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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Diseases of Central Nervous system
Dementia
About 5-8% of all people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia, and this number doubles every five years above that age. Dementia is the loss of mental ability, severe enough to interfere with people's every life and Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia in aging people.
II. Causes of dementia
B. Free radical causes of dementia
B.2. Parkinson's disease
1. Free radicals and Parkinson's disease
Patients with Parkinson's disease have low levels of polyunsaturated fat in the substania nigra(44)(45) than other part of the brain, but higher levels of lipid peroxidation indicated by plasma malonaldehyde (44). Also patients with the disease found to contain waste pigments of lipofusion(46) and other polymers in the neurons(47) where dopamine is most active.
2. Aging and Parkinson's disease
According to Julius-Maximilians-University, physiological aging and OS-dependent aggregation of proteins, accompanied with environment toxins(49) are found to associated to the progression of the disease(48).
3. Antioxidants and Parkinson's disease
Antioxidants play an vital role for patients with Parkinson's disease.
a. Superoxide dismutase
The progression of the disease may be associated with the decrease levels of superoxide dismutase, a antioxidant enzyme(50). According to University of Thessaloniki, Patients with advanced Parkinson' diseases showed a statistically significant decrease of SOD activity in whole blood and in red blood cells(51).
b. NADH ubiquinone reductase
Levels of NADH ubiquinone reductase is decreased in the substania nigra(52) in patients with PD, leading to neurons apoptosis, but this can be treated with antioxidants Acetyl-L-carnitine (53) and alpha lipoic acid(54).
c. Uric acid
People with a high blood level of the natural antioxidant uric acid have a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease(55) than do people with lower levels(56), but high levels of uric acid increases the risk of kidney diseases(57) and gout(58).
d. Glutathione
Glutathoine showed to deactivate the harmful product HNE in lipid peroxidation(59).
f. Etc.
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References
(44) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437768/
(45) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378427411014500
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2771203
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2690110
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12375056
(49) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24826210
(50) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18243716
(51) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9238339
(52) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23357119
(53) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24023579
(54) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21958946
(55) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22490478
(56) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18618666
(57) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588856
(58) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407889
(59) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22945591
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