Lower respiratory tract infection
The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of
the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the
lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World
Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory
track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all
infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and
6.9% of all deaths that year.
Pneumonia is defined as a condition of the inflammation of the
lung as a result of infection, caused by bacteria, such as bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza viruses in most cases. Fungi, such
as Pneumocystis jiroveci, certain medication such as PPI Stomach Acid
Drugs and other conditions such as impaired immune systems.
G. Treatments
G.2. In Herbal medicine perspective
1. Crotalaria lachnophora
According to the study by University of Dschang, the 2 new
isopropenyl-dihydrofuranoisoflavones,
7,2′,4′-trihydroxy-5”-isopropenyl-4”,5”-dihydrofurano[2'',3'':5,6]isoflavone
(1) isolated exhibiting antimicrobial properties have been isolated
along with eight known compounds from the Cameroonian medicinal plant
Crotalaria lachnophora, showed moderate inhibitory activities against
Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae(71).
2. Uraria picta
Two isoflavanones,
5,7-dihydroxy-2′-methoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyisoflavanone (2) and
4′,5-dihydroxy-2′,3′-dimethoxy-7-(5- hydroxyoxychromen-7yl)-isoflavanone
(4) along with six known compounds including isoflavanones, triterpenes
and steroids isolated from the roots of Uraria picta, showed the
minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) found to be in the range of
12.5-200 microg/ml against bacteria (both Gram positive and Gram
negative) and fungi(72).
3. Vitex agnus-castus
A new compound, 6a,11a-dihydro-6H-[1] benzofuro
[3,2-c][1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]chromen-9-ol was isolated from the ethyl
acetate fraction of Vitex agnus-castus. The structure of this compound
was identified with the help of spectroscopic techniques ((13)C NMR,
(1)H NMR, HMBC, HMQC, NOESY and COSY). The compound showed low urease-
(32.0%) and chymotrypsin- (31.4%) inhibitory activity, and moderate
(41.3%) anti-inflammatory activitym, according to the Center for
Biotechnology and Microbiology University of Peshawar(73).
4. Fadogia ancylantha
Communities in Chilumba, Malawi use herbal tea prepared from Fadogia
ancylantha Schweinf (Rubiaceae) leaves for the management of diabetes,
hypertension and alleviation of symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders
and pneumonia. In the study to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic,
anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts of the
leaves prepared by using three different extraction methods, found that
the organic extract (12.5μg/ml) exhibited the highest in vitro glucose
uptake increases in Chang cells (181.24±0.29%) and C2C12 muscle cells
(172.29±0.32%) while the hot and cold aqueous extracts gave lower
uptakes, 145.94±0.37% and 138.70±0.52% in Chang cells respectively. At
100μg/ml, aqueous extracts gave significantly higher (p<0.01)
anti-oxidant activity (range 85.78-86.29%) than their organic
counterpart (68.16%). The minimum inhibitory concentration (156μg/ml)
was obtained in the organic extract against the fungus Aspergillus
fumigatus and moderate growth inhibition was observed with other test
micro-organisms. The hot aqueous extract inhibited the growth of all
test organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cold aqueous extract
was inactive against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The
differences in the MIC values between the aqueous extracts seem to
suggest that raised temperatures, as traditionally practised, facilitate
the extraction of secondary bioactive metabolites(74).
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Sources
(71) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21265557
(72) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17540419
(73) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21058321
(74) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22800680
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