Health article writer and researcher; Over 10.000 articles and research papers have been written and published on line, including world wide health, ezine articles, article base, healthblogs, selfgrowth, best before it's news, the karate GB daily, etc.,.
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Some articles have been used as references in medical research, such as international journal Pharma and Bio science, ISSN 0975-6299.
Premenstrual syndrome is defined as faulty function of the ovaries related to the women's menstrual cycle, effected over 70% to 90% of women in the US and lesser for women in Southeast Asia because of difference in living style and social structure. The syndrome also interferes women's physical and emotional states, and daily activities as a result of hormone fluctuation and occurs one to two weeks before menstruation and then declines when the period starts.
Types of premenstrual syndrome
1. Anxiety
Anxiety is a common symptoms for women with PMS, caused by hormone imbalance between estrogen and progesterone(1). Most women with PMS is found to very high levels of estrogen and low levels of progesterone(4) before menstruation. Withdrawal from chronic exposure to the female sex steroid progesterone (P) may also contribute to the occurrence of PMS anxiety(2).
2. Craving
Some women with PMS may experience the symptom of food craving, caused by abnormal liver function in carbohydrate synthesis due to dietary habits(6) and abnormal levels of serotonin(10) cause of food intake, leading to carbohydrate craving(8). Other theory suggest when a woman under stress before period, she may grasp for everything which makes her feel more comfortable(7).
3. Hyperhydration(11)
Breast tenderness and water retention(12) are always a problem for some women with PMS. Breast tenderness is caused by over production of prolactin of abnormal function of pituitary gland(13). Water retention is either caused by over production of prolactin induced of renal sodium and potassium excretion(16) or abnormal function of lymphatic function(14)(15).
4. Depression
Researchers found that women with symptom of depression always have unbalance levels of estrogen(3) and progesterone as resulting of liver abnormal function of fat and protein metabolism(5). This unbalance induced nervous tension resulting in increasing nervous disorder including depression(3).
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References
(1) Estrogen and/or progesterone administered systemically or to the amygdala can have anxiety-, fear-, and pain-reducing effects in ovariectomized rats by Frye CA1, Walf AA.(PubMed)
(2) Progesterone withdrawal decreases latency to and increases duration of electrified prod burial: a possible rat model of PMS anxiety by Gallo MA1, Smith SS.(PubMed)
(3) A review and update of mechanisms of estrogen in the hippocampus and amygdala for anxiety and depression behavior by Walf AA1, Frye CA.(PubMed)
(4) Progesterone facilitates exploration, affective and social behaviors among wildtype, but not 5α-reductase Type 1 mutant, mice by Koonce CJ1, Frye CA.(PubMed)
(5) Dynamic changes in serum estradiol and progesterone levels in patients of premenstrual syndrome with adverse flow of liver-qi by Qiao M1, Zhang H, Yu Y, Ci Y, Xu X, Ye Q, Chen Y.(PubMed)
(6) Premenstrual syndrome and associated symptoms in adolescent girls by Derman O1, Kanbur NO, Tokur TE, Kutluk T.(PubMed)
(7) Brain serotonin, carbohydrate-craving, obesity and depression by Wurtman RJ1, Wurtman JJ.(PubMed)
(8) Carbohydrate craving. Relationship between carbohydrate intake and disorders of mood by Wurtman JJ.(PubMed)
(9) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome by Marjoribanks J1, Brown J, O'Brien PM, Wyatt K.(PubMed)
(10) Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in perimenopausal women by Chung SH1, Kim TH1, Lee HH1, Lee A1, Jeon DS1, Park J1, Kim Y2.(PubMed)
(11) Treatment of premenstrual syndrome with a phytopharmaceutical formulation containing Vitex agnus castus by Loch EG1, Selle H, Boblitz N.(PubMed)
(12) Effect of an oral contraceptive containing 30 microg ethinylestradiol plus 3 mg drospirenone on body composition of young women affected by premenstrual syndrome with symptoms of water retention.by Fruzzetti F1, Lazzarini V, Ricci C, Quirici B, Gambacciani M, Paoletti AM, Genazzani AR.(PubMed)
(13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary_gland(wikipedia)
(14) [Regulation of the interstitial fluid volume]. [Article in Japanese] by Kawahara K1, Yasuoka Y, Kawada H.(PubMed)
(15) Impairment of lymphatic function in women with gynoid adiposity and swelling syndrome by L'Hermitte F1, Behar A, Pariès J, Cohen-Boulakia F, Attali JR, Valensi P.(PubMed)
(16) Indirect evidence to suggest that prolactin induces salt retention in cirrhosis by Soupart A1, Buisson L, Prospert F, Decaux G.(PubMed)
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