The Holistic approach for Prevention, controlling and Treatment of Candida Albicans Overgrowth - The Effectiveness of Herbal Medicine

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By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.

What is Candida Albicans
Candida albicans are members of a large group of micro organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within the membranes, including yeast(2)(3), fungi(4)(5)(6), and mold(6) that live among the gut flora in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. In fact, under normal circumstances, Candida albicans that does not cause harmful effects, but overgrowth results in candidiasis. Non-albicans Candida (NAC) species cause 35-65% of all candidaemias in the general patient population(1). According to joint study, in many cases, biofilm(microorganisms with cells stick to each other on a surface) formation(7) gene mutations(8) and overexpression of genes(9)(10) are often associated with increased Candida resistance toward antifungal agents.

Treatments and controllings
C. The Herbs
1. Berberis
Berberis is a genus of about 450-500 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1-5 m tall with thorny shoots, belonging to the family Berberidaceae, native to the temperate and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and South America. Europe has a few species, and North America only two. The stem, root bark, and fruit of barberry contain alkaloids and berberine have been used in traditional medicine or dietary supplement, to treat fungal infections(270), candida albicans(270), yeast(271), parasites, and bacterial/viral infections(270).
Berberine may also enhance the immune system through its antioxidant activity(272) by preventing candida yeasts from producing lipase(273)(274), an enzyme used to help them in colonization(274) and induced infection(274).

2. Clover(Trifolium)
Clover used as a spice in cuisines all over the world, is the aromatic dried flower buds of a tree in the Syzygium, belonging to the family Myrtaceae, native to Indonesia. Tellimagrandin II, in clover oil exhibited significantly anti-herpesvirus(275) and anti-oxidant(275)(276) properties and antiseptic property through phytochemical eugenol(277) used in dentistry to relieve pain(277), prevent bacterial infection(278)  and boost immune system(279).

3. Goldenseal((Hydrastis Canadensis)
Goldenseal is a perennial herb in the species of Hydrastis canadensis, belonging to the family Ranunculaceae, native to southeastern Canada and northeastern United States, used widely in traditional medicine to treat functional disorders of gastrointestine(280), including atonic dyspepsia, chronic constipation, liver toxicity(281), etc. Berberine, a compound found in goldenseal has demonstrated significant anti-fungal activity(282)(283)(284) by preventing candida yeasts from producing lipase, an enzyme involved in colonization.

4. Oregano(Origanum vulgare) Oil
Oregano is a common species of Origanum, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, native to warm-temperate western and southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean region. Carvacrol, a monoterpenoid phenol phytochemical found in oregano oil inhibited the growth of several bacteria strains(285), including candida albicans due to its antimicrobial properties that disrupt the bacteria membrane(286).

5. Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of trees from the genus Cinnamomum, belonging to the family Lauraceae, used in traditional medicine to treat digestive system disorder(287)(289), insulin sensitive(288)(290) and enhance the immune system in regulated cells growth due to its antioxidant activity(290). The cinnamon essential oil has antimicrobial properties(291)(292), which can prevent, limit or destroy the fungal overgrowth(293).

6. Allspice
Allspice also called Jamaica pepper is a spice of dried unripe fruit of Pimenta dioica, belonging to the family Myrtaceae, native to the southern Mexico and Central America. It has been used in folk medicine in relieving indigestion and gas(294) and as a deodorant. Phenylpropene found in allspice volatile oils has shown to exhibit an antimicrobial property(295), including candida albicans(296)

7. Lavender(Lavandula angustifolia)
The lavender is a genus Lavandula of flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae, originated in Asia, used in herbal medicine to treat microbial infection(297) for the skin and reduce inflammation(298)(299). Its essential oil components linalool and linalyl acetate showed both fungistatic and fungicidal activity(300)(301) against C. albicans strains in reducing fungal progression and the spread of infection in host tissues(301).

8. Chamomile
Chamomile is a common name for several daisy-like plants, genus Matricaria belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and western Asia used in traditional medicine to aid sleep(302), treat diarrhea(303)  and reduce oxidative stress(304). Chamomile besides containing high amount of flavonoids is best known for its antioxidant(303), such as anti septic and anti biotic properties against virus bacteria invasion(305)(306(307)) including candida ablicans(308).

9. Etc.


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+ References
(1) Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance by Krcmery V¹, Barnes AJ.(PubMed)
(2) Pathogenicity and drug resistance in Candida albicans and other yeast species. A review by Mishra NN¹, Prasad T, Sharma N, Payasi A, Prasad R, Gupta DK, Singh R.(PubMed)
(3)  Multidrug resistance in yeast Candida by Prasad R¹, Kapoor K.(PubMerd)
(4) New evidence that Candida albicans possesses additional ATP-binding cassette MDR-like genes: implications for antifungal azole resistance. by Walsh TJ¹, Kasai M, Francesconi A, Landsman D, Chanock SJ.(PubMed)
(5) Mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolates from AIDS patients involve specific multidrug transporters.by Sanglard D¹, Kuchler K, Ischer F, Pagani JL, Monod M, Bille J.(PubMed)
(6) Structural analysis of phospho-D-mannan-protein complexes isolated from yeast and mold form cells of Candida albicans NIH A-207 serotype A strain by Shibata N¹, Fukasawa S, Kobayashi H, Tojo M, Yonezu T, Ambo A, Ohkubo Y, Suzuki S.(PubMed)
(7) The effect of antifungal combination on transcripts of a subset of drug-resistance genes in clinical isolates of Candida species induced biofilms by Ibrahim NH¹, Melake NA², Somily AM³, Zakaria AS⁴, Baddour MM⁵, Mahmoud AZ⁶(PubMed)
(8) Antifungal drug resistance in pathogenic fungi. by Vanden Bossche H¹, Dromer F, Improvisi I, Lozano-Chiu M, Rex JH, Sanglard D.(PubMed)
(9) The genetic basis of fluconazole resistance development in Candida albicans by Morschhäuser J¹.(PubMed)
(10) A proteomic approach to understanding the development of multidrug-resistant Candida albicans strains by Kusch H¹, Biswas K, Schwanfelder S, Engelmann S, Rogers PD, Hecker M, Morschhäuser J.(PubMed)
(270) Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts and of berberine isolated from Berberis heterophylla by Freile ML1, Giannini F, Pucci G, Sturniolo A, Rodero L, Pucci O, Balzareti V, Enriz RD.(PubMed)
(271) Berberis aetnensis C. Presl. extracts: antimicrobial properties and interaction with ciprofloxacin. Musumeci R1, Speciale A, Costanzo R, Annino A, Ragusa S, Rapisarda A, Pappalardo MS, Iauk L.(PubMed)
(272) In vitro biological assessment of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine: antioxidants, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-diabetic and anticancer effects. Abd El-Wahab AE, Ghareeb DA1, Sarhan EE, Abu-Serie MM, El Demellawy MA.(PubMed)
(273) Inhibition of biofilm formation and lipase in Candida albicans by culture filtrate of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Bhattacharyya S1, Gupta P2, Banerjee G2, Jain A2, Singh M2.(PubMed)
(274) Differential Candida albicans lipase gene expression during alimentary tract colonization and infection. Schofield DA1, Westwater C, Warner T, Balish E.(PubMed)
(275) Medicinal Plants in Australia Volume 4: An Antipodean Apothecary
(276) Ellagitannin(Wikipedia)
(2377) Oil of clover(Wikipedia)
(278) Anti-virulence potential of eugenyl acetate against pathogenic bacteria of medical importance by Musthafa KS1, Voravuthikunchai SP.(PubMed)
(279) Immunomodulatory activity of geranial, geranial acetate, gingerol, and eugenol essential oils: evidence for humoral and cell-mediated responses. Farhath S1, Vijaya P1, Vimal M2.(PubMed)
(280) Investigations into the antibacterial activities of phytotherapeutics against Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni by Cwikla C¹, Schmidt K, Matthias A, Bone KM, Lehmann R, Tiralongo E.(PubMed)

(281) Protective effects of goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through inhibition of CYP2E1 in ratsby Yamaura K¹, Shimada M, Nakayama N, Ueno K.(PubMed)

(282) In vitro antifungal activity of the berberine and its synergism with fluconazole by Iwazaki RS¹, Endo EH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, Garcia LB, Filho BP.(PubMed)

(283) Synthesis of 13-(substituted benzyl) berberine and berberrubine derivatives as antifungal agentsby Park KD¹, Lee JH, Kim SH, Kang TH, Moon JS, Kim SU.(PubMed)

(284) Molecular mechanisms of action of herbal antifungal alkaloid berberine, in Candida albicansby Dhamgaye S¹, Devaux F², Vandeputte P³, Khandelwal NK⁴, Sanglard D³, Mukhopadhyay G⁵, Prasad R⁴.(PubMed)

(285) Effect of two monoterpene phenols on antioxidant defense system in Candida albicansby Khan A¹, Ahmad A², Ahmad Khan L³, Padoa CJ⁴, van Vuuren S⁵, Manzoor N⁶.(PubMed)

(286) Fungicidal activity of thymol and carvacrol by disrupting ergosterol biosynthesis and membrane integrity against Candidaby Ahmad A¹, Khan A, Akhtar F, Yousuf S, Xess I, Khan LA, Manzoor N.(PubMed)

(287) Gastroprotective, cytoprotective and antioxidant effects of Oleum cinnamomi on ethanol induced damageby Ozbayer C¹, Kurt H, Ozdemir Z, Tuncel T, Moheb Saadat S, Burukoglu D, Senturk H, Degirmenci I, Gunes HV.(PubMed)

(288) Cinnamon may have therapeutic benefits on lipid profile, liver enzymes, insulin resistance, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patientsby Askari F¹, Rashidkhani B², Hekmatdoost A³.(PubMed)

(289) Regular ingestion of cinnamomi cortex pulveratus offers gastroprotective activity in miceby Tankam JM¹, Sawada Y, Ito M.(PubMed)

(290) An overview on chemical composition, bioactivity and processing of leaves of Cinnamomum tamalaby Sharma V¹, Rao LJ.(PubMed)

(291) Antimicrobial activities of commercial essential oils and their components against food-borne pathogens and food spoilage bacteriaby Mith H¹, Duré R², Delcenserie V², Zhiri A³, Daube G², Clinquart A².(PubMed)

(292) The antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Guatemalan medicinal plantsby Miller AB¹, Cates RG, Lawrence M, Soria JA, Espinoza LV, Martinez JV, Arbizú DA.(PubMed)

(293) Anticandidal efficacy of cinnamon oil against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosisby Pires RH¹, Montanari LB, Martins CH, Zaia JE, Almeida AM, Matsumoto MT, Mendes-Giannini MJ.(PubMed)

(294) Properties and Uses for Herbs and Spices

(295) Fumigant activity of (E)-anethole identified in Illicium verum fruit against Blattella germanica by Chang KS¹, Ahn YJ.(PubMed)

(296) Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides, carvacrol and thymol against oral pathogensby Botelho MA¹, Nogueira NA, Bastos GM, Fonseca SG, Lemos TL, Matos FJ, Montenegro D, Heukelbach J, Rao VS, Brito GA.(PubMed)

(297) Hydrolates from lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) - their chemical composition as well as aromatic, antimicrobial and antioxidant propertiesby Prusinowska R¹, Śmigielski K, Stobiecka A, Kunicka-Styczyńska A.(PubMed)

(298) Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic contents of oregano (Origanum vulgare), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) from Romaniaby Spiridon I¹, Colceru S, Anghel N, Teaca CA, Bodirlau R, Armatu A.(PubMed)

(299) Lavender essential oil inhalation suppresses allergic airway inflammation and mucous cell hyperplasia in a murine model of asthmaby Ueno-Iio T¹, Shibakura M², Yokota K¹, Aoe M¹, Hyoda T¹, Shinohata R¹, Kanehiro A³, Tanimoto M³, Kataoka M¹.(PubMed)

(300) Lavandula luisieri essential oil as a source of antifungal drugsby Zuzarte M¹, Gonçalves MJ, Cruz MT, Cavaleiro C, Canhoto J, Vaz S, Pinto E, Salgueiro L.(PubMed)

(301) Antifungal activity of phenolic-rich Lavandula multifida L. essential oil by Zuzarte M¹, Vale-Silva L, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Vaz S, Canhoto J, Pinto E, Salgueiro L.(PubMed)
(302) Hypnotic activities of chamomile and passiflora extracts in sleep-disturbed ratsby Shinomiya K¹, Inoue T, Utsu Y, Tokunaga S, Masuoka T, Ohmori A, Kamei C.(PubMed)
(303) Antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) decoction extract in ratsby Sebai H¹, Jabri MA², Souli A³, Rtibi K³, Selmi S³, Tebourbi O⁴, El-Benna J⁵, Sakly M⁴.
(PubMed)
(304) Induction of heme oxygenase-1 by chamomile protects murine macrophages against oxidative stressby Bhaskaran N¹, Shukla S, Kanwal R, Srivastava JK, Gupta S.(PubMed)

(305) Study of antimicrobial activity of chamomile oilby Aggag ME, Yousef RT.(PubMed)

(306) Phenolic acids profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of chamomile, common yarrow and immortelle (Asteraceae)by Mekinić IG, Skroza D, Ljubenkov I, Krstulović L, Možina SS, Katalinić V.(PubMed)

(307) A novel colorimetric broth microdilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics and essential oils against Helicobacter pyloriby Weseler A¹, Geiss HK, Saller R, Reichling J.(PubMed)

(308) All-natural composite wound dressing films of essential oils encapsulated in sodium alginate with antimicrobial propertiesby Liakos I¹, Rizzello L², Scurr DJ³, Pompa PP², Bayer IS⁴, Athanassiou A⁵.(PubMed)