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By Kyle J. Norton Health article writer and
researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written
and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles,
article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the
karate GB daily, etc.,.
Named TOP 50 MEDICAL ESSAYS FOR ARTISTS & AUTHORS TO READ by
Disilgold.com Named 50 of the best health Tweeters Canada - Huffington
Post
Nominated for shorty award over last 4 years
Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as
international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia,
and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is
the loss of mental ability that is severe enough to interfere with
people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of
dementia in aging people. American typical diet contains high amount of
saturated and trans fat, artificial ingredients with less fruits and
vegetable which can lead to dementia and other kind of diseases.
VI. Treatments
Depending to the causes of disease, most medication are to control the symptoms
E. Subdural hematoma is the accumulation of blood beneath the outer
covering of the brain resulted from the rupture of blood
vessel(545)(546). Subdural hemorrhages may cause an increase
intracranial pressure(545), which can cause compression of and damage
to delicate brain tissue(547). Acute subdural hematoma has a high
mortality rate(546). The diseases are most prevalent among elderly
individuals(544).
E.2. Treatments of Subdural hematoma
1. Emergency treatment
An acute subdural hematoma (SDH) is a rapidly clotting blood
collection(548) below the inner layer of the dura but external to the
brain and arachnoid membrane(549). Two further stages, subacute and
chronic, may develop with untreated acute subdural hematoma (SDH)(549).
There is always important to maintain survival of the patient with acute
subdural hematomas(550)(551) because of its an unfavorable outcome in
the majority of cases(551). Emergency treatment is necessary to reduce
pressure and allow blood to drain by drilling a small hole in the
skull and inserting a temporary small catheter through a hole drilled
through the skull and sucking out the hematoma(552)(564). Although
hematoma resolution has been reported, it cannot be reliably predicted,
and no medical therapy has been shown to be effective in expediting
the resolution of acute or chronic subdural hematomas(552)(553).
2. Medication
Inn case of chronic subdural hematomas, Mannitol may be used to reduce
intracranial pressure (ICP)(554)(555) as it produced a significant
reduction in ICP and improved cerebral perfusion pressure(556).
a. Corticosteroids for brain oedema
Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid or corticosteroid drug(557). Researchers found that Methylprednisolone can effectively reduce myelin changes(559) accompanying brain oedema(558) induced by blood-brain barrier opening with an osmotic insult(559).
b. Anticonvulsants for patient with seizures
In some cases, patients with chronic subdural haematoma may be treated with anticonvulsants for seizures prevention(560). The medicine has shown to reduce risk of seizures(562) to none and 1.8% in 73 patients given prophylactic antiepileptic drug treatment in Tokyo Medical and Dental University study(561) and Beilinson Medical Center(562) studies, respectively.
c. Rifampicin for bacterial infection
Rifampicin is a
naturally made, non-peptide antibiotic(563). It is bactericidal,
killing agent by disabling the protein expression system universally
conserved by all bacterial infection(567), but it can induce thrombocytopenia(565)(566) in acute subdural hematoma treatment.
3. Surgery
Large or symptomatic hematomas require a craniotomy, as a bone flap is
temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain for removal of
blood clot with suction or irrigation(568). According University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, the use of a drain after burr-hole drainage of chronic subdural haematoma
and minimized the incidence of significant recollection(570) is safe
and associated with reduced recurrence and mortality at 6 months(569).
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References
(544) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25224156
(545) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24313607
(546) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139303
(546) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25367584
(547) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24049555
(548) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784316
(549) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/828005-overview
(550) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25142860
(551) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19570326
(552) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23066609
(553) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1137207-treatment
(554) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4817809
(555) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12020522
(556) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7936130
(557) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylprednisolone
(558) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782554
(559) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22286794
(560) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744552
(561) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8229039
(562) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213276
(563) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifampicin
(564) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19782872
(565) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960218
(566) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827562
(567) http://ijpr.sbmu.ac.ir/?_action=articleInfo&article=1112
(568) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniotomy
(569) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19960218
(570) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14565521
Reprinted from Norton Journal, Volume I, Most Common Diseases of Ages of
50 Plus - Chapter of Diseases of Central Nervous system(CNS): Dementia -
Treatments by Kyle J. Norton
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