Phytochemical Piperine, A Natural Antibiotic Alternative

By Kyle J. Norton

Phytochemical Piperine may be the next natural antibiotics in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases with no side effects, some scientists suggested.

Phytochemicals, the natural chemical constituent or pigmentation found in the outer layer of the plant with a unique function to protect the plants against diseases.

The immune system is the set of cells and their activity against antigens or infectious agents that comprises the body's defense system against diseases.

In bodily damage or injury, such as a cut, the immune system first line of defense white blood cells stimulated the production of proinflammatory cytokines to the site of infection with an aim to defend our body against potential pathogens.

However, in most cases, overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines can cause the death of the nearby healthy cells and improper healing of the wound with the formation of irreversible scars.

In severe cases, some proteins which process duo function as a pro and anti-inflammation response also switch to pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to overproduction of the pro compared to anti-inflammatory cytokines in the body.

In the "Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. 5th edition" that describes the stage of microbial infection wrote, "The process of infection can be broken down into stages, each of which can be blocked by different defense mechanisms. In the first stage, a new host is exposed to infectious particles shed by an infected individual" then " (the micro pathogens are) adhering to the epithelial surface, and then colonizing it, or penetrating it to replicate in the tissues. (However) Many microorganisms are repelled at this stage by innate immunity".

Further explanation of the infectious process, the author wrote, "Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur, and little damage will be caused unless the agent is able to spread from the original site of infection or can secrete toxins that can spread to other parts of the body".

These results suggested that by enhancing the immune system through a healthy diet and lifestyle accompanied by moderate exercise, the risk of infectious diseases is decreased substantially.

Piperine is a phytochemical alkaloid in the class of organosulfur compound, found abundantly in white and black pepper, long pepper,...

Dr. Mirza ZM, the lead scientist at the University of Kashmir, in the study to reaffirming the effect of Piperine in risk of bacterial infection launched an investigation to examine the effects of the combination of piperine and mupirocin antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains including methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

In the first examination, application of the combination effectively and markedly reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of mupirocin and also lowered the mutation frequency.

The combination also enhanced accumulation and efflux of ethidium bromide from wild-type and mutant (Mup(r)-1) strains, an indication of drug resistance, in the presence of piperine suggested that inhibition of efflux could be a possible exhibition of mupirocin activity by piperine.

Interestingly, in a dermal infection model of mice, the combination of piperine with mupirocin showed a strongly significant compared to vivo efficacy when compared with the commercially available formulation of 2 % mupirocin.

These results only reaffirming the antimicrobial activity when it used alone or combined with other conventional medicine.

Additionally, in the study to further differentiation of the effect of combination use of piperine and other conventional medicine in bacterial straits, researchers found that
* Injection of piperine together with ciprofloxacin not only reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC of ciprofloxacin without reducing the efficacy of the medicine but also prevent the bacterial resistance of ciprofloxacin Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

* The antibacterial resistance of piperine was found in the accumulation and decreased efflux of ethidium bromide in the wild-type and mutant (CIPr-1) strains when piperine was presented 

Taken altogether, there is no doubt that piperine may be considered functional supplements for the prevention of bacterial infection or combined with conventional medicine for the treatment of bacterial and nonbacterial resistance of infectious diseases.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Piperine as an inhibitor of the MdeA efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus by Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Kalia NP, Zargar A, Khan IA. (PubMed)
(2) Piperine, a phytochemical potentiator of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus by Khan IA, Mirza ZM, Kumar A, Verma V, Qazi GN.(PubMed)