Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs)
are a types of antidepressant medications to treat depression and certain neurological disorders, including obsessive-compulsive
disorder, panic disorder (PD), generalized anxiety
disorder, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety
disorder (SAD), etc..
SSRI discontinuation syndrome is defined as a condition of a
syndrome as a result of interruption, reduced doses or discontinuation
of any anti depressant medication, including SSRI (selective serotonin
re-uptake inhibitor) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
(SNRI), researchers showed that The SSRI discontinuation syndrome is a characteristic selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) discontinuation syndrome
appears to exist. It is usually mild, commences within 1 week of
stopping treatment, resolves spontaneously within 3 weeks, and consists
of diverse physical and psychological symptoms, the commonest being
dizziness, nausea, lethargy and headache. SSRI reinstatement leads to resolution within 48 h(1).
Diagnosis
There are no specific diagnosis criteria, but researchers in the study
of "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation syndrome:
proposed diagnostic criteria", suggested that the criteria are 2 or more
of the following symptoms developing within
1 to 7 days of discontinuation or reduction in dosage of an SSRI after
at least 1 month's use, when these symptoms cause clinically significant
distress or impairment and are not due to a general medical condition
or recurrence of a mental disorder: dizziness, light-headedness, vertigo
or feeling faint; shock-like sensations or paresthesia; anxiety;
diarrhea; fatigue; gait instability; headache; insomnia; irritability;
nausea or emesis; tremor; and visual disturbances(11).
Diet to reduce the symptoms of Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) discontinuation syndrome
B.1. Foods to Increase Serotonin
Various fruits boost serotonin and other mood-improving chemicals in the brain, including
The following fruits had a high serotonin
concentration (mean +/- SEM) expressed in micrograms/g weight: plantain
30.3 +/- 7.5; pineapple 17.0 +/- 5.1; banana 15.0 +/- 2.4; Kiwi fruit
5.8 +/- 0.9; plums 4.7 +/- 0.8; and tomatoes 3.2 +/- 0.6. Only nuts in the walnut or hickory family had a high serotonin
concentration expressed in micrograms/g weight; butternuts 398 +/- 90;
black walnuts 304 +/- 46; English walnuts 87 +/- 20; shagbark hickory
nuts 143 +/- 23; mockernut hickory nuts 67 +/- 13; pecans 29 +/- 4; and
sweet pignuts 25 +/- 8. Ingestion of these fruits and nuts resulted in
an increase in urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion with no
change in platelet serotonin concentration(13).
B.2. Serotonin Boost from Protein Sources
Food contain high levels of tryptophan such asTurkey, Lean beef, Salmon,
etc. can enhance the production of the levels of serotonin, as
trytophan ia a precursor of the sorotonin. Some researchers showed
that tryptophan is
an antidepressant in mild to moderate depression and a small body of
data suggests that it can also decrease aggression. Preliminary data
indicate that tryptophan also increases dominant behavior during social interactions. Overall, studies manipulating tryptophan levels support the idea that low serotonin can predispose subjects to mood and impulse control disorders. Higher levels of serotonin may help to promote more constructive social interactions by decreasing aggression and increasing dominance(14).
B.3. Carbohydrate-based Foods and carbohydrate snacking that Increase Serotonin
Carbohydrate-based Foods and carbohydrate snacking found abundantly in foods consists of glucose that can boost serotonin production. Evidence is presented that carbohydrate snacking seems to be related to a "need" to increase the level of brain serotonin; treatment with a drug, d-1 fenfluramine, that increases serotoninergic neurotransmission significantly decreases carbohydrate snack consumption(15).
B.4. Etc.
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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958258
(11) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1407715/
(12) http://www.circlemedhealthcare.com/ssri.pdf
(13) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2413754
(14) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11888576
(15) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6381575
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