By Kyle J. Norton
Epidemiological studies. linking herbal medicine in reduced risk of
breast cancer have produced inconstant results. It may be caused by
agendas of the originated sources, length of time or following guide
lines loosely. Breast cancer widespread in women in Southeast Asian as a
result of over 2 decades of economic prosperity has caused major
concerns in the governments and scientific communities. Emerged
suggestions in searching effective treatments in herbal medicine are
ongoing, but discover an effective prevention and treatment with little
or no side effects has proven difficult. According to statistic, one in
8 women will be diagnosed to carry some breast cancer tissues sometimes
in their life time. Detections of tumor genesis through self
observation are still the best approach to cure breast cancer in early
stage but reduction of the mortality has not been accounted even with
extensively modern technology in the field of diagnosis as well as
insurance protection in Western world, needless to say of counties which
have little.
Breast cancer (malignant breast neoplasm) is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the breast either from the inner lining of milk ducts (Ductal carcinoma) or the lobules (Lobular carcinoma) that supply the ducts with milk. there is also rare cases that breast cancer starts in other areas of the breast.
1. Anise
Anise is a flowering plant of the species of Pimpinella anisum,
genus Pimpinella, belonging to the family Apiaceae native to to Egypt
and the Mediterranean region. The popular herb has been used in
traditional herbal medicine as fragrance in soaps, oils, and mouth
fresheners and stomachic, anti-septic, anti-spasmodic, carminative,
digestive, expectorant, stimulant and tonic agent and to treat
head-lice, mites, increase blood pressure, prevent formation of gas
in the gastrointestinal tract and menstrual cramps, etc.
Anethole, a major chemical compound in Anise, in MTT and colony
formation assays, showed to exhibit anti ER+ and ER breast
cancer through suppression of cell survival to cell proliferation and
induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 at an optimal
concentration of 1 × 10(-3)M by activating immune response in tumor
inhibition(1). Epoxypseudoisoeugenol-2-methyl butyrate isolated from Pimpinella
corymbosa, inhibited the proliferation of both MCF-7 and BT-549
cells by blocking NF-kappaB(in inflammation, immunity, cell
proliferation and apoptosis) transcriptional activity through induced
cell cycle arrest in G(1)/G(0)(Cell cycle) phase and apoptosis(2). Also
in the study of selective estrogen receptor modulators or SERMs, Pimpinella anisum in a series of in vitro, exhibited antiestrogenic effect on breast cancer cells of MCF-7(3).
2. Burdock
Burdock is plant in the group of biennial thistles, genus Arctium, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to the Euro. It has been used over thousand of years in China and other traditional herbal medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and a blood purifying agent and to treat wounds and infections stomach ulcers and other digestive problems.
Lignin, a
chemical constituent in burdock inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell growth by
inducing apoptosis through the cell cycle and cell proliferation
(ROS/p38 MAPK) pathway and up regulation of (regulator proteins that
regulate cell death) Bcl-2 by enhancing antibody antigens(4). Also, in
Arctiin in Burdock inhibited the growth of breast caner cells through
down-regulation of cell cycle progression cyclin D1 protein
expression(5). Actiin metabolites found in Burdock in the study by the
Fourth Military Medical University, in China, showed an
inhibited activity on estradiol-mediated proliferation of MCF-7 cells at
a concentration of 10 microM(6).
3. Cascara sagrada
Cascara sagrada is a species of buckthorn, genus Rhamnus,
belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, native to western North America,
it's bark has been used in traditional medicine for gastrointestinal
support. and it is thought to have a laxative and natural cleansing, etc..
Emodin, a chemical compound in Cascara sagrada,
showed to reverse the multi-drug resistance in MCF-7/Adr cells
and down-regulate ERCC1(the repair of DNA) protein expression(7) and
suppress the proliferation of BCap-37 cells, through the decreased
Bcl-2 level(regulate cell death), or induced apoptosis of breast cancer
cells by increased expression Bax(involved in p53-mediated apoptosis)
and cytosolic(liquid found inside cells) cytochrome c(Protein in the
inner membrane of mitochondrial)), on a concentration-and time-dependent
manner(8), or through disruption (Bad translocation) of the
mitochondrial signaling pathway in BCap-37 cells(9).
4. Turmeric
Turmeric is a perennial plant in the genus Curcuma, belonging to
the family Zingiberaceae, native to tropical South Asia. The herb has
been used in traditional medicine as anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic,
colorant, antiseptic, wound healing agent, and to treat flatulence,
bloating, and appetite loss, ulcers, eczema, inflammations, etc.
Curcumin a common spice and the well-known chemopreventive agent in
Turmeric, inhibited the level of telomerase gene expression(produces
vulnerability of cancer cells) in breast cells treated(10). Its
synthetic version, an ortho-hydroxy substituted analog of curcumin
(BDMC-A) inhibited MCF-7 at a dose equivalent to that of curcumin (30μM)
on the modulation of selective anti tumorenegtic markers (intrinsic
pathway: p53, Bcl-2, Bax, cyt c, Apaf-1, caspase-9, 3, PARP; extrinsic
pathway: FasL, caspase 8) and ROS (reactive oxygen
species) mediation(11). In MDA-MB-231 and BT-483 breast cancer
cells, curcumin exhibited the anti-proliferation effect, through
lowering the expression of cyclin D1(involved in regulating cell cycle
progression) and MMP1 mRNA(involved in the breakdown of extracellular
matrix in normal physiological processes and disease processes)(12).
5. Basil
Basil is a species of Ocimum basilicumm, belonging to the family
Lamiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat cold and
flu, coughing, calming the stomach, headache, etc..
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions (HB and HL) in Basil, exhibited anti tumor
growth by decreased in basement membrane disintegration, angiogenesis
and MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities in in multiple stages of cancer
progression(13).Aqueous OG leaf extract in other study, inhibited
proliferation, migration, anchorage independent growth, 3D growth and
morphogenesis(the biological process of breast cancer) and induction of
COX-2 protein(overexpression in breast cancer cells results in increased cell motility and invasion) in breast cancer cells(14).
6. Green Tea
Green tea contains more amount of antioxidants than any drinks or food
with the same volume, and is the leaves of Camellia sinensis,
undergone minimal oxidation during processing, originated from China.
Green tea has been a precious drink in traditional Chinese culture and
used exceptional in socialization for more than 4000 thousand years.
Because of their health benefits, they have been cultivated for
commercial purposes all over the world.
Mushoom G. lucidum extract (GLE) has been used for the promotion of health, longevity and treatment of cancer. Combination of green tea
(GTE) enhanced the effect of G. lucidum extract (GLE) in anti breast
cancer cells proliferation (anchorage-dependent growth) through the
down-regulation of expression of oncogene c-myc (frequently altered in human cancers) in MDA-MB-231 cells(15). In green tea
polyphenols (GTPs), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) induced
apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of metastasis in tumor
cells(16). Unfortunately, in the study of Green tea consumption and breast caner risk in Japanese women, showed that a green tea consumption is not associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer(17).
7. Red clover
Red Clover is a short-lived perennial plant, in the genus Trifolium, belonging to the family Fabaceae, native to to
Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa. The herb has been used in
traditional medicine as diuretic and liver cleansing agent and to treat
cancer, whooping cough, respiratory problems, and skin inflammations,
etc.
Formononetin, a major compound in Red clover, inactivated
IGF1/IGF1R-PI3K/Akt (tumorenegtic) pathways and decreased cyclin D1
mRNA(regulating cell cycle progression) and protein expression in human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo(18) and through Ras inhibited p38MAPK pathway(19). Unfortunately, in the study of Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer, suggest that red clover may not possess breast cancer-promoting effects(20).
8. Black cohosh
Black cohosh (known as both Actaea racemosa and Cimicifuga racemosa), a
member of is a perennial plant, belonging to the family buttercup,
native to North America. The herb has been used in herbal medicine to
treat symptoms of menopause, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), painful
menstruation, acne, osteoporosis, and for starting labor in pregnant
women.
Triterpene glycoside actein from black cohoch showed to inhibit the growth of human breast cancer cells and induced a dose dependent release of calcium into the cytoplasm(fluid protoplasm)
by altering the activity of the ER
IP3(messenger) receptor and Na,K-ATPase(enzyme pumps sodium out of
cells)(21). In Female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with an extract of black cohosh
enriched in triterpene glycosides (27%), showed an inhibition of
fibroadenomas by reduced Ki-67 and cyclin D1 protein expression.(22).
9. Echinacea
Enchinanea also known as purple coneflowers, is a flowering plant of the genus Enchinanea, belonging to the family Asteraceae, native to eastern
and central North America. The herb has been used in traditional and
herbal medicine to treat or prevent colds, flu, infections by
stimulating the immune function, etc..
Cynarine, a chemical compound in Enchinanen affected cell proliferation on HeLa cells and
antiproliferative activity on MCF-7 cells(23).
10. Parsley
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a biennial flowering plant, genus Petroselinum, belonging to the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe. The herb has been used in traditional medicine as diuretic
agent, and to release spasms, reduce inflammation, clear toxins,
enhance the digestion and stimulate uterus, regulate menstrual cycle,
treat edema, etc..
Parley alcoholic seed extract (PSA) and seed oil (PSO) of Petroselinum
sativum significantly reduced cell viability, and altered the cellular
morphology of MCF-7 cells in a concentration dependent manner(24).
Carnosol found in parsley, and others herbs such as rosemary, sage, targeted multiple deregulated pathways associated with inflammation and cancer(25).
11. Rosemary
Rosemary is a perennial
herb with fragrant, evergreen, needle-like leaves, the genus
Rosmarinus, belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Its fresh and dried
leaves has been used frequently in traditional Mediterranean cuisine
and as flavor foods while barbecuing. Rosemary has been used in
traditional medicine as an antiseptic, antioxidant, and antispasmodic
agent to treat circulatory problem, eczema, rheumatism, muscle pain,
etc.
Carnosic acid isolated from Rosemary, showed to inhibit proliferation of ER-negative human breast cancer cells and induces G1 cell cycle arrest(26). Other in the study of rosemary
extract, carnosol, carnosic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid
suppressed the development of tumors in several organs including
breasts(27). In MDA-MB-231, Rosmarinus officinalis had superior
antiproliferative effect without induced toxicity(28).
12. Peppermint
Peppermint is a hybrid mint with small purple or white flowers
and downy leaves, in the genus Mentha, belonging to the family
Lamiaceae, native to to Europe. The herb has been used in folk medicine
as analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, decongestant, agent and to
relieve gas, nausea, and stomach pain due to an irritable bowel,
intestinal cramps, or indigestion, infecttion, etc.
Dried aqueous extractsform Mentha piperita (ExMp) showed cytotoxicity, against MCF-7 with the least toxicity(29).
13. Thyme
Thyme is a genus of Thymus, belonging to the family Lamiaceae,
native to Europe and North Africa. The herb has been used in flok
nedicine to treat bronchitis, whooping cough, sore throat, colic,
arthritis, upset stomach, stomach pain (gastritis), diarrhea,
bedwetting, etc..
Thyme extract exhibited significant cytotoxicity and apoptosis in breast cancer
cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231)(30)(31). In the study in comparison of
some herbs for their effects in human prostate carcinoma cell (PC-3),
human lung carcinoma (A549) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines, thyme essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity towards the above three human cancer cells(32).
14. Garlic
Garlic (Allium sativum) is a
species in the onion genus, belonging to family Amaryllidaceae, native
to central Asia. It has been used popularly in traditional and Chinese
medicine in treating common cold and flu to the Plague, blood pressure
cholesterol levels, natural antibiotic, etc..
In a case-control study of 345 patients with dietary history
questionnaire consisted of a self-administered food frequency
questionnaire, showed breast cancer risk was shown to decrease as increased consumption of garlic and onions(33). In breast cancer cells MCF-7 and
MCF-7(ras), aged garlic
extract (AGE) and two of its components, S-allylcysteine (SAC), and
S-allyl-mercaptocysteine (SAMC) showed anti-proliferative response due to the alteration in
glutathione(antioxidants) level
without significant concurrent changes in the glutathione metabolizing
enzymes(34). In a breast-cancer cell line
(MCF-7), Diallyl disulphide (DADS), a chemical component in garlic,
induced phosphatidylserine translocation from the inner to the outer
leaflet of the plasma membrane and activates caspase(mechanisms of
apoptosis)-3. DADS also modulated the cellular levels of Bax, Bcl-2,
Bcl-xL,
and Bcl-w (induced apoptosis), in a dose-dependent manner(35).
15. Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba is oldest living
tree species, genus Ginkgo, belonging to the family Ginkgoaceae, native
to China, from temperate zone to subtropical zone and some parts of
north America. It Has been used in traditional herbal medicine in
treating impotence, memory loss, respiratory diseases, circulatory
disorders and deafness as well as preventing drunkenness, and
bedwetting.
Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) used
conjunction with Tamoxifen (TAM) in female Sprague-Dawley (SD)
rats, showed a slightly beneficial effect on the therapeutic efficacy of
TAM in female SD breast cancer bearing rats(36). In the experiment of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) effected against MDA-MB-231 (ER-negative) human breast cancer cell line, showed that cytotoxicity effects of GBE in MDA-MB-231 lead to DNA
fragmentation at high concentrations (500 and 1,000 μg/ml). activated the Caspase-3 and mRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes
(Bcl-2 and Bax)(37). In the study of Antiestrogenic activities of extract of Ginkgo biloba,
showed an reduced E2 levels by stimulating the E2 metabolism and
inhibiting E2 synthesis.(38).
16. Reishi Mushroom
Reishi mushroom or Lingzhi is a fungal species in the genus
Ganoderma, belonging to the family Ganodermataceae, native to Asia. The
herb has been use in traditional medicine as anti-caners and anti
inflammatory, antioxidant agent and to enhance immune function, treat
hepatitis B virus, protect against neuron degeneration, etc..
In Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC), with
overexpress E-cadherin (plays an important role in the growth,
development and the intercellular adhesion of epithelial cells) and the
eukaryotic initiation factor 4GI (eIF4GI)(an essential protein that is the target for translational regulation in many cellular processes), Reishi showed reduced expression of E-cadherin, mTOR(cell proliferation), eIF4G, and p70S6K(cell growth and G1 cell cycle progression) and cell regulation activities(activity of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK1/2))(39). In the study of the same, Reishi showed to inhibited the expression of genes involved in cancer
cell survival and proliferation (BCL-2, TERT, PDGFB) of invasion and
metastasis breast cancer cells(MMP-9)(40). An ethanol-soluble and acidic
component (ESAC) prepared from Reishi reduced the cell viability of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in a
concentration-dependent manner with IC(50) of about 100 μg/mL and 60
μg/mL, respectively through effectively mediated G1 cell cycle arrest and exhibited apoptosis(41).
17. Grape Seed Extract
Grape Seed Extract is the commercial extracts from whole grape seeds that contains many concentrations, including vitamin E, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oligomeric proanthocyanidins(OPCs), etc..The
herb has been used in traditional medicine as antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory agents and to treat skin wounds with less scarring,
allergies, macular degeneration, arthritis, enhance circulation of blood
vessels, lower cholesterol, etc.
In highly metastatic MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell line, grape seed extract
(GSE)showed the effectiveness in cell proliferation and apoptosis
through decreased cell migration and invasion, likely by suppressing the
β-catenin((plays an important role in the growth, development and the
intercellular adhesion of epithelial cells) expression and localization,
fascin(cell motility and migration) and NF-κB((a transcription factor
that has crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation and
apoptosis) expression(42). Proanthocyanidin, other chemical constituent in
grape seeds, showed to suppress precancerous cellular carcinogenesis
through down regulated gene expression of cytochrome-P450 enzymes CYP1A1
and CYP1B1(carcinogenic intermediates)(43). In breast cancer cell MCF-7, Grape seed extract
inhibited the proliferation and downregulated the gene expression of
survivin(baculoviral inhibitor)through through arresting the cell cycle
in S phase((synthesis phase for DNA reduplication))(44)
18. Dandelion
Dandelion is a herbaceous
perennial plant, genus Taraxacum, beloning to the family Asteraceae,
native to temperate regions of the world. It has been used in
traditional and herbal medicine to treat gout, eczema, acne, gall
bladder, kidney, liver and urinary disorders, hypoglycemia, dyspepsia
with constipation, edema, blood pressure and heart weakness, chronic
joint, skin diseases, etc.
Aqueous extracts extracts (DRE), from
the mature leaves, flowers and roots of dandelion were investigated for
the effects in tumor progression in related processes such as
proliferation and invasion, only the crude extract of dandelion leaf (DLE) showed to decrease the growth of MCF-7/AZ breast cancer
cells in an ERK(transmits signals from many extracellular agents to
regulate cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation and
cell cycle progression)(45)-dependent manner(46).
19. Ginseng
Ginseng is a slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, the genus
Panax, belonging to the family Araliaceae. Depending to the climate
where it grows, ginseng can be classified mainly into Panax ginseng
Asian ginseng (root), Red ginseng, wild ginseng, American ginseng
(root).
The investigation of Ginseng effects in a cohort of 1,455 breast cancer patients recruited to the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study between August 1996 and March 1998 in Shanghai, China showed that Ginseng use after cancer
diagnosis, particularly current use, improved quality of life and
reduced risk of death(47). In breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells,
Korean red ginseng (KRG) extracts
activated the ERα and ERβ (Estrogen receptor alpha and Beta) through
regulating the mRNA levels of estrogen-responsive genes such as pS2 and
ESR1 to decreased the protein level of ERα. Also Ginsenoside from Panax notoginseng decreased the survival of breast cancer cells by induction of apoptosis and G1(cell cycle) phase arrest and inhibited the growth of breast cancer xenografts(a graft obtained from breast cancer cells
of one species and transplanted to a member of another species) in
vivo(49) and inhibited MDM2(an oncoprotein that controls tumorigenesis)
expression at both transcriptional(gene expression at the RNA) and post-translational levels in human breast cancer cells with various p53(cellular tumor antigen) statuses(49).
20. Hawthorn
Hawthorn is a shrubs and trees
of the genus Crataegus, belonging to the family Rosaceae, native to
temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North
America. The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat heart
disease and symptoms of heart diseases such as irregular heartbeat,
high blood pressure, chest pain, hardening of the arteries, etc.,
circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses.
In in human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells, peel polyphenolic extract (HPP) and flesh polyphenolic extract (HFP) from hawthorn
fruit although HPP was more effective against MCF-7 cells than HFP,
both HPP and HFP interfereed the cell-cycle arrest at the S-phase, and
also dose-dependently led to apoptosis of MCF-7 cells via the
mitochondrial pathway(inner mitochondrial membrane), by
the mechanism of apoptosis of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and the elevation
of intracellular ROS(reactive oxygen species) production(50).
21. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra)
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) is
also known as sweetwood, a genus Glycyrrhiza, belonging to the
family Fabaceae, native to the Mediterranean and certain areas of Asia.
The herb has been used in traditional medicine to treat skin
diseases, coughs, constipation, bronchitis, inflammation, arthritis,
etc..
Isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid phytoestrogen from licorice,
induced growth inhibition and apoptosis through downregulating multiple
key enzymes in AA metabolic network(inflammatory mediators) and the
deactivation of anti-apoptosis and increased cell
proliferation(PI3K/Akt) in human breast cancer(51). Licochalcone E (LicE), other phenolic constituent of licorice,
in MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited cell migration and invasion
and downregulated the expression of proliferative and anti apoptotic
pathways and unregulated secretion of cell proliferation inhibitor(52).
Ethanol extract of roasted licorice (rLE) found to be effective in inhibition of breast cancer-mediated
bone destruction by suppressing receptor activator of nuclear factor
κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation in BMMs(bone
marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs)(53).
22, Oregano
Oregano is a perennial herb with aromatic and balsamic flavor, of the genus Origanum in the family Lamiaceae, native to western and southwestern Eurasia and the Mediterranean.
The herb has been used in traditional medicine as anti-bacterial,
anti-fungal, and anti-viral agent and to treat skin burns, cuts and
bruises, sore throat, asthma, colds, coughs and flu, etc.
Carvacrol, a chemical constituent in Oregano showed the anti-tumor effects on human metastatic breast cancer cells, MDA-MB 231 through down regulated the function of mitochondrial membrane potential of the cells(54). In breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231, Origanum acutidens (OA) extracts showed cytotoxicity on all 3 cancer
cell lines through expression of Annexin-positive cells level in
OA-treated cell lines and caspase-7 (transduction pathways of apoptosis,
necrosis and inflammation) protein and TUNEL-positive (indication of
apoptosis and accidental cell death) cells(55). In the investigation of
essential oil from oregano leaves (Origanum compactum), showed that ethyl acetate extract (30 mg/L) and ethanol extract (56 mg/L) are effective in ambition against human breast cancer cells (MCF7)(56).
23. Rhubarb
Rhubarb is a small flower grouped with large compound leafy in the the genus Rheum,
belonging to the family Polygonaceae. The herb has been used in
traditional medicine as laxative agent, reduce inflammation and treat
diarrhea, dysentery blood clots, tumor red and painful eyes
abdominal-distention and/or pain blood in stool hemorrhoidal bleeding
urination: burning sensation, absence of menses, etc.
Anthraquinones emodin and aloe-emodin chemical constituents in rhubarb, both inhibited breast cancer
cell proliferation by downregulating ER α protein levels in suppressing
ER α transcriptional activation(57). Study of combined curcumin and
emodin administration showed the inhibition of proliferation (MTT
assay), survival (flow cytometry), and invasion (transwell migration
assay) of breast cancer cells(58). Rhein,
a anthraquinone derivatives, showed antiproliferative and apoptotic
effects on both HER2-overexpressing MCF-7 (MCF-7/HER2) and control
vector MCF-7 (MCF-7/VEC) cells(59).
24. Cat's claw
Cat's claw found in in the tropical
jungles of South and Central America, is a genus Uncaria, belonging to
the family Rubiaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine over two
thousand years as a tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory and
infectious agent, and to treat diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, acne,
diabetes, cancer and diseases of the urinary tract, etc..
Extracts and chromatographic fractions of
the Cat's claw, exerted a direct antiproliferative activity on MCF7,
with an IC50 of 10 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml, respectively.60). Also, pentacyclic oxindole alkaloid
mitraphylline isolated from Uncaria tomentosa bark, using
cyclophosphamide and vincristine as reference controls, showed to
inhibit the growth of both human sarcoma and breast cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner(60).
Epidemiologically, the
list above has been proven to be effective in reducing risk and
treatment of breast cancer through lowering the gene expression of
protein in mitochondrial activation of
proliferative and anti apoptotic, down regulating tumorgenic and up
regulating anticancer pathways. Once again, please
consult your herbal specialist before applying and inform your doctor,
if you are currently taking any prescribed medicine.
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References
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(3) Greek plant extracts exhibit selective estrogen receptor modulator
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(16)Downstream Carcinogenesis Signaling Pathways by Green Tea Polyphenols: A Translational Perspective of Chemoprevention and Treatment for Cancers by Hu G, Zhang L, Rong Y, Ni X, Sun Y.(PubMed)
(17) Green tea consumption and breast cancer
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(18) Formononetin induces cell cycle arrest of human breast cancer cells via IGF1/PI3K/Akt pathways in vitro and in vivo by Chen J, Zeng J, Xin M, Huang W, Chen X.(PubMed)
(19)Formononetin-induced apoptosis by activation of Ras/p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells by Chen J, Sun L.(PubMed)
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