Herbal Therapy: Herbal Anise in Ameliorated Risk, Progression and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Systemic Diseases

Kyle J. Norton

Anise may have a potential and substantial effect in reduced inflammatory expression in induction of symptoms of swelling, redness pain, hot,..., some scientists suggested.

Anise is a flowering plant ofthe species of Pimpinella anisum, genus Pimpinella, belongings to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt and the Mediterranean region, used in traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, ....

Chemical comstituents
Anethole, D-pinene, I-phellandrene, Alpha-terpineol, Safrol, Methyl chavicol, Resin, Shikimic acid, etc.

Inflammation is the natural reaction of immune system in protect our body against microorganism in the acute phase of infection.

Chronic inflammatory diseases are medical conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and others typically stimulate a systemic response of the entire body.
According to the investigation of the essential oil of air-dried Illicium anisatum (Illiciaceae), obtained by hydrodistillation effect in LPS in induction of inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells, researchers at the Jeju Hi-Tech Industry Development Institute found that application of the essential oil demonstrated  a moderate free radicals scavenging observed through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) spectrophotometric method and anti-elastase activities in inhibited Alpha-1 antitrypsin in initiation of inflammation.

Application of Anise essential oil also displayed a significant effect in ameliorated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by activated macrophages in facilitated production of inflammatory cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in dose dependent manner.

These results suggested that  essential oil isolated from anise exerts a strong antioxidant effect in inhibited oxidative stress through ameliorated production of reactive oxygen species in initiated chain reaction activities to precipitated expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins in production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to facilitate localized inflammation and elicit pyrexia, pain sensation.

Further more, application of essential oil also demonstrated a cytotoxic effects in protected skin against inflammation observed by colorimetric MTT assays  in human dermal fibroblast and keratinocyte HaCaT in skin cells.

Additionally, in the study of anethole with different doases of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg on the development of paw oedema and mechanical hypernociception, researchers at the Universidade Estadual de Maringá indicated that the bioactive compound displays a therapeutic effect in exhibited anti inflammatory effect through inhibited the levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation in the acute phase of infection  and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a cytokines with function in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults and interleukin-17 (IL-17), acytokine produced by a group of T helper cell in response to local inflammation and myeloperoxidase, a oxidative enzyme activity.

Interestingly, injection of anethole reduced inflammatory expression of paw oedema without altering prostaglandin E2, plasma AST and ALT levels. These result suggested that the bioactive compound did not cause any liver toxicity according to the histological profile of liver tissue.

The efficacy of Anise anethole isolated from star Anise in reduced risk of chronic inflammatory related diseases are supported by the study of BALB/C mice intraperitoneally administered anethole at dose of 62.5, 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg 1 h before intratracheal treatment with LPS (1.5 mg/kg) and sacrificed after 4 h conducted by the Dr. Kang P and colleagues.

The injection of anethole exerted a strong anti inflammatory effect in inhibited the LPS in initiated the production of inflammatory mediators such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), with dou function as inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine, produced at the site of inflammation and in acute phase response and nitric oxide (NO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

The anti inflammatory effect of anethole also reduced in LPS-induced acute lung injure through suppressing the activation of NF-κB involved in cellular responses to stimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals by blocking IκB-α degradation. IκBα is a cellular proteins with function in inhibited the NF-κB transcription factor.

Taken together, Anise and its major compound anethole may be considered as a natural anti inflammatory and analgesic agent and combined with conventional medicine for treatment of chronic inflammatory related diseases.

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Author Biography
Kyle J. Norton (Scholar, Master of Nutrients, All right reserved)
Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

Sources
(1) Chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-elastase, and anti-inflammatory activities of Illicium anisatum essential oil by Kim JY1, Kim SS, Oh TH, Baik JS, Song G, Lee NH, Hyun CG.(PubMed)
(2) Antihypernociceptive activity of anethole in experimental inflammatory pain by Ritter AM1, Domiciano TP, Verri WA Jr, Zarpelon AC, da Silva LG, Barbosa CP, Natali MR, Cuman RK, Bersani-Amado CA.(PubMed)
(3) Anti-inflammatory effects of anethole in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by Kang P, Kim KY, Lee HS, Min SS, Seol GH.(PubMed)