#@ Fennel, The Herb and Plant That Protect Us Against the Onset of Cancer, Scientists Suggest

Kyle J. Norton

Fennel may have a potential and positive effect in protecting healthy cells against mutagenesis, some scientists suggested.

Mutagenesis is an action that causes the alteration of DNA transcripts in organisms caused either by adaptation to the new environment or mutagens. In other words, it is the change in cells genetic information for survival in a new environment or by the invasion of mutagens

In human, the change of genetic information can be classified in different ways. In healthy cells, the change of DNA transcript can cause cells to become cancerous.

Dt. Basu AK, at the University of Connecticut, in the study of "DNA Damage, Mutagenesis and Cancer" said, "Generation of DNA damage (also known as DNA adducts or lesions) induced by these agents is an important first step in the process of carcinogenesis".
In cancers cells, the change of DNA may prevent proliferation via induction of cancer death.

Dr. Apostolos G. Klinakis, lead scientist in the study of "Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis in human cells by the Drosophila mobile element Minos", wrote," By simple transfections of plasmid Minos vectors in HeLa cells, we have achieved high-frequency generation of cell lines, each containing one or more stable chromosomal integrations".

The process in the change of DNA of the healthy human cell is a highly complex, depending on types of the gene have been alternated, for examples damaged DNA replication gene may lead to gene mutations, which in turn may give rise to altered proteins. and mutations in a tumor-suppressor gene or a gene that controls the cell cycle can generate a clonal cell population with a distinct advantage in proliferation.

Such a mutation process can be divided into the stages of initiation, promotion, and progression, which may occur over a long period of time. Therefore, for a healthy cell to become cancerous, every step in the process must be executed with no mistake. In other words, long-term exposure to a carcinogen can lead to the induction of human cancer.
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a plant species of the genus, belonging to Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), native to the Mediterranean.

The herbal medicine has been used in traditional and herbal medicine as warming, carminative, antispasmodic, antidepressant agent and to stimulate the appetite, ease indigestion, soothe coughing, reduce intestinal spasms, to regulate the menstrual cycle and relieve PMS,...

In the investigate whether Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oil (FEO) process a potency against genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (CP), researchers at the Ganpat University, launched a study to examine the result from in mice.

The mice bone marrow chromosomal aberration (CA), micronucleus, and sperm abnormality assays were employed to measure genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the entire experiment.

Mice used in the testing were administered two different doses of FEO (1 and 2 mL/kg) continuously for 3 days at intervals of 24 hours by the oral route before tissue sampling.

At the and of the study, researchers found that before administration of fennel essential oil, cyclophosphamide (CP) causes a significant increase in the average percentage of aberrant metaphases and induces cytotoxicity in mouse bone marrow cells, and abnormal sperms in the male germ line.

The application of CP also decreased the levels of antioxidants produced by the mice tissue such as
superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA).

These result suggested that CP induces a significant oxidative stress by causing an imbalance of the ratio of antioxidants and free radicals in the body of tested subjects.

Mice group pretreatment with FEO exerts a significantly inhibited against the induction of CP, including the frequencies of aberrant metaphases, CAs, micronuclei formation, and cytotoxicity in mouse bone marrow cells.

Furthermore, application of fennel essential oils also reduced the production of abnormal sperm and improved the antioxidants enzymes SOD, CAT, and GSH activities and inhibited oxidative stress observed by decreasing MDA content in the liver.

Dr. Tripathi P, the lead author, after taking into account co and confounders said, "FEO inhibits genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by CP.

Additionally, in the comparison to examine the effect of plant peptides of thionine Ns-W2 extracted from seeds of fennel flower (Nigella sativa) and β-purothionine from wheat germs (Triticum kiharae), as well as a synthetic antimutagen (crown-compound), on the expression of several genes involved in the.control of cellular homeostasis, processes of carcinogenesis, and radiation response in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD cells), researchers found that all of these agents acted as antimutagens-anticarcinogens, reducing the expression of genes involved in carcinogenesis through some complex pathways involving cellular proliferation, anti-apoptosis, cellular survival in tumor cells.

In compared to other agents, thionine Ns-W2 exerts the most pronounced reduction in the mRNA level of these genes.

Taken all together, fennel may be considered a chemotherapeutic functional food in the protection of our body against mutagenesis, the process that can lead to the onset of cancer.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrition, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published online, including worldwide health, ezine articles, article base, health blogs, self-growth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bioscience, ISSN 0975-6299.
Sources
(1) Investigation of antimutagenic potential of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil on cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice by Tripathi P1, Tripathi R, Patel RK, Pancholi SS.(PubMed)
(2) [Comparative analysis of natural and synthetic antimutagens as regulators of gene expression in human cells under exposure to ionizing radiation].[Article in Russian] by Mikhailov VF, Shishkina AA, Vasilyeva IM, Shulenina LV, Raeva NF, Rogozhin EA, Startsev MI, Zasukhina GD, Gromov SP, Alfimov MV. (PubMed)