Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are medical condition mostly caused by work related occupations and working environment, affecting patients’ muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments and nerves and developing over time. According to a community sample of 73 females and 32 males aged 85 and over underwent a standardised examination at home, musculoskeletal pain was reported by 57% of those interviewed(1).
Types of Musculo-Skeletal disorders in elder(2)
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Gout
3. Rheumatoid Arthritis
4. Polymalagia Arthritis
5. Cervical myleopathy and spinal canal stenosis
6. Osteoporosis
7. Low back pain
8. Fibromyalgia
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of thinning of bone and bone tissues as a result of the loss of bone density over a long period of time. It is a widespread degenerative disease of skeletal joints and often associated with senescence in vertebrates due to excessive or abnormal mechanical loading of weight-bearing joints, arising from heavy long-term use or specific injuries(6).
The Prevention and Management
The prevention and management of osteoporosis are always important due to the prevalent of the diseases in in all populations and all ages(221), especially to elder, causing a significant physical, psychosocial, and financial consequences(220).
Antioxidants and Osteoporosis
Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).
Antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase reduced the excessive production of free radicals in the organism, and the imbalance between the concentrations of these and the antioxidant defenses have found to attenuate the risk of osteoporosis (OP) in postmenopausal women, according to the study by the Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine(247). Further more, decrease antioxidant defenses due to aging may also may contribute to this process(250).Oxidative stress can induce impairment of bone mass and fragility fractures through its effects in causing apoptosis in osteoblasts, due to continuously generated of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications(246) involved lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA lesions of that exhibit the increased risk of osteoporosis(245)(248).
Dietary and endogenous antioxidants were consistently lower in patients with osteoporosis, according to University of Perugia, of that can lead to decrease antioxidant defenses and promoting pathogenesis of osteoporosis(249).
The Miracle of antioxidants
Antioxidants may have a direct and profound influence to the risk factor of osteoporosis(306), due to its effect in bone turn over. Oxidative stress (OS) continuous generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications has found to consist a correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and OS in postmenopausal women, according to the jopint study lead by the Aligarh Muslim University(307).
1. Lycopene
Lycopene found abundantly in tomato, watermelon, grapefruit has significantly increased antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative stress, through activation of bone resorption markers in reduced the risk of osteoporosis(308). On postmenopausal models, risk of osteoporosis increase by 10 fold due to reduce production of Sex hormones. Treatment with lycopene suppressed bone turnover to restore bone strength through down-regulated osteoclast differentiation concurrent with up-regulating osteoblast together with improved oxidative damage activities(309).
Recent study also suggested that lycopene inhibit bone resorption(310)(311), facilitates bone formation(311) and improved bone mineral density(311) and rat skeletal system in experimental conditions(310).
2. Omega 3 Fatty acid
Omega 3 Fatty acid found abundantly in deep sea fishes, and seeds such flax seed may contribute to the reduced and preventive risk of osteopororsis(312) through intervention of the decreased osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass(313). But according to the joint study by Université d'Auvergne, due to fatty acid function in trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…), its effects on bone metabolism may require further integrated study(314).
3. Resveratrol
Antioxidants may have a direct and profound influence to the risk factor of osteoporosis(306), due to its effect in bone turn over. Oxidative stress (OS) continuous generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as H2O2-induced oxidative damage-implications has found to consist a correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and OS in postmenopausal women, according to the jopint study lead by the Aligarh Muslim University(307).
1. Lycopene
Lycopene found abundantly in tomato, watermelon, grapefruit has significantly increased antioxidant capacity and decreased oxidative stress, through activation of bone resorption markers in reduced the risk of osteoporosis(308). On postmenopausal models, risk of osteoporosis increase by 10 fold due to reduce production of Sex hormones. Treatment with lycopene suppressed bone turnover to restore bone strength through down-regulated osteoclast differentiation concurrent with up-regulating osteoblast together with improved oxidative damage activities(309).
Recent study also suggested that lycopene inhibit bone resorption(310)(311), facilitates bone formation(311) and improved bone mineral density(311) and rat skeletal system in experimental conditions(310).
2. Omega 3 Fatty acid
Omega 3 Fatty acid found abundantly in deep sea fishes, and seeds such flax seed may contribute to the reduced and preventive risk of osteopororsis(312) through intervention of the decreased osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass(313). But according to the joint study by Université d'Auvergne, due to fatty acid function in trigger several different independent pathways (receptors, metabolites…), its effects on bone metabolism may require further integrated study(314).
3. Resveratrol
Resveratrol, an powerful antioxidant(315) found abundantly grapes, red and white wine, blueberries,cranberries may have a exclusive impact on bone metabolism due to its effect in reduced oxidative stress by direct interfering with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)(316). According to the joint study lead by Fudan University, resveratrol oligomer derivative, isopaucifloral F improved bone mineral density, bone volume/tissue volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation/spacing, through its estrogenic effect may be a promising antioxidant for treatment on postmenopausal osteoporosis(317). Dietary resveratrol also significantly prevented bone loss in the osteoporotic mice, through its effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS), improved the antioxidant/prooxidant equilibrium and balancing the disequilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption(318)in iron load mice study.
4. Silibin
Silibin, a major active constituent of silymarin found abundantly in Milk thistle seeds may be beneficiary for patient with osteoporosis due to its effect in promoted bone-forming osteoblastogenesis and encumber osteoclastic bone resorption through accelerated cell proliferation and promoted matrix mineralization, Hallym University suggested(319). In other study, silibin through its osteogenic activity, improves time of bone healing in case of fracture and bone strength with elevated BMD(320), by stimulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium nodule formation(320). and promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells(321) throguh bone morphogenetic protein signaling(321)
5. Lignans
Lignans,an phytoestrogen antioxidant found in flax, pumpkin, sunflower, poppy, sesame,etc,..may be a potential sources for ameliorating the post-menopausal osteoporosis as its effects on bone mineral density through significantly decrease in the levels of serum bone turnover markers osteocalcin(322) and alkaline phosphatas(323). According to the recent joint study lead by Jinan University, phytoestrogen ligans significantly promoted osteoblastic cell proliferation and increased osteoblastic
(UMR106)(325)(324) cell numbers of that can induce the bone minera ldensity protective effects(324).
Lignans,an phytoestrogen antioxidant found in flax, pumpkin, sunflower, poppy, sesame,etc,..may be a potential sources for ameliorating the post-menopausal osteoporosis as its effects on bone mineral density through significantly decrease in the levels of serum bone turnover markers osteocalcin(322) and alkaline phosphatas(323). According to the recent joint study lead by Jinan University, phytoestrogen ligans significantly promoted osteoblastic cell proliferation and increased osteoblastic
(UMR106)(325)(324) cell numbers of that can induce the bone minera ldensity protective effects(324).
Ovarian Cysts And PCOS Elimination
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References
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(309) Lycopene treatment against loss of bone mass, microarchitecture and strength in relation to regulatory mechanisms in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model by Ardawi MM1, Badawoud MH2, Hassan SM2, Rouzi AA3, Ardawi JM4, AlNosani NM5, Qari MH6, Mousa SA7.(PubMed)
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(312) The impact of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoporosis by Maggio M1, Artoni A, Lauretani F, Borghi L, Nouvenne A, Valenti G, Ceda GP.(PubMed)
(313) Dietary n-3 fatty acids decrease osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass in ovariectomized mice by Sun D1, Krishnan A, Zaman K, Lawrence R, Bhattacharya A, Fernandes G.(PubMed)
(314) Pros and cons of fatty acids in bone biology by Wauquier F1, Léotoing L1, Philippe C1, Spilmont M1, Coxam V1, Wittrant Y2.(PubMed)
(315) Resveratrol improves oxidative stress and prevents the progression of periodontitis via the activation of the Sirt1/AMPK and the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathways in a rat periodontitis model by Tamaki N1, Cristina Orihuela-Campos R2, Inagaki Y3, Fukui M2, Nagata T3, Ito HO2.(PubMed)
(316) Resveratrol prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis.
Bhattarai G1, Poudel SB1, Kook SH2, Lee JC3.(PubMed)
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(308) Supplementation with the antioxidant lycopene significantly decreases oxidative stress parameters and the bone resorption marker N-telopeptide of type I collagen in postmenopausal women by Mackinnon ES1, Rao AV, Josse RG, Rao LG.(PubMed)
(309) Lycopene treatment against loss of bone mass, microarchitecture and strength in relation to regulatory mechanisms in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model by Ardawi MM1, Badawoud MH2, Hassan SM2, Rouzi AA3, Ardawi JM4, AlNosani NM5, Qari MH6, Mousa SA7.(PubMed)
(310) [Effects of lycopene on the skeletal system].[Article in Polish] by Sołtysiak P1, Folwarczna J1.(PubMed)
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(312) The impact of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoporosis by Maggio M1, Artoni A, Lauretani F, Borghi L, Nouvenne A, Valenti G, Ceda GP.(PubMed)
(313) Dietary n-3 fatty acids decrease osteoclastogenesis and loss of bone mass in ovariectomized mice by Sun D1, Krishnan A, Zaman K, Lawrence R, Bhattacharya A, Fernandes G.(PubMed)
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(315) Resveratrol improves oxidative stress and prevents the progression of periodontitis via the activation of the Sirt1/AMPK and the Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathways in a rat periodontitis model by Tamaki N1, Cristina Orihuela-Campos R2, Inagaki Y3, Fukui M2, Nagata T3, Ito HO2.(PubMed)
(316) Resveratrol prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental rat model of periodontitis.
Bhattarai G1, Poudel SB1, Kook SH2, Lee JC3.(PubMed)
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(325) Lignans from the stems of Sambucus williamsii and their effects on osteoblastic UMR106 cells.by Yang XJ1, Wong MS, Wang NL, Chan SC, Yao XS.(PubMed)
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