Lower respiratory tract infection
The lower respiratory tract infection are the infection consisting of
the trachea (wind pipe), bronchial tubes, the bronchioles, and the
lungs, including the bronchitis and pneumonia. According to The World
Health Report 2004 – Changing History(1), in 2002 lower respiratory
track infection were still the leading cause of deaths among all
infectious diseases, and accounted for 3.9 million deaths worldwide and
6.9% of all deaths that year.
Pneumonia is defined as a condition of the inflammation of the
lung as a result of infection, caused by bacteria, such as bacteria
Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza viruses in most cases. Fungi, such
as Pneumocystis jiroveci, certain medication such as PPI Stomach Acid
Drugs and other conditions such as impaired immune systems.
F. Preventions
F.3.4. Antioxidants to prevent pneumonia
1. Hyperbaric oxygenation as antioxidant
In the study to use Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) in a complex intensive
therapy of 194 children, aged 3 days to 3 years, with severe pneumonias,
showed that initially the patients have revealed intensification of
free radical processes (FRP) with a simultaneous decrease in the level
of enzyme and non-enzyme protection and a drastic increase in gluco- and
mineralocorticoid adrenal function. HBO and antioxidants (unithiol and
alpha-tocopherol) yielded excellent and good results (a drop in FRP
level and activation of enzyme antioxidant protection) in 75.8% of
patients. HBO was ineffective in 17% of cases, in 7.2% of patients signs
of the developing oxygen intoxication have been revealed(65).
2. Vitamin D
In the study to determine the role of oral vitamin D supplementation for
resolution of severe pneumonia in under-five children in Two hundred
children [mean (SD) age: 13.9 (11.7) months; boys: 120] between 2 months
to 5 years with severe pneumonia, showed that Short-term
supplementation with oral vitamin D (1000-2000 IU per day for 5 days)
has no beneficial effect on resolution of severe pneumonia in under-five
children. Further studies need to be conducted with higher dose of
Vitamin D or longer duration of supplementation to corroborate these
findings(66).
3. Zinc
Diarrhoeal disorders and acute respiratory infections (ARIs), especially
pneumonia, are the most common causes of death in low-income
countries. According to teh study by the Departments of Community
Medicine and Child Health, Christian Medical College, zinc
supplementation had no overall effect on the duration of hospitalization
or of clinical signs associated with severe infection in young children
hospitalized for severe pneumonia in southern India. This finding
differs from the results of 2 previously reported trials wherein zinc
supplementation was associated with a shorter period of recovery from
severe pneumonia. Given the conflicting results, further research in
representative settings is required to help clarify the role of zinc in
the treatment of severe pneumonia(67).
4. Vitamin-A, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid and zinc
In a cross-sectional and controlled clinical trial conducted in under-5
children to compare the effects of supplementation of five
micronutrients (vitamin-A, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid and zinc) on
the morbidity and on the duration of hospital stay in pneumonia, by
Rangpur Medical College, found that the average duration of hospital
staying was 6.75 days in intervention group and 7.75 days in control
group (p<0.01). Chest indrawing and fast breathing disappeared
earlier in the intervention group (p<0.01) suggesting that
supplementation of micronutrients decrease the morbidity and duration of
hospital stay of children suffering from pneumonia(68).
5. Etc.
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Sources
(65) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1862993
(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21992858
(67) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16685051
(68) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946457
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