Papaya, The Fruit Which inhibits the Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

By Kyle J. Norton, Master of Nutrition


Scientists may have found a whole fruit with a potential in inhibiting the overexpression of inflammation caused by the acute and chronic phases of infection, some studies suggested.

Inflammation is a natural systematic immune response in activating the production of the inflammatory cytokines to protect our body against microorganisms during the acute phase of body damage or injury.

However, overexpression of noninflammatory agents activity in a prolonged period can damage the healthy nearby cells and damage the cells in the affected region. In severe cases, this action may lead to cell apoptosis, causing abnormal scars formation that damage the infected organs.

Many chronic diseases, such as cirrhosis are the results of liver scars formation caused by excessive alcohol drinking and infected by hepatitis viruses.

Some researchers suggested that anti-inflammatory cytokines under a normal condition at the acute phase of infection can also switch to pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Dr. Opal SM, in the elevated function of anti-inflammatory cytokines, wrote, "The anti-inflammatory cytokines are a series of immunoregulatory molecules that control the proinflammatory cytokine response. Cytokines act in concert with specific cytokine inhibitors and soluble cytokine receptors to regulate the human immune response".

These result suggested that anti-inflammatory cytokines also act according to the stimulation of the immune system.

Chronic inflammation is a condition that can last for months, sometimes years, in which the immune system has a failure to eliminate all microorganisms, in the acute inflammation.

Some chronic inflammations also are the results of autoimmune disorder, caused by the immune system attacks normal healthy tissue, by mistaking them for pathogens that cause disease.

Papaya is a species of Carica Papaya, belonging to the family Caricaceae and native to the tropics of the Americas, and was first cultivated in Mexico and several centuries


Chemical constituents
Alkaloids, Cardenolides, Anthraquinones, Saponins, Tannin, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, Benzyl glucosinolate, benzylisothiocyanate, 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 1,3-dihydroxy-2-propanone, etc.

In the findings of a natural ingredient to reduce the economic burden for healthcare systems, with a high mortality and limited treatment in sepsis patients, a hyperinflammatory condition, researchers at the Chongqing Medical University launched an investigation to evaluate whether mango and papaya process anti hyperinflammatory effect against sepsis.

Mangiferin (MF), a natural glucosyl xanthone found in both mango and papaya showed a significant effect in attenuating the cecal ligation and puncture-induced mortality and acute lung injury (ALI), through reducing the systemic and pulmonary inflammatory responses.

Further analysis, the function of the isolated compounds from the experimental fruits, exerted the anti-inflammatory functions in inhibiting production of proinflammatory mediators through a set of actions including deactivated sepsis-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer in stimulating the pro-inflammatory production.

Additionally, application of mangiferin (MF), also inhibited the levels of free radicals and increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a Nrf2-regulated gene that plays a critical role in the prevention of vascular inflammation found in the lung of septic mice.

Dr. Gong X, the lead author, after taking into account co and confounders said, "MF attenuates sepsis by up-regulation of HO-1 that protects against sepsis-induced ALI through inhibiting inflammatory signaling and proinflammatory mediators:

Interestingly, in the reaffirm the potency of fermented papaya preparation (FPP) (a product of yeast fermentation of Carica papaya Linn) and a food supplement, in chronic and degenerative disease conditions (such as thalassemia, cirrhosis, diabetes and aging through modulating the immunological, hematological, inflammatory, vascular and oxidative stress damage parameters, researchers found that

* Fermented papaya preparation (FPP) does not cause a genotoxic effect when exposed to HepG2 cells nor and the PC12 cells.

* Application of exerts a strong effect in reducing levels of free radicals and increasing antioxidants by balancing the ratio of antioxidants produced by the host tissue and ROS.

Thus, decreasing the levels of oxidative stress caused by overexpression ROS in stimulating the onset of  cell damage and inflammation, which have a strong implication in causing a variety of cancers, diabetes, arthritis, cardiovascular dysfunctions, neurodegenerative disorders (such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease), exercise physiology (including performance sports) and aging.

These results suggested that fermented papaya and its bioactive compound may be considered functional food used conjunction with conventional medicine for prevention and treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

However, additional data collection on large example size and multi-centers studies performed with human consumption of fermented papaya and its bioactive compound during the course of the inflammation will be necessary to complete the picture of papaya anti-inflammatory possibilities.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.

References
(1) Anti-inflammatory effects of mangiferin on sepsis-induced lung injury in mice via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 by Gong X1, Zhang L, Jiang R, Ye M, Yin X, Wan J.(PubMed)
(2) Applications and bioefficacy of the functional food supplement fermented papaya preparation by Aruoma OI1, Hayashi Y, Marotta F, Mantello P, Rachmilewitz E, Montagnier L.(PubMed)
(3) Chemical composition and bioactivity of dried fruits and honey of Ficus carica cultivars Dottato, San Francesco and Citrullara by Loizzo MR1, Bonesi M, Pugliese A, Menichini F, Tundis R.(PubMed)