese ZUCKER Rats by Sandoval V1,2, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R3, Martínez-Garza Ú1,2, Rosell-Cardona C1, Lamuela-Raventós RM1,2,4, Marrero PF1,5, Haro D1,5, Relat J. (PubMed)
(3) A Western dietary pattern is associated with overweight and obesity in a national sample of Lebanese adolescents (13–19 years): a cross-sectional study by Farah Naja,1 Nahla Hwalla,1 Leila Itani,2 Sabine Karam,1 Abla Mehio Sibai,3 andLara Nasreddine. (PMC)