Thyroid disease is defined as a condition of malfunction of thyroid.
Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is over active
and produces too much thyroid hormones. Hypothyroidism is a condition
in which the thyroid gland is under active and produces very little
thyroid hormones. Thyroid cancer is defined as condition in which the
cells in the thyroid gland have become cancerous.
Silent thyroiditis
Silent thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. Patients
with silent thyroiditis are experience back and forth between
hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The disease classically present with
a triphasic course: a brief period of thyrotoxicosis due to release of
preformed thyroid hormone that lasts for 1 to 3 months, followed by a
more prolonged hypothyroid phase lasting up to 6 months, and eventual
return to a euthyroid state. However, the types and degree of thyroid
dysfunction are variable in these disorders, and individual patients may
present with mild or more severe cases of thyrotoxicosis alone,
hypothyroidism alone, or both types of thyroid dysfunction(a).
E. Prevention
E.2. Phytochemicals and antioxidants to prevent silent thyroiditis
1. Resveratrol
In a study of “Resveratrol, MicroRNAs, Inflammation, and Cancer.” by
Tili E, Michaille JJ. (Source from Department of Molecular Virology,
Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Ohio State University, Biomedical
Research Tower, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.), posted in
PubMed, researchers mentioned in abstract that the above microRNAs are
thought to link inflammation and cancer. Recently, resveratrol
(trans-3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenol with
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, currently at
the stage of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention, has been
shown to induce the expression of miR-663, a tumor-suppressor and
anti-inflammatory microRNA, while downregulating miR-155 and miR-21.
2. Pterostilbene
In the examination of the molecular mechanisms of the action of pterostilbene in colon cancer,
indicated that A combination of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha,
IFN-gamma, and bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide) induced
inflammation-related genes such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and
cyclooxygenase-2, which was significantly suppressed by treatment with
pterostilbene. We further identified upstream signaling pathways
contributing to the anti-inflammatory activity of pterostilbene by
investigating multiple signaling pathways, including nuclear
factor-kappaB, Janus-activated kinase-signal transducer and activator of
transcription, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, c-Jun
NH(2)-terminal kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, according to
“Anti-inflammatory action of pterostilbene is mediated through the p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in colon cancer cells” by Paul
S, Rimando AM, Lee HJ, Ji Y, Reddy BS, Suh N.(45).
3. Phytofluene
In the investigation of the effects of CoQ10 and colorless carotenoids
(phytoene and phytofluene, or to combinations of these antioxidants) on
the production of inflammatory mediators in human dermal fibroblasts
treated with UV radiation (UVR) and the possible synergistic effects of
these two antioxidants, found that CoQ10 is able to suppress the UVR- or
IL-1-induced inflammatory response in dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore,
this compound can block the UVR induction of the matrix-eroding enzyme,
MMP-1. Finally, the combination of carotenoids plus CoQ10 results in
enhanced suppression of inflammation. The results suggest that the
combination of carotenoids and CoQ10 in topical skin care products may
provide enhanced protection from inflammation and premature aging caused
by sun exposure, according to “Anti-inflammatory effects of CoQ10 and
colorless carotenoids” by Fuller B, Smith D, Howerton A, Kern D.(46).
4. Piceatannol
In the investigation of the modulation of inflammation by resveratrol
and its metabolites by determining the expression and release of
chemokine, eotaxin-1, in cultured human pulmonary artery endothelial
cells, found that piceatannol showed potency similar to resveratrol. We
propose that control of eotaxin-1 expression and release by
proinflammatory cytokines in HPAEC may be considered as an in vitro
model for screening and discovering polyphenols with anti-inflammatory
activities and cardioprotective potentials, according to “Control of
eotaxin-1 expression and release by resveratrol and its metabolites in
culture human pulmonary artery endothelial cells” by Yang CJ, Lin CY,
Hsieh TC, Olson SC, Wu JM.(47)
5. Selenium
Se levels were significantly decreased in cases of sub-acute and silent
thyroiditis (66.4 +/- 23.1 microg/l and 59.3 +/- 20.1 microg/l,
respectively) as well as in follicular and papillary thyroid
carcinoma(48).
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Sources
(45) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549798
(46) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17173569
(47) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22254182
(48) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Selenium+and+silent+thyroiditis
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