By Kyle J. Norton
The widespread of incidence of asthma over large 20 years in South East
Asian population, specially in children and aging group has caused some
concerns to the government and scientific community. It may be due to
over intake in artificial ingredients, polluted environment as well as
intake foods triggering the inflammatory allergens.
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin,
consisting eight different variants (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and
delta-tocopherol and alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocotrienol) with
varying levels of biological activity(2), found abundantly in corn
oil, soybean oil, margarine, wheat germ oil, sunflower,safflower oils,
etc. plays an important role in neurological functions and inhibition
of platelet aggregation, regulation of enzymatic activity, free radical
scavenger, etc..
General consensus suggestion of increased dietary vitamin E intake is associated with a reduced incidence of asthma,
due its antioxidant status, but epidemiological studies, linking
vitamin E in reduced risk and treatment of asthma have not been
conclusive(a)(b)(c)(d)(e).
1. Serum levels of vitamin E
Serum levels of vitamin in asthmatic patients may be correlated to the
occurrence of the diseases. The University of Tampere study of five
European rural settings with Children of 1133 mothers recruited during
pregnancy, showed no associated of with allergies or asthma
by 6 years of age regardless the concentration of vitamin E(1). and the
study of the Yamaguchi University, also indicated no correlation of
levels of vitamin E and asthma in the a total of Of 2796 students
attending schools in Shunan, Japan, in 2006.(1a). The University of
Medical Sciences study indicated other wise as treatment of fluticasone
and vitamin E (50mg/day) showed an significantly increased of Serum level of Vitamin
E, with improved FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio(2). The study of acute
asthmatic attack in children, showed a high degree of reactive oxygen
species formation causing considerable oxidative stress with the high
level of oxidants Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and low level of
antioxidants(vitamin C, vitamin E and uric acid)(3). Researchers at the Oslo University Hospital, in the study of children of 7-12 yr with asthma (n = 50) and no asthma (controls) (n = 52)indicated that schoolchildren with asthma and rhinitis had reduced levels of the major serum antioxidant albumin, and poorly controlled asthma was associated with decreased vitamin E and transferrin levels(4).
2. The effects
The Northwestern University study indicated the opposing regulatory
effects as allergic inflammation is inhibited by supplementation with
the purified natural vitamin E isoform α-tocopherol but elevated by the isoform γ-tocopherol
when administered at physiological tissue concentrations(5)(6). But
according to University of North Carolina School of Medicine, γ-tocopherol
(GT) significantly decreased (p < 0.05) internalization of attached
zymosan bioparticles and macrophage expression of CD206, CD36 and CD86
in allergic asthmatics through downregulation of both innate and
adaptive immune response elements, and atopic status(7). The
composition containing 623 mg of gamma-tocopherol, 61.1 mg of d-alpha-tocopherol, 11.1 mg of d-beta-tocopherol (11.1 mg), and 231 mg of d-sigma-tocopherol capsule in Phase I human dosing study showed the decreased systemic oxidative stress, increased serum levels of gamma-tocopherol,
and inhibited monocyte responses to LPS without any adverse health
effects(8). IOvalbumin (OVA)-sensitized Brown Norway rats, treatment
of gamma-tocopherol (gammaT), inhibited the pathogenesis of both AR and asthma inflammatory pathways(9). Suggestion of oxidant stress and diminished antioxidant defenses may be a cause of asthmatic disease(10) and uncontrolled asthma and severe asthma
pattern have impaired antioxidant defenses and are thus most
susceptible to the damaging effects of oxidative stress(11). 1500 IU of
natural-source d-α-tocopheryl acetate daily for at least 16 weeks in
volunteered asthmatic patient, showed to inhibited oxidant stress,
through modulation of allergic inflammation and airway
hyperresponsiveness in human atopic asthmatics in vivo(12).
Taken altogether, Aγ-tocopherol,
a variant of vitamin E, may be effective in reduced risk and treatment
of asthmatic disorder, but further large sample and in multi centers
studies are necessary to validate it claims. Over doses of vitamin E
supplement can cause symptoms of blurred vision, weakness, dizziness,
nausea, diarrhea, etc., please make sure you follow the guideline of
the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
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References
(a) Vitamin E supplements in asthma: a parallel group randomised placebo controlled trial by Pearson PJ1, Lewis SA, Britton J, Fogarty A(PubMed)
(b) Effects of vitamin E on mitochondrial dysfunction and asthma features in an experimental allergic murine model by Mabalirajan U1, Aich J, Leishangthem GD, Sharma SK, Dinda AK, Ghosh B.(PubMed)
(c) Diet and asthma: vitamins and methyl donors by Han YY1, Blatter J1, Brehm JM1, Forno E1, Litonjua AA2, Celedón JC3.(PubMed)
(d) Asthma, allergy, and responses to methyl donor supplements and nutrients by Sharma S1, Litonjua A(PubMed)
(e) Vitamin e supplementation, lung functions and clinical manifestations in children with moderate asthma: a randomized double blind placebo- controlled trial by Ghaffari J1, Farid Hossiani R, Khalilian A, Nahanmoghadam N, Salehifar E, Rafatpanah H.(PubMed)
(1) Serum vitamin E concentrations at 1 year and risk of atopy, atopic dermatitis, wheezing, and asthma in childhood: the PASTURE study by Nwaru BI1,
Virtanen SM, Alfthan G, Karvonen AM, Genuneit J, Lauener RP, Dalphin
JC, Hyvärinen A, Pfefferle P, Riedler J, Weber J, Roduit C, Kaulek V,
Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E, Pekkanen J; PASTURE study group.(PubMed)
(1a) Association of serum carotenoids and tocopherols with atopic diseases in Japanese children and adolescents by Okuda M1, Bando N, Terao J, Sasaki S, Sugiyama S, Kunitsugu I, Hobara T.(PubMed)
(2) Vitamin e supplementation, lung functions and clinical manifestations in children with moderate asthma: a randomized double blind placebo- controlled trial by Ghaffari J1, Farid Hossiani R, Khalilian A, Nahanmoghadam N, Salehifar E, Rafatpanah H.(PubMed)
(3) Antioxidant status in acute asthmatic attack in children by Al-Abdulla NO1, Al Naama LM, Hassan MK.(PubMed)
(4) Altered oxidative state in schoolchildren with asthma and allergic rhinitis by Bakkeheim E1, Mowinckel P, Carlsen KH, Burney P, Carlsen KC.(PubMed)
(5) Vitamin E isoforms as modulators of lung inflammation by Abdala-Valencia H1, Berdnikovs S, Cook-Mills JM.(PubMed)
(6) Two faces of vitamin E in the lung by Cook-Mills JM1, Abdala-Valencia H, Hartert T.(PubMed)
(7) Effects of ex vivo γ-tocopherol on airway macrophage function in healthy and mild allergic asthmatics by Geiser M1, Lay JC, Bennett WD, Zhou H, Wang X, Peden DB, Alexis NE.(PubMed)
(8) In vivo gamma-tocopherol
supplementation decreases systemic oxidative stress and cytokine
responses of human monocytes in normal and asthmatic subjects by Wiser J1, Alexis NE, Jiang Q, Wu W, Robinette C, Roubey R, Peden DB.(PubMed)
(9) Gamma-tocopherol prevents airway eosinophilia and mucous cell hyperplasia in experimentally induced allergic rhinitis and asthma by Wagner JG1, Jiang Q, Harkema JR, Ames BN, Illek B, Roubey RA, Peden DB.(PubMed)
(10) Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi asthmatic patients by Al-Afaleg NO1, Al-Senaidy A, El-Ansary A.(PubMed)
(11) Reduced circulating antioxidant defences are associated with airway
hyper-responsiveness, poor control and severe disease pattern in asthma by Wood LG1, Gibson PG.(PubMed)
(12) Natural-source d-α-tocopheryl acetate inhibits oxidant stress and modulates atopic asthma in humans in vivo by Hoskins A1, Roberts JL 2nd, Milne G, Choi L, Dworski R.(PubMed)
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